apocalyptic vision, he set forth the sufferings of his country, then distracted by civil war. This was followed in 1832 by A harpa do crente, a collection of lesser lyrics. He also wrote a novel, Eurich, and Historia de Portugal (Lisbon, 1848-'52). Of late years he has devoted himself to the publication of a series of romances in the style of Sir Walter Scott, illustrating passages in the history of Portugal.

HERCULES (Gr. ‘Hpakλŋs), the most renowned of the mythical heroes of antiquity, son of Jupiter by Alcmena, the granddaughter of Perseus. He was destined by Jupiter to occupy the throne of Perseus, but by the contrivance of Juno was superseded by Eurystheus, the grandson of that hero. His supernatural strength rendered him an object of terror to Eurystheus, who imposed on him a series of enterprises which no mere mortal could have accomplished. These enterprises are generally termed the twelve labors of Hercules. They were the following: 1. The fight with the Nemean lion. The valley of Nemea, between Cleona and Phlius, was infested by a monstrous lion. Hercules blocked up one of the entrances to the den, entered it by the other, strangled the lion, and brought the carcass to Eurystheus. 2. The fight with the Lernæan hydra. In the district of Lernæ, near Argos, dwelt a huge hydra having 9 heads, the middle one immortal. Eurystheus desired the death of this monster, and Hercules, having roused the hydra from his lair, cut off its heads, but in place of every head cut off two new ones sprung up. With the assistance of his servant Iolaus, however, he burned the mortal heads of the monster, and buried the immortal one under a rock. 3. The capture of the Arcadian stag. This animal had golden horns and brazen feet, and was of surpassing swiftness. Hercules was ordered to bring it alive to Mycena. For a whole year he pursued it in vain. It fled to Mt. Artemisi um in Argolis, and thence back to Arcadia. At length, weary of pursuing, the hero discharged an arrow at it, which, by wounding the animal, enabled him to catch it, and carry it to Mycenae. 4. The hunt of the Erymanthian boar. This boar had descended from Mt. Erymanthus into Psophis, and Hercules was ordered to bring him alive to Eurystheus. He chased the brute through the deep snow till, having_tired him down, he caught him in a net. 5. The cleansing of the Augean stables. Augeas, king of Elis, had a herd of 3,000 oxen, whose stalls had not been cleansed for 30 years. Eurystheus commanded Hercules to clean them in one day, deeming such a thing impossible. Hercules, however, succeeded in accomplishing it by turning the rivers Alpheus and Peneus through the stables. 6. The destruction of the Stymphalian birds, an innumerable swarm of voracious creatures, whose claws, wings, and beaks were of brass, who used their feathers as arrows, and who fed upon human flesh. They had taken refuge in a lake near Stymphalus, whence Hercules startled them with a rattle, and then

killed them with his arrows as they attempted to fly away. 7. The capture of the Cretan bull. This bull was a sacrificial gift from Neptune to Minos; but as Minos neglected to sacrifice him, Neptune caused the bull to go mad, and to make great havoc in Crete. Hercules was commanded to catch him, and bring him to Mycena. He did so, but then set the animal free, to the great terror of Greece. 8. The abduction of the mares of Diomedes, a Thracian prince who fed his mares with human flesh. Eurystheus sent Hercules to bring them to him. Hercules had conducted them to the sea coast, when he was overtaken and attacked. Having vanquished the Thracians, and slain Diomedes, he cast his body to the mares, which became tame after eating the flesh of their master. Hercules then embarked with them, and brought them to Eurystheus. 9. The seizure of the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, which she had received from Mars. Hercules set sail from Peloponnesus and landed at Themiscyra, where he was hospitably entertained by Hippolyte, who promised him the girdle. But the malignity of Juno rousing the Amazons against him, he, deeming the queen a party to the conspiracy, slew her, possessed himself of her girdle, and arrived with it in safety at Mycenæ. 10. The capture of the oxen of Geryones, a monster who lived in the island of Erythia, and who had a herd of red oxen which fed with those of Helios, and were guarded by the giant Eurytion and the two-headed dog Orthrus. Erythia was in the ocean far to the west, and in his journey to it Hercules erected the pillars of Calpe and Abyla on the frontiers of Europe and Libya, hence called the pillars of Hercules. He killed Orthrus, Eurytion, and Geryones, and carried off the oxen, which, after overcoming the efforts of gods and men to deprive him of them, he brought at length to Eurystheus. 11. The getting of the golden apples of the Hesperides. These apples had been presented by Terra to Juno, by whom they had been intrusted to the keeping of the Hesperides and the dragon Ladon, in some remote region of the west. Hercules, with the aid of Atlas, obtained the golden apples, which on his return he gave to Eurystheus. 12. The seizure of Cerberus, the dog that guarded the entrance to Hades. On arriving in Hades, Hercules asked permission of Pluto to take Cerberus, and the god yielded his assent, provided he could do so without having recourse to arms. Hercules agreed to the condition, and, seizing Cerberus, he bore him, notwithstanding his fierceness, to the upper world, showed him to Eurystheus, and immediately after carried the monster back to Hades. In the original legends concerning Hercules he figures as a mighty chieftain, who subdues Troy and wages successful war against Argos and Lacedæmon; who dethrones princes, and gives away kingdoms and sceptres. The worship of Hercules prevailed especially among the Dorians; and the sacrifices offered to him were chiefly bulls, boars, rams, and lambs. He was

