of investiture. Having espoused Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, he was able by means of her dowry to proceed to Italy with great magnificence and in strong military force, in order to be crowned by the pope. The pontiff, Pascal II., had made propositions of compromise in regard to the dispute concerning investitures, and the subject was to be adjusted in solemn assembly in the church of St. Peter; where, however, an angry discussion among the bishops was followed by the seizure and imprisonment of the pope and cardinals. Henry's army, which was encamped around the church, was attacked by the enraged Romans, and in a furious battle the emperor's life was with difficulty saved, and at the expense of his own, by Count Otho of Milan. The Romans, after a hard-fought day, were driven into the city, and after Henry had ravaged the surrounding country, the pope purchased his own liberty and the salvation of the city by consenting solemnly to the imperial right of investiture, declaring at the same time that Henry should not be excommunicated. The latter clause was incorporated in the treaty, and the emperor was crowned in St. Peter's, April 13, 1111. Scarcely had he taken his departure, however, when Pascal denounced the treaty as having been extorted by force. The dispute, thus renewed, was protracted with great animosity during the following 10 years. Henry was excommunicated by the successors of Pascal, and defeated in northern Germany, where the princes refused obedience. In Saxony also the emperor lost all authority. He headed a second expedition against Rome, created an anti-pope, Gregory VIII., but at length saw the necessity of abandoning his claim, and subscribed the famous concordat of Worms (1122), by which he surrendered the investiture with ring and crosier as tokens of spiritual jurisdiction, and agreed to permit the free choice of the German bishops, whose election, however, was to take place in presence of the emperor or of his plenipotentiary. It was moreover agreed that in doubtful elections, or in electoral disagreements, the decision should lie with the emperor, whose imperial authority, in connection with the temporal possessions of the churchmen, was at the same time solemnly acknowledged. The concordat, virtually a compromise, was received throughout Europe with great joy, and the remainder of Henry's reign was passed in peace with the church; but dissensions prevailed every where throughout his dominions. He formed plans for strengthening the imperial power, but was cut off suddenly by a contagious disease. With him the race of Salian or Franconian princes became extinct. His hereditary possessions fell to the sons of his sister Agnes, Frederic and Conrad of Hohenstaufen; and the imperial crown was conferred upon Lothaire of Saxony.

HENRY VI., surnamed the Cruel, emperor of Germany, son and successor of Frederic I. (Barbarossa), born in 1165, died in Sicily, Sept. 28, 1197, He had been crowned king by the

Lombards in 1185, and was also during his father's lifetime named successor to the imperial throne. In 1186 he married the Norman heiress, Constance of Naples and Sicily. Upon the death of Frederic in Syria (1190), Henry, who had been invested with the government during his father's absence, succeeded without opposition. But the return from England of Henry the Lion of Brunswick, who had been temporarily exiled by Frederic, provoked new wars, which were at length terminated by the marriage of the son of the duke with Agnes, princess palatine, cousin to Henry. In 1192 King Richard of England (Coeur de Lion) was shipwrecked on the coast of Italy on his return from the Holy Land, and travelling homeward in disguise through Germany was recognized and imprisoned by Henry's order at Trifels for more than a year, in punishment for an insult offered in Palestine to the standard of the German leader, Duke Leopold. Soon after this the emperor proceeded in great force to Naples and Sicily to secure the inheritance of his consort. His cruelty to the Italian nobles who had rebelled, and the extortion which he practised on this occasion, rendered him so odious, that his sudden death is generally attributed to poison. Constance has been accused of the murder. At the period of his death, Henry was preparing for an expedition against the Greek empire, as a preliminary enterprise to a new crusade.

