of Saxony appeared as competitors for the imperial dignity, and the great power of the Hohenstaufen was the chief cause of the success of the Saxon. After the death of the latter (1137), however, Conrad, who had waged a long war against the emperor, the pope, and the Guelphs, ascended the throne of Germany as the third of that name. His nephew Frederic Barbarossa became his successor (1152-'90), who was succeeded by his son Henry VI. (died 1197). The son of the latter, Frederic, a child of 2 years, was not acknowledged as successor, and his uncle Philip, too, had to struggle against rivals, and was finally slain by Otho of Wittelsbach (1208). But soon after the young Frederic II. (1212-'50) rose in defence of his rights, and waged a gallant struggle against his enemies in Germany, as well as in Italy, where he had inherited from his mother Constance the Norman possessions. His son Conrad IV. died early in Italy (1254), where all the remaining male inheritors of the name of Hohenstaufen soon after perished in their struggle against Rome and the house of Anjou: Manfred, a son of Frederic II., in the battle of Benevento in 1266; Conradin, the young son of Conrad IV., on the scaffold at Naples in 1268; and Enzio, a natural son of Frederic, and the sons of Manfred, in prison. The possessions of the house were divided among various families, and now belong to Baden, Würtemberg, and Bavaria. The principal work on the history of the family is Raumer's Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit.

HOHENZOLLERN, a territory of S. W. Germany, since Dec. 7, 1849, an administrative division of Prussia, but which previous to that date formed two small independent principalities of the Germanic confederation under the names of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Hechingen and Sigmaringen being the capitals. The territory forms a long and narrow strip of land, surrounded by Würtemberg, except on the S. W., where it is bounded by Baden; area, about 400 sq. m.; pop. 65,000. It is watered by the Neckar and some of its affluents, and by the Danube, which crosses it. Its mountains belong to the Rauhe Alps. Agriculture, cattle raising, and the manufacture of wooden ware are the chief occupations of the inhabitants. The Roman Catholic is the predominant religion. The territory derives its name from an old mountain castle near Hechingen. This was the original abode of the afterward princely house of Hohenzollern, to which the reigning dynasty in Prussia belongs. Count Thassilo (800) is mentioned as the most ancient progenitor of this house, which, after various divisions, finally ceded its possessions to Prussia, being unable to maintain its position after the storm of 1848-'9. HOLBACH, PAUL HENRI THIRY D', baron, a French philosopher, born in Heidelsheim, in the Palatinate, in 1723, died in Paris, Jan. 21, 1789. He was taken to Paris when very young by his father, from whom he inherited a considerable

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fortune. A large part of this he expended in hospitalities to the free thinkers of his time, whom he regularly entertained at his splendid table, so that Galiani styled him the premier maître d'hôtel de la philosophie. The boldest opinions and the most irreligious principles were here discussed without restraint, D'Holbach himself being among the bitterest assailants of Christianity. He meanwhile published anonymously several atheistic and materialist works. His first, Le Christianisme dévoilé, ou examen des principes et des effets de la religion révélée, appeared in 1767 under the name of Boulanger, who had previously written his Antiquité dévoilée. Next came L'esprit du clergé, ou le Christianisme primitif vengé des entreprises et des excès de nos prêtres modernes, which a decree of parliament, Aug. 18, 1770, sentenced to be burned by the public executioner. The same year he published his most celebrated book, Le système de la nature, ou des lois du monde physique et moral, under the fictitious name of Mirabaud, secrétaire perpétuel de l'académie Française; this created such scandal that Voltaire himself thought proper to refute it in the article Dieu of his Dictionnaire philosophique, while Goethe declared that he recoiled from it in abhorrence as from a cadaverous spectre." It passed, however, through 8 editions between 1817 and 1824, and a new edition in German was published in Leipsic in 1843. In 1772 a short pamphlet, Le bon sens, ou idées naturelles opposées aux idées surnaturelles, reproduced in a more familiar form the principles he had previously advocated; and this pamphlet, which has been frequently reprinted and largely circulated under the title of Le bon sens du curé Meslier, has more powerfully than any other publication contributed to diffuse the principles of infidelity among the middle classes in France. Le système social, ou les principes naturels de la morale et de la politique, appeared in 1773, and La morale universelle, ou les devoirs de l'homme fondés sur la nature, in 1776. Most of these works were, as soon as they appeared, proscribed by the church and the parliament, and were even disclaimed by philosophers. D'Holbach himself is said to have been a much better man than would be inferred from his books; he was genial, kindhearted, and liberal. He rendered a service to science and natural philosophy by translating some valuable German works. In his literary performances he had the help of Lagrange, the teacher of his children, of Naigeon, to whose hands he confided all his works, and of Diderot.