also worshipped at Rome, and in many other parts of the ancient world. In works of art he is represented in all the various stages of life, from infancy to death; but whether he appears as a child, a hero, or a celestial, his character is always that of supernatural strength and energy. HERCULES, PILLARS OF (Lat. Columnæ Herculis). See GIBRALTAR.

HERCYNIA SILVA, the ancient name of a forest of Germany, covering a mountain range whose position and extent are very differently described by various writers. It probably comprised the whole mountain system of southern and central Europe, extending from the sources of the Danube to Transylvania, and thus including the Hartz, which seems to have retained a trace of the ancient name. The term Hercynian forest was afterward restricted to the range which encircles Bohemia.

HERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON, one of the most comprehensive thinkers and versatile authors of Germany, born in Mohrungen, Aug. 25, 1744, died in Weimar, Dec. 18, 1803. He was the son of a schoolmaster and chorister, who allowed him in childhood to read only his Bible and hymn book. His reserved and pensive habits attracted the notice of a clergyman named Trescho, whose amanuensis he became, and under whom he made wonderful progress in study and various reading. At the age of 18 his philosophical and literary erudition gained him the friendship of a Russian physician, who sent him to Königsberg, whence he was to go to St. Petersburg as a lecturer on surgery. He, however, renounced his intended profession after witnessing a single operation, devoted himself to theology, and under the influence especially of Kant and Hamann extended his knowledge, with the greatest diligence and zeal, in the whole domain of art, science, literature, and history. In 1765 he became a preacher at Riga, and, previously noted for an almost misanthropic silence and gravity, the fervor and power of his discourses quickly made him an object of general enthusiasm. His Fragmente über die neuere deutsche Literatur (1767), and his Kritische Wälder (1769), were manifestoes against the artificial spirit and literature of his age, as compared with the grander inspirations of the early Orient and of ancient Greece. In 1769 he resigned his pastorate and an office of instructor which he held in connection with it, in order to travel in Germany, France, and Italy. At Strasbourg he was intimately associated with Goethe, who acknowledges the magical influence which his writings exerted on him. In 1771 he was called as court preacher to Bückeburg, where he remained tilÎ in 1776 he received the appointments of court preacher and member of the consistory at Weimar. By his Älteste Urkunde des menschlichen Geschlechts (1774) he had already given a new impulse to theology by seeking poetic sentiments in religious traditions, and by tracing in the primitive world the sublime instincts of human nature and the foreshadowings of human destiny. At Weimar he