HENRY VII., of Luxemburg, emperor of Germany, born in 1262, died in Buonconventi, near Sienna, Aug. 24, 1813. He was elected emperor in 1308, after an interregnum of 7 months which followed the death of Albert I. His reign was short, but respectable. After punishing the murderers of his predecessor, and after the marriage of his son John with the heiress of Bohemia, he proceeded to Italy, which was distracted by the wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and, having compelled the Milanese to consent to his coronation with the iron crown of Lombardy, he reduced the whole of northern Italy, and continued his march southward to Rome, of which King Robert of Naples held military possession. Among other distinguished men who came forward at this period to do homage to the emperor, was Dante, who presented a Latin discourse upon the imperial dominion, and, as a devoted Ghibelline, besought Henry to exert his power vigorously against his enemies. After the reduction of Rome, and the imperial coronation by cardinals (the pope, Clement V., having transferred the holy see to Avignon in 1309), Henry placed the Neapolitan king Robert under the ban of the empire, and was about to march against Naples when he died suddenly, poisoned, it was affirmed, by a priest in the administration of the eucharist.

HENRY, surnamed the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, born in 1129, died in Brunswick in 1195. His father, Henry the Proud, had been outlawed and despoiled of his possessions for refusing to acknowledge the election of the emperor Conrad III. He died soon after, leav

ing a son 10 years of age, to whom (as the Saxons had never succumbed to the decision of Conrad respecting their late duke) Saxony was speedily restored. At the diet at Frankfort (1147) he formally demanded restitution of all his possessions, Bavaria having been bestowed upon Leopold, margrave of Austria. Conrad refused, and a war ensued, the results of which in the main were favorable to Henry. Frederic Barbarossa meanwhile succeeded Conrad (1152), and one of his first acts was to restore to Henry the Bavarian duchy. Henry's dominions, including part of modern Pomerania, now extended from the Baltic and North sea to the Danube. He was the head of the house of Guelph, and in all respects the most considerable of the German princes. He triumphed over a confederacy of church potentates who conspired against him in his own dominions; and in 1168 he espoused Matilda (or Maud) of England, sister of Richard Cœur de Lion. Under him Lübeck, founded a few years before (1140), was built up into a powerful city. Hamburg, which had been destroyed by the Wends, was rebuilt. Munich was founded. Improvements were everywhere encouraged in education and industry. He had in the mean time become unpopular with neighboring princes and bishops, who threatened to arrest his growing importance. He attacked them, devastated Thuringia, reconquered Bremen, and, having restored tranquillity along his frontiers, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1172). Feeling now sufficiently powerful to decline service in the imperial expeditions in Italy, he withdrew his forces at a critical moment; and the immediate consequence of the defection was the overthrow of the emperor at Legnano (1176). Frederic's revenge was not long delayed. On his return from Italy, after the peace of Venice, in 1778, he summoned the duke to appear before him at a diet at Worms. The summons, thrice repeated, was unheeded, and the contumacious prince was declared deposed, and under the ban of the empire. His fiefs were parcelled out among other princes, who marched in league to take possession. Henry beat them off, but the arrival of the emperor with overwhelming force compelled him to retire to Lübeck, and at length into Holstein. He was forced soon after to humble himself at the feet of Frederic (1181), who banished him for 3 years to England. There he became the father of a son, from whom the British Hanoverian sovereigns trace their descent. He was meanwhile reinstated in his hereditary possessions of Brunswick and Lüneburg, and at the end of the 3 years recrossed the channel to take personal possession. Frederic, however, obliged him to withdraw again to England (1184). Five years later, in consequence of asserted violation, by the imperial authorities, of his hereditary dominions, he returned to make war for their absolute recovery. Frederic died in 1190; when, after making peace and entering into a family alliance with Henry VI., by the marriage of his son with

Agnes, cousin of the emperor (an alliance which seemed naturally to promise a termination of the great Guelph and Ghibelline feud), the Saxon duke was at length enabled to repose.

