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40 feet reflecting telescope, the useful speculum of which was 4 feet in diameter, 3 inches thick, and over 2,000 lbs. in weight. The plane mirror of the instrument was dispensed with, and the observer sat in a swinging chair with his back to the object observed, and facing the object end of the tube, in which the image, by an inclination of the speculum, was thrown to one side and observed through a single lens. He conjectured that with this instrument 18,000,000 stars might be seen in the milky way. -Though Herschel added an almost unprecedented number of new bodies to the planetary system, yet his glory is greatest in sidereal astronomy, of which he laid almost the foundations. His leading discoveries in this branch of the science were the following: I. The binary systems of stars, and the orbits of several revolving stars. Double stars had been noticed even before the introduction of the telescope; but while Herschel was observing them to learn their annual parallax, he noticed a steadily increasing change in their position and distance; and in 1802, 23 years after he began his observations, he announced in the " Philosophical Transactions" his discovery that both stars were continually circulating round their common centre of gravity, and all his instances have been confirmed. II. He classified the nebula, and advocated the nebular hypothesis, since disproved by the discoveries made with the great telescope of Lord Rosse. He discovered that these nebulous spots cover at least of the visible firmament, and in 1802 he indicated the positions of 2,500 nebulæ or clusters of stars. He classified them as: 1, clusters of stars; 2, nebulæ proper; 3, nebulous stars. In his nebular hypothesis ("Philosophical Transactions," 1811) he supposes the starry matter to have been once in a state of indefinite diffusion, and that it has been, during "an eternity of past duration," "breaking up" by condensation toward centres more or less remote; that the milky way is a relic of this former state of things; that where condensation has gone on more energetically, we have nebula with a gradually or rapidly in creasing brightness toward the centre; if still more energetic, a nucleus, or a planetary nebula; next a nebulous star, which he supposes our sun to be, and the zodiacal light a relic of its nebula; and finally the completely formed stars may be assumed to be merely consolidated nebula. III. The law of grouping the entire visible firmament. He "gauged " the heavens, by counting the whole number of stars visible in the field of his 20 feet reflector, and, taking the average for each region, determined thus the general population of the sky. The result showed a remarkable and steady law of decrease, from the central zone of the milky way in opposite directions to the northern and southern poles. This discovery assigned a law to the distribution of all the visible bodies of the universe in space. IV. The determination of the fact of the motion of our system, and the direction of that motion. It was already VOL. IX.-10

known that the stars were not fixed, but had a proper motion. Herschel, from the proper motions of about 20 stars, with great penetration, divined that our system was moving in the direction of A Herculis, a point whose right ascension is 270°, and north declination 25°. Beside discovering the satellites of his own planet, Herschel discovered two new satellites of Saturn, now called, from their being next the ring, the first and second, and determined the rotation of the rings of the planet to be in 10 h. 32 m. He found also that the time of the rotation of the satellites of Jupiter was just equal to the period of their revolution about the planet. When his age made it advisable for him to discontinue his observations in the heavens, he turned his attention to the properties of heat and light. He also gave some valuable opinions concerning the spots on the sun, attributing them to occasional openings in the luminous coating, which seems to be always in motion.-Sir William Herschel married, in 1788, Mrs. Mary Pitt, a widow lady of considerable fortune, and had by her one son, John, whose name is no less distinguished in the annals of science than that of his father. Miss Caroline Herschel was also his constant companion and assistant at Slough. Herschel contributed papers, sometimes several in a year, to the "Philosophical Transactions" from 1780 to 1815.

HERTFORD, a N. E. co. of N. C., bordering on Va., bounded E. by Chowan and Nottoway rivers, and intersected by the Meherrin, which unites with the Nottoway to form the Chowan; area, 320 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 8,142, of whom 3,716 were slaves. It has a level surface, covered in part with pine and cedar woods, which furnish large quantities of timber, tar, and turpentine for exportation. The agricultural productions in 1850 were 288,805 bushels of Indian corn, 97,055 of sweet potatoes, and 270 bales of cotton. There were 6 grist mills, 5 saw mills, and 11 churches. The Chowan river is navigable by sloops along the border of the county. Organized in 1759, and named after the marquis of Hertford. Capital, Winton.