passed the remainder of his life, in association with the leading minds in that most brilliant period of German literature, and occupied with constant labors in theology, poetry, and history. As a theologian he cooperated with Lessing in opposing the despotism of the letter and of dogmas, and brought the instincts of piety and of poetic fancy, illustrated by a wide erudition, rather than the dialectics of the schools, to bear upon the questions of religion. This tendency appears in his Geist der Hebräischen Poesie (Dessau, 1782; translated into English by Dr. James Marsh, 2 vols., Burlington, 1833), in which he treats the Hebrew writings as productions at once of primitive poetry and of religious inspiration. "Herder is one of the new race of theologians," said Schlözer, "one of the witty, gallant gentlemen, to whom popular songs, which are heard in the streets and fish markets, are as interesting as dogmatics." Along with his own lyrical poems, he translated many legends and songs from Arabian, Indian, Italian, Spanish, and ancient German poets, among which were the Spanish romances of the Cid. While English, French, or Greek tendencies were pervading German literature, he exerted a cosmopolitan influence by a recognition of the poetry of all times and peoples, and especially a Christian and national influence by showing the peculiar beauties of the old Hebrew and the medieval German poems. His most important work is the unfinished Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit (4 vols., Riga, 1784-'91; translated into English by T. Churchill, under the title of "Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man," (8vo., London), which is one of the principal and standard treatises on the subject. He traces the course of humanity as of an individual placed on the earth by an unseen hand, changing its forms and objects as it passes from country to country and from age to age, protesting everywhere against the finite world which enchains it, seeking the triumph of the infinite, the victory of the soul, tending in spite of détours and through a series of revolutions to civilization, and preparing for the blossoming of life in another world. His numerous writings were collected in 45 vols. (Stuttgart, 1806–20), and in 60 vols. (Stuttgart, 1827-30). A monument with the inscription Licht, Liebe, Leben, was erected to his memory by Charles Augustus at Weimar in 1819. His biography by his son E. G. von Herder appeared at Erlangen (6 vols., 1846-7). N. L. Frothingham has translated some of his poems into English.

HEREDITAMENTS, in law, whatever may be inherited. This meant, strictly and formerly, only real estate, or land and things affixed to the land; but it now seems to be extended over some personals. (See HEIR.)

HEREFORD, a parliamentary and municipal borough and episcopal city of England, capital of Herefordshire, on the N. bank of the Wye, here crossed by a bridge of 6 arches, distant by the Great Western railway and its branches 136

m. from London, 1091 from Liverpool, and 49 from Bristol; pop. in 1851, 12,108. The principal building is the cathedral, refounded in 1079, and now (1859) in process of restoration, of early Norman architecture, cruciform in shape, with a frontage of 325 and a breadth of 110 feet. The west front fell in 1786, and was rebuilt in an incongruous style which destroys the effect. It possesses many fine monuments, some as old as the 11th century, and has attached to it a chapter house, Lady chapel, cloisters, and a library containing valuable MSS., among them Wycliffe's Bible, also a map of the world, supposed to be one of the oldest in existence. Hereford is noted for its ancient charities, among which are 11 hospitals, or almshouses, which distribute money and bread. The manufactures are not important; they consist of gloves, once the staple industry, hats, flannels, leather, and cutlery. Iron works have been established since the opening of the railroad to the coal district. Six fairs are held annually, the October fair being the largest in England for cattle and cheese. A musical festival is given triennially, in the cathedral, by the united choirs of Hereford, Worcester, and Gloucester. Hereford retains several of its ancient privileges, among which is the right to send 2 members to parliament.

HEREFORDSHIRE, an inland county of England, on the S. E. border of Wales, almost circular in shape; area, 836 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 115,489. Its surface is diversified by hill and dale. It belongs wholly to the basin of the Severn, and has a gentle slope S. to that river, into which flow its streams the Leddon, Lugg, Teme, Dover, Munnow, Arrow, Frome, and Wye, the latter traversing the whole width of the county and famous for its beautiful scenery. Canals connect the towns of Hereford and Leominster with the Severn. The geological formation is old red sandstone, excepting in detached localities, where it is limestone. Iron ore, red and yellow ochres, pipe clay, and fullers' earth are found. Some medicinal and petrifying springs exist. This county formerly bore the name of "the garden of England." It is essentially agricultural, possessing neither manufactures nor trade. The soil is a deep, heavy, red loam, resting on clay or gravel, and very fertile. Within a few years the system of agriculture has been much improved. Wheat, barley, fruit, hops, and oak bark are the principal productions. The Hereford breed of cattle is famous for gentleness, beauty of appearance, and aptitude to fatten. The county returns 3 members to parliament, exclusive of 2 from the city of Hereford and 2 from the borough of Leomin

ster.

HERESY (Gr. aipeσis, choice), in its original form, signified simply a choice or election, or in a more extended sense, a doctrine, a party, or school; and the term did not become reproachful until the Christian church classed with unbelievers all those who dissented from, or in any way sought to modify, its dogmas. Thus at first

any school of philosophy, as the Peripatetics, any sect, as that of the Sadducees or the Pharisees, or any religion, as for instance Christianity itself, was designated as a heresy; but this was modified at an early date, since in the only passage in the New Testament where the word heretic occurs it is used as a term of reproach (Tit. iii. 10). Adherents of a schismatic sect, or those who hold or teach doctrines contrary to the established religious faith, are heretics. According to Bossuet, a heretic is one who follows his own independent views, as contradistinguished from "a Catholic who follows without hesitation the opinion of the universal church." From a historical point of view, it appears that in every religion different social conditions have produced sects bearing a certain mutual likeness, and tolerated by each other. In addition to these, there are usually certain other sects or individuals whose views are disowned by the rest, and to these the terms heresy and heretic are peculiarly applicable. The earlier religions previous to Christianity, following each the wonted laws of social development, had in due time their heresies, which either rose to the dignity of reformations, floated on a level as schisms, or sank into ob scure sects. Thus Buddhism grew from Brahminism, developed several sects more or less strict, and finally its complete heresies, disowned by all the sects and by their councils. (See BUDDHISM.) Judaism and Mohammedanism have in turn obeyed the same law, and found it necessary at times to suppress such modifications of the primitive faith as were introduced either by independent thinkers from within, or by the influence of other religions without. The early history of Judaism in the Bible is that of a continued series of subversions of the faith by old Phoenician sensual heresies, and a vigorous casting of them out by energetic prophets or kings who knew them to be incompatible with a national existence. In no other religion, however, are the different phases of thought which produce heresy so distinctly marked as in Christianity, neither have they occurred in any other in so great a variety. Among the early Christians were many who joined the new faith out of opposition to the old Roman system, yet could not bring themselves to give up peculiar oriental doctrines, Jewish traditions, or tenets of Greek philosophy. Some were still impressed by the moral precepts of the mysteries or the rites of the orgies, and they endeavored to blend these with Christianity. Gnosticism, which in its extremes insisted on excessive asceticism or sanctified excessive licentiousness, gave birth to many heresies, as did the old Persian doctrine of dualism from which it borrowed, and which was a fertile source of outlawed schism in all ages. Apart from the faith in asceticism or love of pleasure which these sects favored, it must be borne in mind that their adherents were extremely addicted to those philosophical subtleties so characteristic of the oriental mind,

tively rare occurrence. See Pinchinat, Dictionnaire chronologique, historique et critique sur l'origine de l'idolatrie des sectes, des Samaritaines, des Juifs, des hérésies, &c. (Paris, 1736). HERING, CONSTANTIN, a German physician and writer on medicine, born in Oschatz, Saxony, Jan. 1, 1800. He studied medicine in Leipsic, Dresden, and elsewhere in Germany, and in 1826 received the degree of doctor of medicine, surgery, and obstetrics. Subsequently he was sent on a scientific expedition to Dutch Guiana. In 1834 he established himself in Philadelphia, where he has since for the most part resided. He has been connected with several medical reviews and journals of the homœopathic school, and is the author of a number of works devoted to the therapeutical reform commenced by Hahnemann, including "Rise and Progress of Homœopathy" (Philadelphia, 1834), which has been translated into several languages; the "Domestic Physician" (6th ed., Philadelphia, 1858), which has a circulation of upward of 50,000 copies in Europe and America; "C American Drug Provings" (vol. i., Leipsic, 1853), &c. He has given much attention to the subject of cures for the bites of venomous reptiles or mad dogs, and in 1848 proposed the application of powdered sulphur between the soles of the feet and the stockings as a preventive of the Asiatic cholera, his theory being that the sulphur was absorbed through the pores of the skin, without disturbing the intestines, and exhaled as sulphuretted hydrogen. HERIOT, GEORGE, the founder of Heriot's hospital, born in Gladsmuir, Haddingtonshire, in June, 1563, died in London, Feb. 12, 1624. In 1597 he was appointed goldsmith to Anne of Denmark, consort to James VI., and in 1601 to the king also. The goldsmiths of that day acted as bankers, and, in their dealings with royal and noble personages, lent them money on interest, as well as supplied them with jewels. When James VI. came to the English throne as James I., he was accompanied to London by Heriot as his goldsmith, who during his subsequent residence in that city acquired a very large fortune. He had been twice married, but had lost his two sons, by his first wife, and had no issue by the second; and when declining health and years led him to think of disposing of his large estate, he resolved to devote a very considerable portion of it to a work of charity. He accordingly made his will in 1623, giving to the magistrates and clergy of Edinburgh, as trustees, about £24,000 for the founding of a hospital there, for the "maintenance, relief, bringing up, and education of poor and fatherless boys, freemen's sons of the city." A considerable part of the money was invested in lands and buildings; and the hospital edifice, owing partly no doubt to the civil wars, was long in progress of erection. It was designed by Inigo Jones from the plans of Dr. Balcanqual, dean of Rochester, one of the executors, but neither planner nor architect lived to see it completed. When partially finished, it was occupied for several years by Cromwell as

a barrack for his troops. The building was finally completed at a cost of about £44,000, and the establishment opened in 1659. It is a fine edifice 162 feet square, with a quadrangle 94 feet square enclosed. Provision was made for the support of 180 boys, between the ages of 7 and 14, who are maintained in the school 4 years; at the end of that time, if they give evidence of superior abilities, they are retained till fitted for college, and allowed the sum of £30 a year, during the 4 years of their collegiate course. If they do not desire a collegiate education they are apprenticed, and receive £10 a year for 5 years, a Bible, and 2 suits of clothes, and at the end of their apprenticeship £5 more. There are also 10 bursaries open for competition to those who are not connected with the hospital, but who desire to acquire an education. Each of these bursaries is of the value of £20 a year for 4 years. In 1836 the funds of the hospital had accumulated to such an extent that the trustees applied to parliament for an act to permit them to use the surplus in the establishment of free schools in that city for the children of poor citizens. The permission was granted, and 12 schools have been established, giving free instruction to 3,000 children. In Scott's novel "The Fortunes of Nigel," George Heriot is introduced as one of the principal characters.

HERKIMER, a N. E. co. of New York, intersected by the Mohawk river, and also drained by several mill streams; area, 1,745 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 38,566. It has a hilly surface, in many places covered with a dense growth of timber. It contains limestone, building stone, lead, and gypsum. The soil is very fertile in the valleys, and even in some of the hilly districts. The productions in 1855 were 283,748 bushels of Indian corn, 44,053 of wheat, 724,855 of oats, 257,875 of potatoes, 78,255 tons of bay, 1,305,377 lbs. of butter, and 9,068,519 of cheese. There were 18 grist mills, 94 saw mills, 4 furnaces, 5 machine shops, 2 carding and fulling mills, 3 cotton factories, 3 woollen factories, 5 paper mills, 21 tanneries, 6 newspaper offices, 201 school houses, and 85 churches. The Erie canal, the New York central railroad, and the route of a proposed railroad from Saratoga to Sackett's Harbor, pass through the county. Capital, Herkimer.

HERMANN. See ARMINIUS.

HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB, & German philologist, born in Leipsic, Nov. 28, 1772. He manifested at an early age great talent for the acquisition of languages. After studying law at Leipsic and Jena, he began to lecture on ancient literature at Leipsic in 1794, and in 1798 was appointed professor extraordinary. In 1803 he became professor of eloquence, and in 1809 of poetry. His acquirements and judgment in philology, philosophy, and history were such as to soon render him eminent. His lectures on Greek were a school of grammatical and critical philology which furnished many eminent teachers to the world. His numerous editions of Greek poets and his disputes with