HOLBEIN, HANS, or JOHANN, a German painter, born in Augsburg or Gründstadt in 1495 or 1498, died of the plague in London in 1554. He was the son of a painter of the same name (Hans der ältere) of considerable eminence during the latter half of the 15th century, and while a boy followed his father to Basel. He early manifested great ability in portraits and in compositions of an elevated religious character. About 1526 he contracted an intimacy with Erasmus, whose portrait he painted, and soon

which had been founded-at Soröe by Christian IV. for the education of young noblemen. He gave 16,000 crowns as a fund to portion a number of Danish young women. As a dramatic writer Holberg evinced great comic originality. His wit was animated and refined, inventive and subtle. The "False Savant," a satire upon pedantry, is considered one of his most admirable works. There is discoverable in all his performances a moral purpose which even his wildest extravagances do not conceal. His delicate health rendered him occasionally hypochondriacal. His manners and habits were those of a methodical and reflecting man; and he preferred the society of women to that of his own sex, on the score of greater honesty and originality in conversation. His "Thoughts on the True Cause of the Greatness of Rome," and "Moral Reflections," are much extolled. A collection of his works in 27 vols. appeared at Copenhagen in 1826. He left an "Introduction to Universal History" in Latin, translated into English by Gregory Sharpe, LL.D. (8vo., London, 1755), and his autobiography, an English translation of which also appeared in London in 1830. A Holberg association was established in Copenhagen in 1842, under whose auspices a critical edition of his comedies was prepared by Liebenberg (Copenhagen, 1843-7).

HOLBROOK, JOHN EDWARDS, M.D., an American naturalist, born in Beaufort, S. C., in 1795. He early removed with his parents to Massachusetts, was graduated at Brown university in 1815, received his medical diploma from the university of Philadelphia, and soon after went abroad to continue his professional studies in London and Edinburgh. He spent two years in Italy, Germany, and Paris, where he resided in the jardin des plantes, of which he is an élève. He returned to South Carolina, established himself in Charleston in 1822, and in 1824 was chosen professor of anatomy in the medical college of South Carolina, a chair which he still occupies. His most important work is the "American Herpetology, or a Description of Reptiles inhabiting the United States" (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1842). The difficulties in the preparation of the work were increased by the lack of museums in this country for the comparison of specimens, and of libraries for reference. Yet the "Herpetology" of Dr. Holbrook is the foundation of that branch of natural history in America. His descriptions are remarkable for clearness and precision, and the figures of the animals are correct and finely colored, being all, with one or two exceptions, drawn from living specimens. He began a work on "Southern Ichthyology," which was discontinued after two numbers, the field being too extensive for his survey, as he made all his drawings from life. He has since been employed on the "Ichthyology of South Carolina" (Charleston, 1854 et seq.), 10 numbers of which have appeared.

