family resemblance, he was an effective speaker, and, according to Macaulay, was more distinguished in debate than any peer of his time who had never sat in the house of commons.

HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT, M.D., an American author and journalist, born in Belchertown, Mass., July 24, 1819. Having practised medicine for a short time, and afterward edited a literary journal for a few months, he passed a year in Vicksburg, Miss., as superintendent of its public schools. In May, 1849, he became associate editor of the "Springfield Republican," Mass., with which he is still connected. He has published: "History of Western Massachusetts" (2 vols. 12mo., Springfield, 1855); "The Bay Path," a novel (New York, 1857); "Timothy Titcomb's Letters to the Young" (New York, 1858); "Bitter-Sweet," a dramatic poem (New York, 1858); and "Gold Foil ham mered from Popular Proverbs" (New York, 1859). He has contributed to various magazines, and is known as a public lecturer.

HOLLAND, SIR NATHANIEL DANCE, an English artist, born in London in 1734, died in Winchester in 1811. He was the son of George Dance, the architect of the mansion house in London, and early devoted himself to painting, passing 8 or 9 years in Italy in the study of his art. On his return to England he distinguished himself as a painter of portraits, of which that of Garrick as Richard III. affords a good example, and also of history and landscape. By his captivating figure and address he was enabled to secure the hand of Mrs. Dummer, a wealthy Yorkshire heiress, after which he relinquished painting as a profession, assumed the name of Holland, was made a baronet, and entered parliament. He did not altogether abandon his art, but exhibited occasionally as an amateur.

HOLLAR, WENZEL, a Bohemian engraver, born in Prague in 1607, died in London, March 28, 1677. At 18 years of age he produced his plates of the "Virgin and Child" and the "Ecce Homo." In 1636 he attracted the attention of the earl of Arundel, the British ambassador to the German emperor, who took him in his suite to England. He now practised his art with great reputation and success, and executed portraits of the royal family and of the earl of Arundel, beside views of places, and a set of 28 plates, entitled Ornatus Muliebri Anglicanus, representing the dresses of English women of all ranks and conditions in full length figures. Under the commonwealth he joined the earl of Arundel in Antwerp, where he passed several years. During this period he engraved Holbein's "Dance of Death" and other works of the old masters. He returned to England in 1652, but in the latter part of his life he became reduced to great indigence. His prints, amounting to nearly 2,400, many of which were of small size executed for the booksellers, who paid him at the rate of fourpence an hour, are now highly esteemed for their delicate, firm, and spirited execution.

HOLLARD, HENRI, a Swiss physician, born

in Lausanne in 1801, has written extensively on the natural sciences. His principal work, Etude de la nature (1843; new ed. 1853), received a prize of 1,500 francs from the society of Christian morals. In his work De l'homme et des races humaines (1853) he endeavored to reconcile the developments of science with the Scriptures. He has also prepared manuals relating to general and comparative anatomy, and other scientific works.

HOLLEY, HORACE, LL.D., an American clergyman, president of Transylvania university, Ky., born in Salisbury, Conn., Feb. 13, 1781, died at sea, July 31, 1827. He was graduated at Yale college in 1803, in 1805 was ordained as minister over a parish in Fairfield, and in 1809 became minister of the Hollis street church in Boston. In 1818 he accepted an invitation to the presidency of Transylvania university, where he continued till 1827, when he resigned his office, with a view to taking charge of a seminary to be opened in Louisiana; but he was attacked by sickness in New Orleans in the summer of the same year, and died of yellow fever on his passage to New York. When first settled in Connecticut he was a Calvinist, but became a Unitarian. His memoirs were pub lished by his widow.

HOLLIDAYSBURG, a post borough of central Pennsylvania, capital of Blair co., on Beaver Dam creek, a branch of the Juniata, 243 m. W. N. W. from Philadelphia; pop. in 1850, 2,430. It is a terminus of the E. division of the main line of the state canal, and also of the Alleghany Portage railroad, which here crosses the mountain. The cars were formerly drawn up to the summit on the E. side over 5 inclined planes, with an aggregate vertical altitude of 1,400 feet in a distance of 10 m. The descent on the W. side, also broken by inclined planes, is 1,151 feet in 263 m. A branch railroad 8 m. long now connects the town with the Pennsylvania central railroad. The town is situated near the base of the Alleghany mountain, and has 8 or 9 churches, several founderies, machine shops, flouring mills, newspaper offices, and schools. It is the centre of a large trade by railroad and canal, having most of the forwarding business of a rich surrounding country abounding in agricultural and mineral resources. The iron of the Juniata region and large quantities of anthracite coal and grain are exported through this town. Hollidaysburg was incorporated in 1836. Gaysport on the opposite bank of the river, with which it is connected, is a borough of 1,000 inhabitants.