HERTFORDSHIRE, or HERTS, an inland co. of England, bounded N. by Cambridgeshire, E. by Essex, S. by Middlesex, and W. by Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire; area, 611 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 167,298. Its principal rivers are the Colne and Lea with their tributaries, affluents of the Thames, and some smaller streams flowing to the Ouse. Part of the New river, which supplies London with water, is within the shire, and is conducted by an aqueduct along the valley of the Lea. The Grand Junction canal passes through the county. It is also traversed by the London and North-Western and Great Northern railways, while the Eastern Counties railway skirts the S. E. boundary. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people. There are many Roman and other antiquities, of which the most prominent are St. Alban's abbey and the ruins of Berkhamstead castle, and Roystone church and cave. Hertfordshire returns 5 mem

bers to parliament, namely, 8 for the county, and 2 from the town of Hertford.

HERTHA, ÆRTHA, or HERTHUS, the goddess of earth, anciently worshipped by the Estii, Lombards, Angles, and many other Germanic tribes established below the Elbe, and in the regions of the Baltic. The name and nature of the divinity correspond to the Airtha of the Goths, the Eorthe of the Anglo-Saxons, the old German Erda, and the Latin Terra. The Scandinavians called her Jord; according to them she was daughter of Annar and of Night, sister of Dagur or Day by the mother's side, wife of Odin, and mother of Thor, and thought to be the same as Frigga. The myth is one found in all religions, of the identification of the female principle, or of generation and fertility, with the earth. The earth being the allnourishing mother, it was naturally believed that Hertha sympathized with mankind, and the myth of the revival of spring gradually became for the vulgar a faith that she visited them in person at stated times. These visits took place, according to Tacitus, on a sacred island in the Baltic, where the chariot of Hertha was kept. When the goddess had descended from the throne of Odin, she was believed to take her seat in the chariot. Heifers were then harnessed to it, and she was drawn amid festivity over the land. Finally the goddess, or rather her wagon, on returning to the holy grove, was washed in the sea by slaves who were immediately after drowned. This appearance of Hertha was also practised in another form among certain German tribes, with whom it was usual on occasions of drought to take the most beautiful maiden of the village, and send her entirely naked at the head of a female procession over the fields. As Hertha is the most interesting of German myths, much pains has been taken by antiquaries to ascertain the place where these rites were performed. For a long time this was believed to be the island of Rügen, but recent researches render it more probable that it was in Helgoland, Seeland, or Laland. In these latter the legend of the goddess is still preserved as matter of tradition, and her sacred groves and lakes are still shown.

HERULI, or ERULI, a German tribe, which in the latter part of the 3d century appeared on the shores of the Euxine, having joined the Goths in their invasion of the Danubian provinces of the Roman empire. They were afterward conquered by the Ostrogoths, followed Attila on his march to Gaul (451), and after his death (453), uniting with other German tribes, were powerful enough to destroy the western empire under their leader Odoacer, who assumed the title of king of Italy (476), but finally succumbed to the Ostrogoths under Theodoric (493). Another kingdom of the Heruli, founded in the central part of modern Hungary, was destroyed by the Lombards.

HERVEY, JAMES, an English clergyman and author, born in Hardingstone, near Northampton, Feb. 26, 1713, died Dec. 25, 1758. He was

graduated at Oxford, took orders in the established church at the age of 22, was appointed curate to his father, afterward removed to Biddeford, and on the death of his father, in 1750, succeeded to his two livings at Weston Favell and Collingtree. He was noted for his benevolence, and was a good scholar, being well skilled in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. In 1746 he published his "Meditations and Contemplations," which have been widely read and admired. In 1753 appeared his "Remarks on Lord Bolingbroke's Letters on History;" in 1755, his "Theron and Aspasio," a work on the Calvinistic theory of redemption. Beside sermons, and the works already mentioned, he published letters to Wesley and to Lady Frances Shirley, and edited, with a preface, Burnham's "Pious Memorials," and Jenks's "Devotions." His works, with a memoir of his life, were published in 1797 (7 vols. 8vo., London), and have passed through numerous editions.

HERVEY, JOHN, Baron Hervey of Ickworth, an English politician and poet, born Oct. 15, 1696, died Aug. 5, 1743. He was the eldest son of John Hervey, first earl of Bristol of that name. He studied at Cambridge, and was appointed in 1716 gentleman of the bedchamber to the prince of Wales. He acquired at court a reputation for gallantry which excited the jealousy of Chesterfield. He was looked upon as the most accomplished man of his time, and by his talents, literary tastes, and family connections was an important auxiliary to Sir Robert Walpole. An intimate friend of the king, queen, and prime minister, and believed to sustain still more confidential and delicate relations with the princess Caroline, Hervey's position was greatly envied. In 1730 he was appointed vice-chamberlain and privy councillor, and in 1733 raised to the peerage. He lost much influence on the death of the queen in 1737, but entered the cabinet, and received in 1740 the privy seal, which he lost, however, on the fall of Walpole. He was an epileptic, and his life was protracted only by great watchfulness. Hervey is the Sporus ridiculed by Pope in the prologue to the "Satires" as That thing of silk,

Sporus, that mere white curd of ass's milk; but he was, notwithstanding the disgrace which the attack has attached to his name, a man of intelligence and kind heart. His most important work is the posthumous "Memoirs of the Court of George II. and Queen Caroline,” edited by J. W. Čroker (2 vols. 8vo., 1848; new ed. 1854).

HERVEY, THOMAS KIBBLE, a British author, born in Paisley, Scotland, Feb. 4, 1799, died in Kentish Town, Feb. 17, 1859. He removed with his father to Manchester in 1803, and in 1818 entered Trinity college, Cambridge, but left the university about 1820 without taking a degree. Subsequently he entered the office of a special pleader, but after a short time relinquished his legal studies and adopted literature as a profession. His first publication was " Australia," originally commenced as a college prize poem,

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but subsequently enlarged to the dimensions of an epic, and republished for a 3d time in 1827, with some additional lyrics of considerable merit. Among his other poetical works are, "Illustrations of Modern Sculpture," the "Poetical Sketch Book," the "Book of Christmas," a satire entitled "The Devil's Progress," &c. He was for a long time editor of the "Literary Souvenir" and Friendship's Offering," which contained some of his minor poems, such as "The Convict Ship" and "Cleopatra on the Cydnus," and a number of popular tales. For 20 years previous to 1854 he was a leading contributor to the "Athenæum," and for the last 8 years of that term he was its sole editor.-ELEONORA LOUISA (MONTAGU), wife of the preceding, and an authoress, born in Liverpool in 1811. At a comparatively early age she became a contributor to the annuals and periodicals, and was favorably known as a graceful and vigorous writer of verse. In 1839 she produced "The Landgrave," a dramatic poem, and 4 years later became the wife of Thomas K. Hervey. Since her marriage she has written "Margaret Russell," the "Double Claim," the "Juvenile Calendar, or the Zodiac of Flowers," a series of fairy legends illustrated by Doyle, and the "Pathway of the Fawn."

HERWEGH, GEORG, a German poet, born in Stuttgart, May 31, 1817. He studied theology at the university of Tübingen, but devoting himself to literature, became a contributor to magazines, and attracted attention in 1841 by the publication of his Gedichte eines Lebendigen -poems of a liberal political tendency and of great lyrical merits, which passed through 7 editions within 2 years. During a journey through Germany, he was received with great distinction by many eminent persons, including the king of Prussia, but was expelled from the Prussian territory on account of a letter which he addressed to the king. He was also expelled from Zürich, where he had previously resided, but found an asylum in the canton of Basel. Having subsequently resided in Paris, he put himself, soon after the French revolution of 1848, at the head of a legion of French and German laborers, crossed the Rhine in order to revolutionize Germany, and appeared in Baden in April, but was defeated by the Würtemberg troops, and compelled to flee with his wife, who shared the toils of the expedition, to Switzerland, where he still resides. He has translated Lamartine's complete works into German (12 vols., Stuttgart, 1842), and has published, beside other writings, a new collection of poems under the title of Xenien, which however is far inferior to his first work upon which his fame rests.

HERZ, HENRI, a German composer and pianist, born of Jewish parents in Vienna, Jan. 6, 1806. Having evinced a considerable talent for music, he was placed at 10 years of age at the conservatoire of Paris, and 2 years later produced his first compositions for the piano. His productions now number considerably over

200, and include concertos, trios, and other elaborate forms of composition, together with fantasias, variations, &c., remarkable for elegance. He has also prepared a pianoforte method. After numerous concert tours in all parts of Europe, he made a professional visit to the United States in 1846-7. He has invented an instrument called the dactylon to form the hand for pianoforte playing.