HENRY, CALEB SPRAGUE, D.D., an American clergyman and author, born in Rutland, Mass., Aug. 2, 1804. He was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1825, and after having pursued a course of theological studies at Andover and New Haven, he was settled in 1828 as a Congregationalist minister at Greenfield, Mass. In 1831 ill health obliged him to suspend the exercise of his ministry, and he spent two years at Cambridge, Mass., in the study of philosophy. In 1833 he was settled in Hartford, Conn. In 1884 he published a pamphlet on the "Principles and Prospects of the Friends of Peace." About this time he also established a journal called the "American Advocate of Peace," which after the first year became the organ of the American peace society. In 1835 he removed to New York, where he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. Soon afterward he was appointed professor of intellectual and moral philosophy in Bristol college, Penn. In 1837 he returned to New York, and in conjunction with Dr. Hawks founded the "New York Review." In 1839 he became professor of philosophy and history in the New York university. He published in 1845 an "Epitome of the History of Philosophy," which had been prepared by the abbé Bautain for the university of France. This work Dr. Henry translated and continued from the time of Reid down to the date of its publication. He has also published a translation of Cousin's lectures on Locke's "Essay on the Human Understanding," with notes and additional pieces; this work appeared under the title of "Cousin's Psychology" (Hartford, 1834), and in 1856 it had reached a 4th edition, revised and enlarged. In 1847 he took the rectorship of St. Clement's church, New York. His health failing, he resigned his parochial charge in 1850, but retained his professorship, and in addition to its duties performed for some part of the time the labors of the chancellorship of the university also. In 1852 his health had become so completely broken that he was obliged to resign his connection with the university. In 1857 he removed to Poughkeepsie, where he still resides. Dr. Henry has published, beside the works above mentioned, "Compendium of Christian Antiquities" (8vo., 1837); “Moral and Philosophical Essays" (1839); "Guizot's General History of Civilization, with Notes;" "Household Liturgy;" Taylor's "Manual of Ancient and Modern History," revised, with a chapter on the history of the United States (8vo., New York, 1845); numerous addresses, &c.

HENRY, JOSEPH, an American physicist, born in Albany, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1797. He received a common school education, and for some years pursued the occupation of . watchmaker in his native city. In 1826 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the Al

bany academy. A strong taste for scientific pursuits led him in 1827 to begin a series of experiments in electricity. In 1828 he published an account of various modifications of electro-magnetic apparatus. Previous to his investigations the means of developing magnetism in soft iron were imperfectly understood, and the electro-magnet which then existed was inapplicable to the lengthened transmission of power. He was the first to prove by actual experiment that in order to develop magnetic power at a distance, a galvanic battery of intensity must be employed to project the current through the long conductor, and that a magnet surrounded by many turns of one long wire must be used to receive this current. He was also the first actually to magnetize a piece of iron at a distance, and invented the first machine moved by the agency of electromagnetism. (See ELECTRO-MAGNETISM.) In March, 1829, he exhibited to the Albany institute electro-magnets which possessed magnetic power superior to that of any before known, and subsequently he constructed others on the same plan, one of which, now in the cabinet of the college at Princeton, N. J., will sustain 3,600 pounds, with a battery occupying about a cubic foot of space. In 1831, in some experiments at the Albany academy, he transmitted signals by means of the electro-magnet through a wire more than a mile in length, causing a bell to sound at the further end of the wire. An account of these experiments and of his electro-magnetic machine was published in Silliman's "American Journal of Science" in 1831, vol. xix., in which Prof. Henry pointed out the applicability of the facts demonstrated by his experiments to the instantaneous conveyance of intelligence between distant points by means of a magnetic telegraph, which was several years subsequently brought into practical operation by Prof. Morse. In 1832 he was called to the chair of natural philosophy in the college of New Jersey at Princeton, where he continued his experiments and researches. In his first course of lectures in that institution in 1833 he mentioned the project of the electro-magnetic telegraph, and explained how the electro-magnet might be used to produce mechanical effects at a distance adequate to making signals of various kinds. He did not, however, attempt to reduce these principles to practice, or to apply any of his discoveries to processes in the arts. In Feb. 1837, he went to Europe, and in April of that year visited Prof. Wheatstone of King's college, London, to whom he explained his discoveries and his method of producing great mechanical effects at a distance, such as the ringing of church bells 100 miles off by means of the electro-magnet. In 1846, on the organization of the Smithsonian institution at Washington, Prof. Henry was appointed its secretary, a post which he still holds, and which gives him the principal direction of the institution. Prof. Henry has published "Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism" (4to., Phil

adelphia, 1839), and is the author of many scientific papers in the "American Philosophical Transactions," in Silliman's "Journal," and in the "Journal of the Franklin Institute."