HOLLIS, THOMAS, a benefactor of Harvard college, born in England in 1659, died in London in 1731. He was for many years a successful merchant in London, and a bequest made to Harvard college in his uncle's will, of which he was trustee, first attracted his attention to that institution. Having made two considerable donations, he gave directions in 1721 for the employment of the fund, by which the Hollis professorship of divinity was constituted.

He was himself a Baptist, and the candidate for the professorship was required to be of "sound or orthodox principles." In 1727 he established also a professorship of mathematics and philosophy, and the net produce of his donations amounted at that time to £4,900. He also gave books for the library, and secured from a friend a set of Hebrew and Greek types for printing.His nephew, Thomas Hollis, also gave money, books, and philosophical apparatus, and left a son, the 3d Thomas Hollis (died in 1774), an antiquary and virtuoso, whose donations to the college amounted to nearly £2,000.

HOLLY (ilex, Linn.), a plant of the natural order aquifoliacea, which embraces many species of trees or shrubs with small, axillary, 4 to 6-parted flowers, berry-like drupes containing 4 to 6 ribbed, veiny, or one-grooved nutlets, and simple alternate leaves. The common or prickly leaved holly of Europe is the I. aquifolium (Linn.), indigenous to most parts of that continent. It is a handsome, conical, evergreen tree, growing in its wild state to the height of 30 feet, and to twice that height or even more under cultivation. Loudon in his "Arboretum" records specimens of the common holly, grown in the environs of London, which attained the height of 25, 33, 40, and even 50 feet; and one in Surrey that was 80 feet. Its leaves are oblong, shining, with spiny teeth, very prickly upon the lower branches, while they are entire or unarmed upon the upper, or on very old trees; its flowers are nearly umbellate, of a white color, and appear in May; its fruit is red, ripening in September and remaining on the tree all winter. Several distinct varieties are known to gardeners, such as those with leaves that are narrower or broader, or thinner and flatter, or thick margined, or small and without prickles, or ciliate edged, or serrate margined, or curled and savagely spined, or entirely spineless; or that vary in color, as the white edged, golden edged, white spotted, golden spotted, silver or gold blotched; or the variety consists in the fruits being yellow, white, or crimson. The common holly has been long a favorite plant in Great Britain, being used in forming hedges for gardens. John Evelyn in the 17th century speaks of stout walls of holly 20 feet in height. In Scotland there is mention made of holly hedges 10 to 25 feet high, and from 9 to 13 feet in width. The value of the holly for this purpose consists in its durability and impenetrableness, in its bearing the shears, and in its freedom from insects. The holly is of slow growth, but this is compensated in the time it will survive; in France it has been known to stand two centuries. The wood of the common holly is very hard, white, and fine grained, susceptible of a high polish, and readily stained. The branches are used in England for embellishments at Christmas festivities, its lustrous leaves and red fruit being very attractive. The usual modes of propagation are by seeds and cuttings, the latter being generally taken from the lower portions of the tree; it can also be budded, or

grafted by the cleft process, whereby all the beautiful or peculiar varieties can be perpetuated. The American holly (I. opaca, Aiton) so nearly resembles the European type, that it has been supposed identical with or at least only a variety of it. It differs from the European chiefly in its foliage being less glossy, its berries less bright, and its nutlets less veiny. It is an evergreen, and grows to the height of from 20 to 40 feet. It ranges from Canada to Carolina, and may be used and propagated in the same manner as the common holly. The yaupon (I. Cassine, Linn.) is a handsome shrub, with alternate, perennial, glabrous, shining, coriaceous leaves, and globose, scarlet, 4-celled berries, growing abundantly near the ocean in the loose soil of Virginia and the Carolinas. The Dahoon holly (I. Dahoon, Walter) is a very handsome shrub from 4 to 12 feet high, with long virgate branches and red persistent berries; this grows also near the coast of Virginia and southward. The winterberry holly (I. verticillata, Gray) has deciduous leaves; but its abundant axillary scarlet berries, which are persistent, make it a highly ornamental shrub; it is common to the northward. The inkberry holly (I. glabra, Gray) is a low straggling bush, with slender branches, evergreen, shining, oblong leaves, and black round berries, common in the swamps of New England and southward, and much used to form the framework of winter bouquets. The mountain holly (I. Canadensis, Mx.) is to be found in wet swamps among other shrubs; it bears very small white flowers upon slender thread-like stalks, succeeded by pale crimsoncolored berries of the size of peas, ripening in August. This shrub is the nemopanthus of Rafinesque, and ranges from Canada throughout New England, New York, and Michigan. In Brazil occurs the yerba maté or Jesuit's tea of Paraguay (I. Paraguensis), from which a favorite beverage is made. There are 3 kinds of Paraguay tea, but all prepared from the same plant, the differences consisting in the mode of curing the herb. The natives boast of the innumerable qualities the tea possesses; and in the mining districts its use is almost universal. Like opium, it produces some singular effects; it gives sleep to the restless, and spirits to the torpid.-It is asserted that the leaves of the common holly are as efficacious as Peruvian bark in the cure of intermittent fever; the root and bark are said to be emollient, resolving, expectorant, and diuretic; the berries, purgative and emetic. The bark and berries of I. verticillata possess in an eminent degree the properties of vegetable astringent and tonic medicines, along with antiseptic powers. The leaves of I. Cassine act as a gentle emetic. The leaves of I. glabra are sometimes used for tea, and are said to be similar to those of the Paraguay species; they furnished the "black drink" of the Creek Indians, used at the opening of their councils. Some Brazilian species are valuable diuretics and diaphoretics. The fruits of I. macoucoua, a native of Guiana, when unripe,

abound in tannin, and when bruised in ferruginous mud are employed in dyeing cotton fabrics; they act somewhat like galls.

HOLLY SPRINGS, the capital of Marshall co., Miss., situated on the Central railroad, 25 m. S. from the Memphis junction, and 210 m. N. from Jackson; pop. in 1855, about 3,500. It is the principal place in the N. part of the state, is pleasantly situated, and contains 4 superior academies, attended by an aggregate number of nearly 400 pupils, several churches and newspaper offices, and a bank with a capital of $200,000.

HOLLYHOCK (althæa rosea, Linn.), a garden flower, a native of the East, probably introduced into England about 3 centuries ago. At what time the double and the multiplex-flowered varieties originated among cultivators would be difficult to determine. In Gerard's "Herbal" (1636) 3 sorts of hollyhocks are mentioned, of which one is called the double purple. The leaves of the hollyhock are usually heart-shaped, with 5 to 7 sharply defined lobes. From this character of outline they vary into such deeply incised edges as to appear palmate. According to Persoon, a species attributed to Siberia is called A. ficifolia, which agrees with the form of the leaf of well defined garden varieties. These two well marked sorts may be readily noticed in any garden where choice varieties are raised. The tendency to sport in producing different colors in their flowers has caused much attention to be directed toward them. As great a difference exists in the form of the entire plants as in that of the leaves. Those tall and stately kinds formerly so common, which grew 10 or 12 feet high, are seldom seen in the gardens of amateurs, having given place to the sorts with smaller stems. The finer kinds of holly hocks as fancy flowers seem to have originated simultaneously in England, France, and Scotland, during the last few years. The dwarfer varieties are planted in groups or clumps, and by employing the showiest a charming effect is produced. The culture of these plants is easy. New varieties are secured by cross impregnation, collecting the pollen from the finest sorts and conveying it to the stigmas of those flowers intended to be saved for seeds. These evidently should be of the less multiplex kinds, so as at least to secure perfectly formed stigmas. Some such naturally seed freely, and when they are selected for this purpose they should be grown in rich soil; their best and most perfectly formed blossoms should be selected, thinning out the poorer ones and shortening the top of the spike. All the withered petals should be very carefully pulled away, so that they may not collect and convey dampness to the young and maturing seed vessel. Those seeds which are the first ripened may be sown the same year; otherwise they should be kept dry and sown in the succeeding spring. Generally a great variety in colors, size, and form will be the result of such a process. The choicer sorts may be preserved by cuttings taken from those young shoots which

are abundantly produced early in the spring, to be planted in a light sandy soil, shaded for a while, and covered from too much air; but when single eyes or axillary leaf buds are used, bottom heat will be found necessary. Another method, which is the commonest and easiest, is by division of the roots, which can be done a few days before or even at the time of planting out. Some varieties have been known to come true from the seed, but this is so rare that seed sowing cannot be relied on. The hollyhock will grow in almost any kind of earth, but to have choice blooms from the finer varieties a prepared soil will be found advantageous. In all cases the ground should not be too retentive of moisture, or of too close a texture.

HOLMAN, JAMES, known as "the blind traveller," born in England about 1787, died in London, July 26, 1857. He entered the royal navy in 1798, and 9 years afterward received a commission as lieutenant. In 1812 a disease contracted in the discharge of his duty destroyed his eyesight, and the king consequently appointed him one of the 6 naval knights of Windsor. During the years 1819-21 he travelled through France, Italy, Savoy, Switzerland, and along the Rhine, and published an account of his impressions, which was so well received by the public that he set out in 1822 on a journey around the world. Commencing at St. Petersburg, he took the route by Moscow, Novgorod, and Irkootsk, intending, when the season should permit, to proceed through Mongolia and China; but being suspected as a spy, he was stopped by an order from the Russian government and sent back under escort to the German frontier, whence he returned to England in 1824. Hé published in 1825 an account of this journey, under the title of "Travels in Russia," &c. The 5 years from 1827 to 1832 he passed in a voyage around the world, of which he published an account in 1834. His route was from England to Madeira, Teneriffe, and the west coast of Africa, thence to Brazil, which he passed some time in visiting, thence to Cape Colony, Caffraria, Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon and India, New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, and New Zealand, returning by Cape Horn to England. He afterward, in 1843-4, made a tour in the Danubian principalities and Transylvania. Lieut. Holman's books are more curious from the circumstances under which they were written than useful.

HOLMES. I. A N. W. co. of Fla., bordering on Ala., and intersected by the Choctawhatchee river; area, 612 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 1,205, of whom 163 were slaves. Its surface is nearly level. The soil is a rich alluvium in the river bottoms and sandy elsewhere. In 1850 it produced 23,880 bushels of Indian corn, 7,070 lbs. of rice, 114 bales of cotton, 9 hogsheads of sugar, and 1,050 gallons of molasses. There were 3 churches, and 20 pupils attending a public school. Capital, Cerro Gerdo. II. A central co. of Miss., bounded S. E. by Big Black river and N. W. by the Yazoo; area, 756 sq. m.;

pop. in 1850, 13,928, of whom 8,377 were slaves. It has an undulating surface and a very rich soil. The productions in 1850 were 543,155 bushels of Indian corn, 124,892 of sweet potatoes, 72,550 lbs. of rice, and 12,635 bales of cotton. There were 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 1,090 pupils attending public schools. The Yazoo is navigable by steamboats in this part of its course during the whole year, and the New Orleans, Jackson, and great northern railroad passes through the county near its S. E. border. Capital, Lexington. III. A central co. of Ohio, intersected by Kilbuck creek and Walhonding river; area, 405 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 20,452. It has a diversified surface and a soil of generally good quality. The productions in 1850 were 358,360 bushels of Indian corn, 294,677 of wheat, 207,336 of oats, 16,357 tons of hay, 138,633 lbs. of wool, and 457,901 of butter. There were 16 grist mills, 28 saw mills, 5 woollen factories, 11 tanneries, 37 churches, 3 newspaper offices, and 3,690 pupils attending public schools. Coal is found near Kilbuck creek, and gas springs have been discovered. The Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati railroad has been completed from Cleveland to Millersburg, the capital.

HOLMES, ABIEL, D.D., LL.D., an American clergyman and annalist, born in Woodstock, Conn., Dec. 24, 1763, died in Cambridge, Mass., June 4, 1837. He was the son of Dr. David Holmes, who served during the war in Canada for 3 campaigns, and on the breaking out of the revolution at once entered the continental army as surgeon, continuing in service until the 4th year of the war. At the death of his father, Abiel had attained his 16th year. He was graduated at Yale college in 1783, and became subsequently a tutor in the college, pursuing at the same time his theological studies. In 1785 he was settled over a parish at Midway, Ga., where he remained till compelled by ill health to resign his charge in 1791. In the preceding year he had married Mary, the daughter of President Stiles of Yale college, who died Aug. 29, 1795. After his return to the North he accepted an invitation to become pastor of the first parish in Cambridge, where a vacancy had been made by the death of the Rev. Mr. Hilliard; he was installed Jan. 25, 1792, and continued to fill the office till Sept. 26, 1832. Dr. Stiles at his decease had bequeathed to his son-in-law his large collection of manuscripts, containing researches upon various subjects, and to these Dr. Holmes gave his close attention, with a view to writing a "Life of President Stiles," which was published in 1798. The study of these papers turned his attention to the early history of America, which had been a subject of special interest to Dr. Stiles, who had collected a great mass of statistics and details relating to it. From this time Dr. Holmes devoted himself to the preparation of the work on which his literary reputation is chiefly founded, the "Annals of America" (2 vols. 8vo., Cambridge, 1805), which immediately established for its author a high

reputation for care and accuracy, and has ever since maintained its place as a leading authority in American history. It was republished in England in 1813, and in 1829 a new and enlarged edition was published in this country. Dr. Holmes contributed frequently to the collections of the Massachusetts historical society, in vol. xxvii. of which will be found a complete list of his publications. In 1817 he delivered a course of lectures upon the ecclesiastical history of the country, particularly of New England, which have not been published. In 1800 he married Sarah, daughter of the Hon. Oliver Wendell of Boston, who with 3 children still survives him.

HOLMES, ISAAC EDWARD, an American statesman, born in Charleston, S. C., April 5, 1796. He was graduated at Yale college in 1815, was admitted to the bar in Charleston in 1818, and became a successful practitioner. In 1826 he was elected to the state legislature, and became a leader in the councils of the nullification party, being the first to propose that the state should take measures of resistance to the protective tariff. He rejected, however, a test oath proposed by his party. In 1839 he was elected a representative in congress, in which office he remained till 1851, and was successively at the head of the committees on commerce and on the navy. Beside his labors in legislation and at the bar, he has published a volume of elaborate political essays, entitled "Carolinensis," designed to assert the rights of the states in their relations to the federal government. He also wrote the "Recreations of George Taletell," consisting of tales, essays, and descriptive narrative.

HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, M.D., an American physician and poet, son of Dr. Abiel Holmes, born in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 29, 1809. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1829, and entered upon the study of the law, which however he soon abandoned for medicine, and in 1832 went to Europe to pursue his studies, passing several years abroad in attendance on the hospitals of Paris and other large cities. He received the degree of M.D. in 1836, and in 1838 was chosen professor of anatomy and physiology in Dartmouth college. Upon the resignation of Dr. John C. Warren in 1847 he was elected to fill the same chair in the medical college of Harvard university, which he still occupies, having abandoned the general practice of his profession. Early in his college life Dr. Holmes attracted attention as a poet. He contributed to the "Collegian," a periodical conducted by the undergraduates of the college, and also to "Illustrations of the Athenæum Gallery of Paintings" in 1831, and to the

Harbinger, a May Gift," in 1833. In 1836 he read before the Phi Beta Kappa society, "Poetry, a Metrical Essay," which was published in the first collected edition of his "Poems" (12mo., Boston, 1836); "Terpsichore" was read by him at a dinner of the same society in 1843, and "Urania" was published in 1846. In 1850

he delivered before the Yale chapter of the same society a poem entitled "Astrea," which was published in the same year. His poems have passed through many editions since they first appeared in a collected form, and have been republished at different times in England. In the "Atlantic Monthly" (Boston, 1857) he began a series of articles under the title of "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" (since published in a volume), which were continued for a year, and followed by "The Professor at the Breakfast Table." As a writer of songs and lyrics, Dr. Holmes stands in the first rank; many of his best poems are of this class, and have been written for social or festive occasions at which they have been recited or sung by the poet himself. Of patriotic lyrics few are likely to have a longer life than his stirring verses to "Old Ironsides." He is also popular as a lyceum lecturer. He has distinguished himself by his researches in auscultation and microscopy. In 1838 he published three "Boylston Prize Dissertations;" in 1842, "Lectures on Homoopathy and its Kindred Delusions;" in 1848, a "Report on Medical Literature," in the "Transactions of the National Medical Society;" a pamphlet on "Puerperal Fever;" and, in conjunction with Dr. Jacob Bigelow, an edition of Hall's "Theory and Practice of Medicine" (8vo., 1839). He has been a frequent contributor to the periodicals of his profession, as well as to the "North American Review," the "Knickerbocker," and other literary magazines. Dr. Holmes married a daughter of the late Hon. Charles Jackson of Boston, where he resides.

HOLOCAUST (Gr. λos, whole, and katw, to burn), a kind of sacrifice in which the entire offering was consumed by fire, as an acknowledgment of divine supremacy, and claim to all honor and worship. In the Bible it is called a burnt offering. Sacrifices of this sort were known among the heathen, and were in use long before the institution of the other Jewish sacrifices by the law of Moses; and the Jews allowed Gentiles to offer holocausts on their altars by the hands of Jewish priests, although they did not permit them to offer any of the other Mosaic sacrifices.

HOLSTEIN (Lat. Holsatia), a duchy of the kingdom of Denmark, and a state of the Germanic confederation, bounded N. by the river Eider, which separates it from Schleswig, E. by the Baltic, S. by the Elbe, which separates it from Hanover, and W. by the German ocean; area, 3,269 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 523,528. Its surface is mostly level. The midland part, a plateau of sand, imperfectly drained, bears a resemblance to the peat flats and bogs of Hanover. The slopes to the Baltic, drained by the Schwentine and Trave, are well wooded. The other declivity, toward the Elbe and German ocean, is more gradual, but equally well drained by the Alster, Krukau, Stör, and Pinnau. The lowlands on the Elbe and on the W. coast are particularly fruitful; and of late years, owing to excellent tillage and the use of marl, the

same may be said of nearly the whole of the province. The products are wheat, buckwheat, vegetables (especially potatoes), hops, hemp, flax, and wood. Remarkably fine horses, famous for heavy cavalry service, are exported in considerable numbers, together with black cattle and butter. Salt and lime are found in the southern districts, in the neighborhood of Oldeslohe. The men are good seamen, and numbers of them are profitably employed in the Greenland seal and whale fisheries. Education is well endowed, there being good schools in the cities, a university in Kiel (founded in 1665), and a seminary for tutors in the same city, which, established in 1780, has been of great utility in advancing popular education. The religion is Lutheran, but other sects are tolerated. There are railway lines from Hamburg to Kiel and Lübeck, with a branch to Hanover. Altona and Kiel are the most important cities; the others are Glücksburg, the seat of government, a fortified place upon the Elbe at the mouth of the Stör, Rendsburg on the Eider, Stegeborg, Oldeslohe, Itzehoe, and Plön. The duchy is divided into 20 bailiwicks. In 1834 a constitution, uniting Holstein and Schleswig under a representative system common to the other Danish provinces, was granted by Frederic VI. Various modifications of this arrangement have in turn excited the jealousy and opposition of the Germanic diet; and the king of Denmark is diplomatically resisting the latest demonstration on the part of this body (1859).The earliest history of Holstein is of its occupation by tribes of Saxons. In the 8th century they were conquered by Charlemagne; and after the extinction of the Billung dukes of Saxony, the country was bestowed upon Adolph of Schauenburg, with the title of count of Holstein. The descendants of this prince retained the inheritance for nearly 4 centuries, Schleswig in the mean time having been added (1386) to their possessions. The union of the two provinces has been continued with the exception of very short periods until the present day. The house of Schauenburg became extinct in 1459, when Christian I., king of Denmark, was elected count of Holstein by the diet of the province. It was stipulated, however, that Holstein should be independent of Denmark in government and in inheritance. In 1474 it was erected into a duchy by the emperor Frederic III., as a possession of Christian I., between whose two grandsons, Christian III. of Denmark and Adolph, it was subsequently divided (1544); hence the origin of the two principal branches of the ducal family. The elder of the two is still in possession as well of Denmark as of Holstein. The younger branch, whose share of the duchy was the castle and territory of Gottorp, and which became known as the house of HolsteinGottorp, produced subsequently two other branches or royal lines; the senior of which, Holstein-Gottorp, is represented by the czar of Russia; and the younger, Holstein-GottorpEutin, by intermarriage with the Swedish Va