HOLCROFT, THOMAS, an English novelist and dramatist, born in London, Dec. 10, 1745, died March 23, 1809. His father was a shoe

maker by trade, who, having served some time as a groom, owned several horses, and added to his income by letting them. His mother dealt in greens and oysters. He passed his early life in London and in Berkshire, following the same occupations pursued by his father. He was afterward in the service of a trainer of race horses at Newmarket, then a schoolmaster, and then an actor, picking up in these varied modes of life considerable knowledge and a kind of education, including some acquaintance with the French, German, and Italian languages. He had but moderate success as an actor in Ireland and in England, and soon abandoned the stage for the profession of a dramatic author, writing some original plays and some transla tions from the French. The most popular of his dramatic compositions is the "Road to Ruin" (1792), which still keeps its place upon the stage. In 1789 he lost his son, and in the following year his third wife. At the time of the French revolution he was a zealous advocate of the popular cause, incurring the suspicions of government as a member of the society for constitutional information, and with Horne Tooke, Hardy, Thelwall, and others, was in 1794 indicted for high treason. Some of the accused were acquitted, and Holcroft was discharged with others, without being brought to trial. He wrote some 30 plays and 4 novels: "Alwyn" (1780), "Anna St. Ives" (1792), "Hugh Trevor" (1794), and "Bryan Perdue" (1805). He published translations of Lavater's "Physiognomy," and the works of Frederic the Great; and "Travels in France and Germany" (2 vols. 4to., 1806). He was the first who introduced the modern melodrama upon the British stage. He paid much attention to the fine arts, and attempted to write an opera. His "Memoirs,' written by himself and edited by Hazlitt, were published in 3 vols. 12mo. (London, 1816).

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HOLDER. The law merchant, which is now a part of the common law of the country, gives to the bona fide holder of negotiable paper certain important rights, and imposes upon him certain duties; and it has rules by which it determines who is such a holder as to be entitled to those rights. In general, it may be said, that he is one who has lawful possession of the paper, with a right to demand payment from any persons bound to pay the note, and with an obligation of giving the notices to which the persons bound to pay are entitled. (See NÈGoTIABLE PAPER.)

HOLDICH, JOSEPH, D.D., an American clergyman and author, born in Thorney Fen, Cambridgeshire, England, about 1800. His father was a scientific farmer, and during the latter part of his life was editor of the "Farmer's Journal and Agricultural Advertiser." Being partial to the United States, where he spent several years of his early life, he sent his son Joseph across the Atlantic for the purpose of finishing his education and studying law. The son was, however, led to devote his attention to theology, and in 1822 was admitted into the

Philadelphia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1826 he made a visit to England. In 1835 he was elected professor of moral science and belles-lettres in the Wesleyan university at Middletown, Conn., where he remained until 1849, when he was elected one of the secretaries of the American Bible society, which office he still holds. In connection with his duties as secretary he edits the "Bible Society Record," a monthly publication. He is the author of "Bible Questions," "A Bible History," "Memoirs of the Rev. Aaron H. Hurd," and the "Life of Wilbur Fisk, D.D.," president of the Wesleyan university.

HOLINSHED, HOLINGSHED, or HOLLYNSHED, RAPHAEL, an English chronicler, born in the first half of the 16th century, died about 1580. He probably received a university education, and is supposed to have taken orders, although the latter point is doubtful. Little else is known of his life. The "Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland" (2 vols. fol., London, 1577), with which his name is connected, although the whole work was not written by him, is a monument of his industry and learning. Holinshed's share of it comprises the histories of England and Scotland, the latter being for the most part a translation from the Latin of Hector Boëthius. The other portions were done by Stow, Harrison, Hooker, and others. The 2d edition containing matter added by Thynne, which was offensive to Queen Elizabeth, means were taken to suppress certain sheets in that edition, which were restored in that of 1807. The value of the materials which it embodies renders the work indispensable to the student of early English annals.

HOLKAR, the name of a powerful Mahratta family which now holds the territory of Indore in Hindostan. Mulhar Row Holkar, the first of the name in history, born in 1693, abandoned the life of a shepherd in the Deccan to become a soldier, and, distinguishing himself in battle against the nizam-ul-mulk, was taken into the service of the peishwa, and gradually rose to be one of the most illustrious of the Mahratta leaders. The peishwa made him large grants of territory, and in 1733 gave him the town and district of Indore. He was one of the Mahratta generals at the battle of Paniput with the Afghans, in 1761. He died in 1766, and was succeeded by his grandson, who died insane after a few months, leaving the sovereignty to his mother Alia Baee. After the death, in 1797, of one Tookajee Holkar, to whom she had committed the command of her forces, Jeswunt Row Holkar, an illegitimate son of Tookajee, got possession of Indore, but was defeated and expelled by the Sindia family, another branch of the Mahrattas. Employing European officers to discipline his army, he was able in 1802 to recover his possessions; but taking advantage of a season of prosperity to indulge in an enormous system of plunder, he drew down the vengeance of the British. He defeated the first detachment sent against him, and in Aug. 1804,