HENRY, PATRICK, an American orator and statesman, born at Studley, Hanover co., Va., May 29, 1736, died June 6, 1799. His father, John Henry, was a native of Aberdeen, Scotland, and nephew on the maternal side to Dr. William Robertson, the historian. His mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Winston, was first married to Col. John Syme of Hanover, and afterward to John Henry, who was colonel of a regiment, county surveyor, presiding magistrate, and a man of liberal education and conspicuous loyalty. The youthful Patrick Henry must have heard the king of England toasted many times at his father's board. A few years after the birth of the boy, Col. John Henry removed from Studley to Mount Brilliant in the same county, where the childhood and early youth of the future orator were passed. He was sent first to an "old field school," where at that period tuition was chiefly confined to the English and primary departments, with perhaps a smattering of the classics. At 10 years of age he returned home, and prosecuted his studies under the immediate care of his father, who had opened a grammar school in his own house. Here he acquired a competent English education, and some acquaintance with Latin and mathematics. But these pursuits encountered a powerful obstacle in other tastes of the boy, which are said to have strongly characterized his mother's family, the Winstons. Hunting and angling early grew to be passions with him. He would desert his books at any moment to seek the forest with his gun, or the neighboring streams with his fishing rod; and on these occasions he greatly preferred prosecuting his rambles alone. He would leave the noisy crowd who drove the deer, and take his silent stand at some spot where the animal probably would pass; or wandering away by himself, would lie lazily upon the bank, watching his cork for hours, in idle reverie. Thus, in a round of indolent dreams, passed some years, when at the age of 14 he accompanied his mother to church, and heard the celebrated Presbyterian preacher Samuel Davies. The incident was destined to produce a powerful effect upon the boy. The wonderful eloquence of Davies, which still lives in popular tradition, seems to have opened a new world for him. Henry spoke of him throughout life in terms of unbounded admiration, and declared that any success which he himself had achieved was due in large measure to the inspiring example of the great orator of the Presbyterian church. About this time his father's circumstances seem to have become embarrassed, and he required assistance from his sons. Patrick was accordingly placed behind the counter of a country merchant, and the year after, at the age of 16, his father set him up in business, with his elder brother William as partner. But the venture was unfortunate. The future orator possessed

none of the traits which yield success in trade. He was indolent, careless, and as slovenly in his dress as he was awkward in manners. His conversation, it is true, was humorous and attractive, but his fondness for social pleasures was rather an obstacle than an advantage. William Henry was even less energetic than his brother, and, after a year's experience, abandoned the business. Instead of striving to supply the deficiency thus made, Patrick became still more indolent. His social and sporting propensities grew upon him. The hunter's horn and the cry of the hounds often drew him away; and even when he overcame the temptation, his occupations at the store were scarcely more profitable. He perseveringly expended on the violin and the flute the energies which should have been given to his business. At other times he gratified the spirit of dry humor which characterized him by exciting debates among the country people who hung around the store. He would relate stories, real or fictitious, and derive his own amusement from the emotions exhibited by the simple auditors. If to these idle pursuits be added the fact that he could not find it in his heart to refuse any one credit, the result of the mercantile venture may without difficulty be understood. At the end of 2 or 3 years the store was closed, and Patrick Henry was insolvent. He had just been married to Miss Shelton, the daughter of a respectable farmer. With the assistance of his father and father-in-law he commenced farming upon a small scale, but at the end of 2 years abandoned it in despair, and selling his scant property, turned again to merchandise. But experience and misfortune had taught him nothing. The violin, the flute, his old pastime of telling stories and watching the expression of his auditors, were cultivated with renewed ardor. He studied geography, read translations of Latin and Greek authors, Livy being his favorite, and, when weary of books, shut up his store, and went hunting or angling. The former result duly followed. He again became a bankrupt, and was compelled to cast about him for the means of supporting himself and his young wife. The law suggested itself, and, in that spirit of buoyant hopefulness which characterized him throughout life, he adopted the idea with ardor. At the age of 24, and after only 6 weeks' study, he presented himself before the judges, who granted him a license with serious hesitation, and only after procuring from the candidate a promise to study further before commencing the practice. It is said that at this time Henry was unable to draw a declaration, or perform the simplest duties of his profession. He could obtain no practice, and the distress of his family was extreme. He was living with Mr. Shelton, his father-in-law, who then kept the tavern at Hanover Court House, and assisted in a measure in the business, filling the place of Mr. Shelton in the tavern when he was compelled to be absent. Otherwise he was as idle as ever. Thus passed 2 or 3 years,