HERZ, HENRIETTA, a German lady distinguished for beauty, accomplishments, and social influence, born in Berlin, Sept. 5, 1764, died Oct. 22, 1847. She was the daughter of a Jewish physician, De Lemos, and received an irregular but extremely varied education. She was married, Dec. 1, 1779, to Marcus Herz, an eminent physician. Owing to her extraordinary beauty and intelligence, her house soon became the scene of the most distinguished reunions ever witnessed in Berlin. Spalding, Dohm, Engel, Ramler, the Humboldts, Friedrich von Schlegel, Gentz, Schadow, Reichardt, and Moritz were among her most intimate guests. Börne passed a portion of his youth in her house, and owed much of his mental development to her, while she maintained for a long time the most intimate intellectual correspondence with the theologian Schleiermacher. She became a widow in 1803, and sustained reverses of fortune, which did not, however, diminish her social influence. She declined at this time an invitation to undertake the tuition of the Prussian princess Charlotte, afterward empress of Russia, as this would have made a change of faith necessary. After the death of her mother, however, she became a Christian. She was distinguished to the last by unwearied benevolence and a wide range of correspondence with eminent men and women. In 1845 she obtained a pension through the influence of Alexander von Humboldt. She had no children. She destroyed in her later years her immense collection of letters. Her literary efforts were confined to a few translations of English books of travel.

HERZEGOVINA, or HERSEK, a province of European Turkey, forming the S. W. part of the eyalet of Bosnia, bounded N. by Croatia, W. by Dalmatia, S. by Montenegro and the gulf of Cattaro, and E. by Bosnia proper; area, about 7,000 sq. m.; pop. nearly 200,000, about half of whom are Mohammedans, and the rest equally divided between the Greek and Latin churches. They are chiefly of the Slavic race, and speak a Slavic dialect. The province is covered by a branch of the Dinaric Alps, and traversed by the Marenta and its tributaries, which flow into the Adriatic. The principal product is tobacco of very fine quality. The most notable manufactures are hydromel or mead, a favorite popular beverage, and sword blades.-The province formerly belonged to the kingdom of Croatia, and was often called the country of Chulm, and by the Venetians the duchy of St. Saba, in honor of that saint. Annexed to Bosnia in the early part of the 14th century, it was wrested from it by the emperor

Frederic III. (died 1829), who disposed of it in favor of Stefan Hranich or Cossac and his descendants, as an independent duchy. Hence the name of Herzegovina, the title of Herzog (duke) having been borne by its princes before the Ottoman conquest, which took place in 1466 under Mohammed II. After various contests, the Turks were confirmed in its possession by the treaty of Carlovitz (Jan. 26, 1699), excepting the former capital, the fortified town of Castelnuovo, in the gulf of Cattaro, and a small territory, which had been held by the Venetians since 1682, and which now forms part of the Austrian kingdom of Dalmatia. The Herzegovina is divided into 13 departments, and is governed by a vizier. Capital, Mostar.

HERZEN, ALEXANDER, a Russian publicist, born in Moscow in 1812. His mother was a native of Stuttgart, who clandestinely left her parents' home to accompany her husband to Russia. After leaving the university Alexander was arrested on the charge of having been concerned in singing a seditious song, was condemned to serve the state under surveillance, and was exiled to Viatka. The death of his father in 1846 left him wealthy, and he departed for Italy and France. Having been connected with the revolutionists in Paris in 1848, his property was in part confiscated, and he took refuge in England, after distinguishing himself as a writer in France and in Germany. Here he became director of an independent Russian press, and editor of the Kolokol ("The Bell"), a newspaper exerting great influence in Russia, into which country it is extensively smuggled, and from which it receives correspondence, in many instances proving an efficient check upon Russian official corruption. Herzen's principal works are his Briefe aus Italien und Frankreich (Hamburg, 1850); Vom andern Ufer (Berlin, 1850); his memoirs, translated and published in London as 66 My Exile" (1855); Polyarnaya Zviezda (the "Polar Star"), a Russian periodical printed in London for the purpose of publishing the suppressed poems of Pushkin, Lermontoff, and others, and of introducing into Russia the views of the latest liberal European politicians; and Prervannie Razskazi ("Interrupted Tales," London, 1856), consisting of articles cut down by the censor in Russia with the full reading restored. Several of his works in French and Russian on the condition of the serfs in Russia and the social condition of the people are said to have exerted an important influence on the recent question of emancipation. In 1858 he published in London and Paris a pamphlet in English and French entitled "France or England?" cautioning Russia against an alliance with Louis Napoleon. His last work, the edition of the "Memoirs of Catharine II." (London, 1859), in French and English, has caused some controversy in the English press. He resides near London, and is assisted in his labors by the Russian poet Ugarieff. HESIOD (Gr. 'Holodos), one of the earliest Greek poets, the representative of the Baotian,

as Homer was of the Ionic school of epic poetry. Nothing is known of his life except that he dwelt at Ascra, on Mt. Helicon, whither his father had removed from Cyme, on the Æolic coast of Asia Minor. The most general opinion of the ancients assigns Homer and Hesiod to the same period, which Herodotus fixes at about 850 B. C.; the higher antiquity of Hesiod is maintained by Ephorus of Cyme, and that of Homer by Xenophanes of Colophon, Paterculus, and most modern critics. K. O. Müller opposes the common opinion that the epic language was first formed in Asia Minor, whence it was borrowed and transferred to other subjects by Hesiod. He supposes, on the contrary, that this poetical dialect had already come into use in the mother country before the Ionic colonies were founded, and that the phrases, epithets, and proverbial expressions common to the two schools of poetry were derived from a common and more ancient source. The Hesiodic and Homeric poetry resemble each other only in dialect and form, and are completely unlike in their genius and subjects, the latter treating the thoughts and actions of the heroic age, the former striving to reduce the bewildering legends about gods and heroes to a connected and comprehensible system. Its tone is always sombre and ethical. The logographers related numerous stories of Hesiod, of his descent from Orpheus, his gift of prophecy, and his contest with Homer, which show that an early connection was conceived to have existed between the priests and bards of Thrace and Boeotia, out of which grew the elements of his poetry. The Hesiodic poetry flourished chiefly in Boeotia, Phocis, and Euboea, and the eminence of Hesiod caused a great variety of works to be attributed to him. The "Works and Days" (Eрya κaι μepai), the only poem which his countrymen considered genuine, is perhaps the most ancient specimen of didactic poetry, and consists of ethical, political, and minute economical precepts. It is in a homely and unimaginative style, but is impressed throughout with a lofty and solemn feeling, founded on the idea that the gods have ordained justice among men, have made labor the only road to prosperity, and have so ordered the year that every work has its appointed season, the sign of which may be discerned. The "Theogony" (coyovia) is an attempt to form the Greek legends concerning the gods into a complete and harmonious picture of their origin and powers, and into a sort of religious code. Beginning with Chaos, out of which rose first the Earth and Eros (love), the fairest of the immortal divinities, it completes the formation of the world, and relates the genealogies and wars of the gods and heroes, and the triumph of Zeus and the Olympians over the Titans. It was esteemed by the Greeks of high authority in theological matters, and philosophers sought by various interpretations to make it harmonize with their own theories. Another poem attributed to Hesiod was the "Heroines" (Hota), giving accounts of the

women who by their connection with the gods had become the mothers of the most illustrious heroes, and containing a description of the shield of Hercules, which is all of it.that is still extant. Several other Hesiodic poems are mentioned by the ancients. The best complete edition is that of Göttling (8vo., Gotha and Erfurt, 1843); and the scholia on him of the Neo-Platonist Proclus, and others, are contained in Gaisford's Poeta Græci Minores, vol. iii. The "Works and Days" was translated into English by George Chapman (London, 1618). A poetical translation was made by C. A. Elton (London, 1810), and a prose version by the Rev. J. Banks, in Bohn's "Classical Library" (London, 1856).

HESPERIDES, in Grecian mythology, the guardians of the golden apples which Terra gave to Juno as a wedding gift. Sometimes they are called the daughters of Erebus and Night, sometimes of Atlas and Hesperis, sometimes of Jupiter and Themis. Some traditions make them 3, others 4, and others again 7. They were commonly, however, set down at 4, whose names were Egle, Erythia, Hestia, and Arethusa. Their gardens were originally placed in the remote west, about Libya and Mt. Atlas, but later mythologists placed them in Cyrenaica, and some even in the extreme north among the Hyperboreans. Their great duty was to guard the apples which Juno had committed to their care, but Hercules succeeded in obtaining them by the assistance of Atlas.

HESS, HEINRICH, baron, an Austrian general, born in Vienna in 1788. He entered the army in 1805, served with distinction during the campaign of 1813-'14, and was eventually promoted to the rank of lieutenant field marshal (1842). Sent as quartermaster-general to the army of Italy in 1848, he greatly contributed, as chief adviser of the old general Radetzky, to his successes in the campaign of that and the following years. The emperor Francis Joseph rewarded him with the title of privy councillor and the appointment of chief of the staff of the whole army. He concluded the convention of 1854 with Prussia, and soon after received the chief command of the great army concentrated on the eastern boundary of the empire. During the war in Italy in 1859 he again acted as head of the staff after the dismissal of Gyulai from the chief command, which he received himself after the battle of Solferino (June 24), when he was active in bringing about the agreement of Villafranca (July 11).

HESS, KARL ERNST CHRISTOPH, a German engraver, born in Darmstadt in 1755, died in 1828. He first made himself known by some plates after pictures by Rembrandt in the gallery at Düsseldorf, and subsequently engraved a large portion of the gallery for a pictorial work. His engravings, principally from the old masters, are much esteemed.-PETER VON, eldest son of the preceding, a painter of genre and battle pieces, born at Düsseldorf, July 29, 1792. In 1813-15, while on the staff of Prince Wrede, he participated in the most considerable actions

against the French, and made sketches of incidents on the spot. These he afterward embodied in a series of battle pieces, of which the "Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube," the "Capture of a French Village by Cossacks," the "Bivouac of Austrian Troops," and the "Battle of Leipsic," are good specimens. He has lately executed for the ex-king Louis of Bavaria a series of 39 pictures illustrating the Grecian struggle for independence, for which purpose he has several times visited Greece, having previously painted for the czar of Russia a series of 12 illustrating the events of 1812. He has been called the Horace Vernet of Germany.-HEINRICH VON, brother of the preceding, a historical painter, born at Düsseldorf, April 19, 1798. After preparatory studies at Rome, at the invitation of the king of Bavaria he prepared the cartoons for the decoration of the church of All Saints in Munich, in which the progress of Christianity is unfolded. He subsequently painted for the basilica of St. Boniface in the same city 64 compositions in fresco, with figures of colossal size, illustrating the life of the saint, and has executed a number of other works for churches of an equally impressive character.

HESSE, or HESSIA (Germ. Hessen), a territory of Germany, inhabited in the time of the Roman empire by the Catti or Chatti, an old Germanic tribe. Germanicus is said to have destroyed their principal town, Mattium, which stood on the site of the present villages of Gross- und Kleinmaden, near Gudensberg. Under the Frankish kings Hesse was governed by counts. The principal of these were the counts of Gudensberg of the name of Giso. By the marriage of the heiress of the last count of Gudensberg, Giso IV., with the landgrave Louis I. of Thuringia, this prince became sovereign of Hesse. Till about the middle of the 13th century the history of Hesse was identical with that of Thuringia; but the landgrave Henry Raspe dying without issue in 1247, his niece Sophia, the daughter of the landgrave Louis the Pious and the wife of Henry, duke of Brabant, claimed Hesse as well as Thuringia; and after a war of succession with her cousin, the mar grave Henry the Worshipful of Meissen, she was put in possession of Hesse by treaty in 1263. Sophia's son, Henry I. the Child (died 1309), became the progenitor of the dynasty of Hesse, and took up his residence at Cassel. Philip I. the Generous, who succeeded his father William II. in his sovereignty of the whole country in 1509, and who was the first to introduce the reformation, divided his dominions among his 4 sons. The eldest, William IV., obtained one half, including the capital Cassel; Louis IV. one fourth, comprising Marburg; Philip II. one eighth, with Rheinfels; and George I. also one eighth, with Darmstadt. But Philip II. dying in 1583, and Louis IV. in 1604, without children, there remained only the two still existing main branches of Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt. Among the other princes

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