at the head of 60,000 horse, took the city of Muttra and advanced upon Delhi. Here, however, he was routed by Lord Lake and pursued to Furruckabad, where he was again defeated. In 1805 he entered the Punjaub with a fresh army, closely followed by Lord Lake, and in December concluded a treaty with the British at Umritsir, by which he retained nearly all his possessions. He murdered Kasi Row, the legitimate son of Tookajee Holkar, and Kundi Row, the child of another legitimate son, and died insane in 1811. He was succeeded by his mistress Toolsee Bye, acting as regent for Mulhar Row Holkar, the natural son of Jeswunt by another woman. The regent was assassinated in 1817, and young Mulhar was seized by the army, who began hostilities with the British under his ostensible command. A treaty was concluded, however, Jan. 18, 1818, soon after a decisive battle at Mahidpoor, by which the Mahrattas ceded a large part of their possessions, and retained the rest under British protection. Mulhar Row died in 1833, and was succeeded by a distant relative, Martund Row Holkar, who was dethroned to make room for Hurree Row Holkar, an imbecile prince who left his sovereignty to an adopted son, Kumdee Row Holkar. The last died soon afterward without heirs, and the East India company thereupon assumed the right of nominating as his successor the young Mulkerjee Row Holkar, with the stipulation that inheritance by adoption should no longer be recognized. During his minority the rajah was educated under the auspices of the British government, and displayed remarkable ability. He assumed the reins of government on coming of age in Feb. 1852. When the mutiny broke out in 1857 he hastened to take the field for the British, but his troops deserted him and held him virtually a prisoner for some days in his own palace.

HOLLAND, KINGDOM OF. See NETHERLANDS. HOLLAND, a province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, divided into North Holland and South Holland, and lying between lat. 51°40' and 53° 10′ N., and long. 3° 56′ and 5° 30′ E.; area, 2,094 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 1,166,774. It has a low flat surface, in many places below the level of the sea, and protected from inundation by enormous dikes. The soil is marshy, and better adapted to pasturage than to cultivation. Tillage, however, is conducted with great care and patience. An excellent kind of fax, barley, oats, orchard fruits, and garden vegetables, are the principal crops. Dairy farming and the raising of sheep and cattle are carried on very extensively. The polders, or lands which have been recovered from the sea or lakes by draining, are among the most remarkable features of the country. Those of Beemster and Haarlem are the largest. Timber is scarce throughout the province.--North Holland is bounded N. and E. by the Zuyder Zee, S. E. by Utrecht, S. by South Holland, and W. by the North sea; area, 928 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 544,789. It comprises several

islands in the Zuyder Zee and at its entrance, one of which, Texel, is 13 m. long by 5 broad. The river Y, on which Amsterdam is built, extends into the territory from the Zuyder Zee, and reaches almost to the North sea. The Helder ship canal connects this inlet with the strait that separates Texel from the mainland; it is 120 feet wide, 25 feet deep, and 50 m. long. The principal rivers are the Amstel, Vecht, and Zaan, and the chief towns, Amsterdam, Haarlem, and Alkmaar.-South Holland is bounded N. by North Holland, E. by Utrecht and Gelderland, S. by the Meuse, separating it from North Brabant, W. and N. W. by the North sea; area, 1,166 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 621,985. Its S. part is cut up into several islands by the mouths through which the Meuse finds its way to the sea. The other rivers are the Old Rhine, the Yssel, and the Lech. The Hague, Rotterdam, Leyden, Delft, Dort, and Briel, are the most important towns.