doubtless very miserable ones to the young man. His proud spirit must have writhed under the sense of dependence; and the pleasantries in which we are told that he indulged were probably the mask of an impatient and nervous discontent. But the moment approached which was to witness a change in his fortunes. Events were rapidly hastening toward the point when the great political struggle, in which he would bear so glorious a part, was to commence. His first appearance in public, as in every great movement of his career, was on the side of popular rights. At the age of 27 he was retained, for want of a better advocate, in what seemed a desperate struggle the celebrated "parsons' cause," the history of which was briefly as follows. In 1755, a year of great drought, and serious public embarrassment from the expenses of the French war, the house of burgesses had enacted that all debts due in tobacco, then a species of currency, should be paid either in kind or in money, at the rate of 168. 8d. for the 100 lbs. of tobacco, or 2d. per pound. The law was universal in its application, and was to remain in force for 10 months. Its effect was of course to reduce all fees and salaries to a moderate amount in money, and it bore especially upon the clergy of the established church. They were entitled by law to 16,000 lbs. of tobacco per annum each, and the act deprived them of about 66 per cent. of their due. There was much dissatisfaction, but no resistance. When, however, in 1758, a similar law was passed, an acrimonious controversy arose between the planters and the clergy. The latter appealed finally to the king in council, and the act was declared void. Suits were immediately instituted by the clergy in the different counties to recover the amount of loss which they had suffered by the "twopenny act." The county of Hanover was selected as the theatre of the struggle, the decision in one case being regarded as a fair test of the question. The court, on demurrer, very properly decided in favor of the plaintiff, the Rev. John Maury; and the case now stood upon a common writ of inquiry of damages. The contest was considered at an end, and Patrick Henry seems to have been employed by the defendants merely as a matter of form. They had calculated without the popular feeling against the clergy, who were sincerely hated by a great part of the people of the colony. A large crowd assembled to witness the trial of the question of damages. On the bench sat more than 20 of the clergy, among them many of the most learned men in the colony. Their case was lucidly and calmly stated by Mr. Peter Lyons, a distinguished counsellor of the time; and Patrick Henry rose to reply. The array before him was terrifying to a youthful and inexperienced man, and the presence of his father in the chair of the presiding magistrate did not lessen the embarrassment of his position. His exordium was awkward and confused. He visibly faltered. The crowd, whose sympathies were all on the side which he rep