HOLLAND, EDWIN CLIFFORD, an American poet and essayist, born in Charleston, S. C., about 1793, died Sept. 11, 1824. He was educated for the bar, but preferred a literary career, published a volume of poems in 1813, afterward edited a newspaper, the Charleston "Times,' and wrote for magazines, and in 1818 dramatized the "Corsair" of Lord Byron. As a pamphleteer and controversialist he became a sort of local terror, and sustained a sharp controversy with Bishop England. He was associated with William Crafts and Henry J. Farmer in editing the "Omnium Botherum," intended to satirize the "Omnium Gatherum," edited by Thomas Bee.

HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, an English physician, born in Knutsford, Cheshire, Oct. 27, 1788. He was graduated at the university of Edinburgh in 1811, shortly after which he made a tour through Greece and the Ionian isles, of which he published an account in 1815. Upon his return to England he established himself in London. In 1852 he became physician in ordinary to the queen, and in 1853 was made a baronet. He is the author of several medical treatises, the most important of which is his "Medical Notes and Reflections," which has been reprinted in the United States. In 1834 he was married, for the 2d time, to Saba, daughter of Sydney Smith.

HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL, baron, an English statesman and author, born at Winterslow house, Wilts, Nov. 21, 1773, died at Holland house, Kensington, Oct. 22, 1840. He was the son of Stephen Fox, 2d Lord Holland, and nephew of Charles James Fox. He sucIceeded to his father's title when a little more than a year old, and was educated at Eton, and subsequently at Oxford, where he was graduated in 1792. In 1793 he travelled extensively over Spain, making himself familiar with the language and literature of the country, and subsequently visited other portions of the continent. He returned to England in 1796, and was married in the succeeding year to Lady Web

ster, with whom he had formed an intimacy in Italy which induced her husband, Sir Godfrey Webster, to procure a divorce. On this occasion he took by royal license the surname of Vassall, which was that of his wife's family, in lieu of his patronymic of Fox; but his children have retained the latter name. In 1798 he made his first speech in the house of lords, and thenceforth was a frequent participator in debates, being to the close of his life a steady and consistent whig. Between 1802 and 1805 he made another long visit to Spain, and in 1806 he was appointed joint commissioner with Lord Auckland to arrange with Messrs. Monroe and Pinkney, the American commissioners, the matters of controversy between England and the United States. In October of that year he entered the cabinet as lord privy seal, a position in which he was succeeded in March, 1807, by the earl of Westmoreland, who came in with the duke of Portland. In the long interval of tory ascendency Holland remained out of office, but upon the accession of the whigs to power in 1830 he again entered the cabinet as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, which office he retained almost uninterruptedly until his death. In 1806 he published "Some Account of the Life and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio," of which a 2d edition was issued in 1817, containing in addition a notice of Guillen de Castro and other matter. This work, the fruit of its author's visits to Spain, without aiming at profoundness, treats the subject in a genial and appreciative manner, and is commended by Mr. Ticknor and other authorities on Spanish literature. It was followed in 1807 by "Three Comedies from the Spanish," and in 1808 he edited, with a long preface, Mr. Fox's fragment entitled "A_ History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II." Since his death have appeared his "Foreign Reminiscences" (8vo., London, 1850; new ed. 1851), a work full of gossip and scandalous anecdotes; and the first two volumes of "Memoirs of the Whig Party during my Time, by Henry, Lord Holland" (London, 1854, edited by his son), which is of a character inferior to that of his earlier works. A publication entitled the "Opinions of Lord Holland, as recorded in the Journals of the House of Lords from 1797 to 1841," appeared in London soon after his death, affording a complete view of his public career. He had projected a life of his uncle, but never advanced beyond the collection of a few notes and materials, which are included in Lord John Russell's "Memoirs and Correspondence of Charles James Fox." Lord Holland was much esteemed in private life for his courtly grace of manner, genial humor, and amiability; and Holland house, his subur ban residence, a building having many interesting historical associations, and stored with much that was rare and beautiful in art or literature, was for nearly 50 years the resort of eminent personages, and the scene of elegant hospitality. Although in mental calibre inferior to Charles James Fox, to whom he bore a strong