resented, hung their heads, and gave up the contest. The clergy smiled and exchanged glances of triumph. The father of the speaker almost sunk back in his seat. But a change suddenly took place in the demeanor of every one. All eyes were drawn to the youthful orator. His confusion had passed away; his form rose erect; his eyes surveyed the crowd with that eagle glance which is represented to have been one of his most striking traits; and the "mysterious and almost supernatural transformation of appearance," which his contemporaries spoke of, passed over him. Those who heard the unknown young man in this his first speech said that he "made their blood run cold and their hair to rise on end." Under his terrible invective the clergy disappeared hastily from the bench; and the jury, after retiring for an instant, brought in a verdict of one penny damages. A motion was made by Mr. Lyons for a new trial, but it was overruled; and Patrick Henry, thenceforth the "man of the people," was caught up by the crowd, drawn out of the court house, and borne on the shoulders of the delighted multitude. Thus, at a single step, Henry rose to the first rank among the orators of the time. His success in the parsons' cause brought him profit as well as fame. He no longer suffered from want of business, and seems to have addressed himself to the prosecution of his profession with industry and energy. The law was not, however, destined to monopolize his genius. He entered the house of burgesses in the spring of 1765, at the moment when England consummated her long series of oppressions upon the American colonies by the passage of the stamp act. The bill received the royal sanction in March of that year, and in May it came up for discussion before the burgesses. The character of that body was anomalous-its action difficult to predict. It had opposed consistently, and with stubborn fidelity, all encroachments of the home government from the earliest times; it had repeatedly denied the right of the English parliament to lay imposts upon the people of the American colonies, and had systematically contended for the great constitutional principle that taxation and representation were inseparable. But peculiar elements and considerations entered into the struggle about to take place. An open rupture with England was extremely repugnant to the rooted sentiments and long cherished prejudices of the dominant party in the house. The great majority of the burgesses were opulent planters of the tide water region. They were attached to the mother country by a thousand ties. Proud of their origin and of the greatness of the English name, every consideration of kindred blood, family memories, and social alliance with the gentry of England, led them to revolt from a definite termination of the close and grateful connection. They regarded Magna Charta, the established church, and the common law, as a part of their inheritance; and a dissolution of the ties which bound

them to Great Britain seemed a relinquishment of the part which they had in these great institutions. Thus socially and politically the ruling classes in Virginia were opposed to extreme measures, and in the house which assembled in the spring of 1765 they were represented by their most powerful names. These gentlemen tried to convince themselves that the crisis was not as dangerous as it was described to be. They would not agree that the plain choice was between submission and resistance. They held back, hesitated, and advocated renewed protests and petitions. It was in the midst of this general indecision and doubt that Patrick Henry startled the assembly, and threw them into sudden agitation, by his celebrated resolutions. He was almost unknown to the members, and the first sentiment of the richly clad planters was scorn and indignation at the presumption of the slovenly and awkward youth, in leather knee breeches and a homespun coat, who ventured thus to assume the post of leader in an assemblage so august and at a moment so critical. The prejudices of caste were thus added to bitter political opposition, and the struggle between the obscure youth and his powerful adversaries began with passionate vehemence. His resolutions, which he had hastily written on the leaf of a law book, contained none of the old formal and submissive phrases. They suggested no new petition or protest. They declared that the house of burgesses and the executive had "the exclusive right and power to lay taxes and imposts upon the inhabitants of this colony;" and that, consequently, the stamp act, and all other acts of parliament affecting the rights of the American colonies, were unconstitutional and void. It will be easily understood that these resolves startled from their propriety, and stung into sudden and bitter activity, the advocates of new petitions, memorials, and representations. Their hostility was violent, and young Henry was the mark at which they directed their most indignant invectives. The best patriots received the resolutions with a tempest of opposition. They were declared extreme, impolitic, and dangerous. "Many threats were uttered," says Henry, "and much abuse cast on me by the parties for submission." Thomas Jefferson, who heard the debate, says that it was "most bloody." But the nerve and resolution of the young burgess were as great as his eloquence. In the midst of the debate he thundered: "Cæsar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third". "Treason!" cried the speaker, "Treason, treason!" echoed from every part of the house-"may profit by their example! If this be treason, make the most of it!” The resolutions, in spite of a bitter and determined attack, were carried the last by a majority of one. The passionate opposition of the conservative party sufficiently appears from an incident related by Jefferson. As Mr. Peyton Randolph, one of the burgesses, passed him in the lobby, he exclaimed with a violent oath: