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England, bringing with him Rousseau, who sought there a refuge from persecution. Hume provided Rousseau with retired lodgings in Derbyshire, and obtained for him a pension from the king. But this singular person soon afterward wrote a letter to Hume, accusing him of desiring to destroy his fame. Their quarrel made a great sensation, and Hume in self-defence published the letters that had passed between them. In 1766 Hume went to Edinburgh, but was invited by Gen. Conway the next year to become under secretary of state. He remained in London until Conway was superseded, and in 1769 returned to Edinburgh. He was now rich, being worth £1,000 a year, and employed himself in building a house, and in the pleasures of society. By March 23, 1775, his health began to decline. The next spring he wrote a congratulatory letter to Gibbon, who had sent him the first volume of the "Decline and Fall." In April, 1776, he finished his "Own Life," a concise narrative of his literary career. After a journey to Bath, in company with John Home, he returned to Edinburgh to die. Five days before his death he wrote to the countess de Boufflers: "I see death gradually approach without any anxiety or regret. I salute you with great affection and regard for the last time." He died cheerfully and easily, without apparent pain, and was buried in Calton hill grave yard, Edinburgh, where a monument to him was erected. Hume's character was singularly pure and beneficent. He was charitable when he had little to spare, his temper was mild and even, and his friends spoke of him as wise and good above other men. His enemies have accused him of insincerity, and of inculcating principles dangerous to human happiness. As a historian he is generally allowed to hold the first rank among English writers. His narrative is interesting, his style almost faultless, and with happy ease he blends profound thought, distinct portraiture, and skilful appeals to the feelings. He wants, however, accuracy and impartiality. His "Es says" are clear, thoughtful, and novel, but show little imagination or inventive power. He founds his ethical system upon utility, and would determine the moral value of actions by their consequences. His metaphysical speculations cannot be said to form a complete or a well ordered system. He asserts that the mind is conscious only of impressions and ideas, and that the impression always precedes the idea; there are therefore no cognitions but those derived from external sources. He adopts the representative theory, and infers that there is no clearer proof of the existence of mind than there is of matter. Belief is only a vivid idea. He traces the course of thought to the law of association, which he founds upon three principles, resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect. But the doctrine of cause and effect is only a habit of the mind, resulting from experience. There is no proof that similar causes will always produce similar effects. Thus all is uncertain

ty, and the mind is reduced to general scepticism. To these theories the Scottish philosophers, led by Reid, opposed the doctrine of common sense, accepting as true whatever is generally believed. Kant and his German followers, excited by Hume's doubts, invented on the other hand the theory that the mind creates, by its own action, a certain number of cognitions, which they have attempted to define. Sir William Hamilton again, destroying the theory of representation, asserts that of immediate perception. Each of these schools of metaphysics therefore had its origin in the scepticism of Hume. But whatever may be thought of the effect of his writings, it must be allowed that Hume's intellect presents a rare example of the union of high philosophical power with great refinement, and a clear and almost faultless mode of expression.-Hume's history was continued by Smollett from the revolution to the death of George II., and an addition has since been made, bringing it down to the year 1835, by the Rev. T. S. Hughes. One of the latest editions is in 18 vols. 12mo. (London, 1856). The best editions of his philosophical works are those of Edinburgh, 4 vols. 8vo., 1836, and of Boston, U. S., 4 vols. 8vo., 1854. The latter is the more complete. See the "Life and Correspondence of David Hume," edited by John Hill Burton (2 vols. 8vo., Edinburgh, 1847).

HUME, JAMES DEACON, an English civilian, born in Newington, Surrey, April 28, 1774, died in Reigate, Jan. 12, 1842. He was educated at Westminster school, and at the age of 16 received a clerkship in the custom house. He married in 1798, and a few years later removed to Pinner, near Harrow, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits, at the same time fulfilling his official duties in London. He relinquished his farming occupations in 1822. A report written by him for the use of the commissioners of the custom house introduced him to the friendship of Mr. Huskisson. With the sanction of the lords of the treasury he began in 1823 the task of consolidating the laws of the customs, which had accumulated from the reign of Edward I. to the number of 1,500 often confused and contradictory statutes. After nearly 3 years of labor by night and day, he produced his compilation and revision, which received the royal assent in 1825, and was pronounced by Mr. Huskisson "the perfection of codification." In 11 intelligible statutes he contrived to preserve all that was requisite. The government immediately voted him £6,000 as an acknowledgment of his services. He soon became connected with the board of trade, where he was so much in request at the consultations that in 1828 the office of joint secretary was created for him. At the same time he resigned the office of controller of the customs, which he had held for 38 years. "The history of the board of trade," says Sir James Graham, "from the time of Mr. Huskisson to the close of Mr. Deacon Hume's services at that board, may be considered as the history of Mr. Deacon

Hume himself; for he was the life and soul of that department, and every good measure which was adopted in rapid succession at that period either received his earnest support, or may be traced to his wise suggestion.' It was through him that the forgeries of Fauntleroy were discovered in 1824. In 1840, in consequence of the strain of his long and severe labors upon his health, he retired from the board of trade, received an annual pension from the goverment of £1,500, and fixed his residence at Reigate. He was, however, often consulted by Sir Robert Peel, and his evidence before the import duties committee in 1840 had great weight with the leading men of all parties. Beside his numerous and important official papers, he wrote occasionally for periodicals on politicoeconomical subjects. A memoir of his life has been written by Charles Badham (London, 1859). HUME, JOSEPH, a British statesman and reformer, born in Montrose, Scotland, in Jan. 1777, died in Burnley hall, Norfolk, Feb. 20, 1855. At about the age of 9 he lost his father, the master of a small fishing or trading vessel, but was enabled by the thrift and industry of his mother, who established a retail crockery shop in Montrose for the support of her children, to receive a tolerable education in the schools of his native town. About 1790 he was placed with a surgeon apothecary of Montrose, and 3 years later he became a student of medicine at the university of Edinburgh, where he remained until 1796, when he was admitted a member of the college of surgeons of Edinburgh. Being appointed as surgeon to an East Indiaman, he made two voyages to India in the company's vessels, and in 1799 joined the medical establishment in Bengal. In his second voyage out he had given evidence of his energy and capacity by acting temporarily as purser upon the death of that functionary; and upon his arrival in India his temperate habits, his regularity in the discharge of his duties, and his excellent judgment, combined to recommend him for advancement. Finding that few of the company's servants had taken the trouble to acquire the native languages, he at once applied himself to the study of them, and was soon able to speak them with fluency-a circumstance which undoubtedly laid the foundation of his fortune. At the outbreak of the Mahratta war in 1802 he was attached to the division of the army under Gen. Powell, and upon a sudden emergency officiated as Persian interpreter with so much efficiency, that he was appointed to discharge the duties of that office permanently. At the same time he was at the head of the medical staff, and for long periods acted as paymaster, postmaster, prize agent, and commissary-general. These multifarious employments brought him not merely reputa tion but handsome and fairly earned emoluments; and in 1808 he was able to retire from professional life, and return to England with a fortune of between £30,000 and £40,000. For several years he devoted himself to travel and study, visiting every place of importance, and particu

larly the manufacturing towns, in the United Kingdom, and in 1810-11 making an extended tour throughout southern Europe and Egypt. Too energetic to pursue the career of a man of leisure, he immediately set about the acquisition of seats in parliament and in the East India board, with a view of devoting the remainder of his life to public business. In Jan. 1812, he was for a valuable consideration returned to the house of commons as one of the members for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, commencing his political career as a tory. Before the parliament was dissolved, however, in the succeeding July, he gave evidence of his independent character by opposing a ministerial measure for the relief of the Nottingham frame-work knitters, on the ground that the masters would be thereby so much injured that the workmen would be reduced to a worse state than before. The reputation for independence and determination which Mr. Hume acquired during the first 6 months of his legislative career alarmed the conservative patrons of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, and at the succeeding election they refused him a seat, notwithstanding he had bargained for a second return. This proceeding probably opened the eyes of the new member to the evils of the borough system, for, although offered seats from other boroughs, he refused to enter parliament again except as a perfectly free member, a contingency which did not occur for several years. During this interval he busied himself with a variety of projects for the moral, intellectual, and physical improvement of the laboring classes, for whose benefit he also advocat ed the establishment of savings banks. His chief efforts, however, were directed against the abuses perpetrated by the East India direction, for a seat in which he was an indefatigable_though invariably an unsuccessful candidate. In Jan. 1819, he reëntered parliament as a radical member for the Aberdeen district of burghs, comprehending his native town, Montrose; and during the first session on several occasions he recorded his views in favor of the repeal of the usury laws, of the corn laws, and of other restrictions upon commerce and manufactures. He continued to represent the Scotch burghs until 1830, when he was returned unopposed as one of the members for Middlesex. In 1837 he was defeated by a small majority, but was immediately returned through the interest of Mr. O'Connell for Kilkenny, which he represented until 1841, when in the great conservative reaction of that year he was an unsuccessful candidate for the town of Leeds. In the succeeding year he offered himself once more to the electors of Montrose, in whose service he died. In variety and importance his legislative labors were not surpassed, if indeed they were equalled, by the most eminent of his contemporaries. His speeches alone would fill many volumes of "Hansard's Debates," and his motions, returns, reports, and other acts in the house of commons, independent of his vigorous agitation of public measures outside of its doors, were almost in

numerable. Possessing an unusual degree of patience, courage, and tenacity of purpose, he proposed and advocated sweeping reforms in all departments of government, civil, military, and ecclesiastical, with a perseverance which repeated defeats and the coarsest ridicule could never overcome. He early advocated the abolition of military flogging, naval impressment, and imprisonment for debt, and, almost unaided, effected the repeal of the acts prohibiting the export of machinery and the emigration of workmen. His efforts against colonial abuses, election expenses, the licensing system, and duties on paper, tea, tobacco, &c., were not the less strenuous because futile; while those against Orange lodges and close vestries were completely successful. It is scarcely necessary to add that Catholic emancipation, the repeal of the test and corporation acts, and the reform act of 1832 found in him an energetic supporter. As a keen unraveller of accounts he had no superior, and for the manner in which in 1821 he procured from the ministry a pledge that the ordnance estimates should be submitted to the house in detail, he was publicly complimented by Sir James Mackintosh and other members of the opposition. Commencing his career as a reformer almost single-handed, he was soon at the head of a real minority which was subsequently developed into an undoubted majority, and which gave the key note to various species of reform. In the face of neglect, contempt, and almost open insult, he worked his way up to a firstrate position as a legislator, and lived to see nearly every important measure which he had advocated, and which at the outset had been met by insolent opposition, ultimately adopted. Although several times invited to take office, he invariably declined, preferring his independent position; and notwithstanding that in the discharge of his public duties he frequently expended large sums from his private purse, "he passed the whole of a long life," to adopt the words of one of his contemporaries, "in serving the people without fee or reward." His private character was without a stain, and his gentleness and consideration for others extorted the admiration even of his opponents, among others of the late Sir Robert Peel, who also publicly eulogized his integrity, and the valuable character of his long services. His capacity for labor was almost proverbial, and probably no man of his time attended parliamentary sessions so regularly or sat upon such a variety of committees. As a speaker he never rose to eloquence, and even in the most heated debates so completely preserved his equanimity that it was said of him by Lord Palmerston, in noticing his decease, that 66 any feeling excited by his party conflicts never went even to the door of the house." A statue of him was in 1859 erected in his native place, to commemorate his efforts in behalf of the people.

HUMMEL, JOHANN NEPOMUK, a German composer, born in Presburg, Nov. 14, 1778, died in Weimar, Oct. 17, 1837. At 7 years

of age he exhibited such remarkable precocity that Mozart, contrary to his custom, offered to direct his musical education. At the age of 9 he could play so skilfully on the piano that his father was induced to exhibit his talents in concerts. He excited universal admiration throughout Germany and subsequently in England, and returned home, after an absence of 6 years, the most brilliant pianist of the German school. He gave his attention for several years to the study of harmony, accompaniment, and counterpoint, and soon rendered his name famous in Germany by his operas and masses, and particularly by his instrumental compositions. He retained his supremacy as a pianist until the close of his life.

HUMMING BIRD, the common name of a large family (trochilida) of slender-billed birds, found in America and its adjacent islands. There are 3 sub-families, grypina or wedge-tailed humming birds, lampornina or curved-billed humming birds, and trochilina or straight-billed humming birds. These delicate and beautiful creatures, peculiar to America as the sun birds are to the old world, have always attracted attention even from the aboriginal inhabitants of this continent; the ancient Mexicans worked their feathers into mantles, pictures, and various ornamental articles. No epithet has been spared to convey an idea of the richness of coloring of these birds, and yet all fail in comparison with the reality; "the lustres of the topaz, emeralds, and rubies," "the hue of roses steeped in liquid fire,"

," "the locks of the star of day," the "beams of the sun," and similar expressions, fall far short of the changing tints of their " gorgeous plumery." The most brilliant species live in the tropical forests, amid the rich drapery of the orchids, whose magnificent blossoms rival the beauty of the birds themselves. As we leave the tropics their numbers decrease, and but a few species are found within the limits of the United States, some however reaching as high as lat. 57° N. In whatever latitude, their manners are the same; very quick and active, almost constantly on the wing, as they dart in the bright sun they display their brilliant colors.

Each rapid movement gives a different dye; Like scales of burnish'd gold they dazzling show, Now sink to shade, now like a furnace glow. When hovering over a flower in which they are feeding, their wings are moved so rapidly that they become invisible, causing a humming sound, whence their common name, their bodies seeming suspended motionless in the air. They rarely alight on the ground, but perch readily on branches; bold and familiar, they frequent gardens in thickly settled localities, even entering rooms and flitting without fear near passers by; they are very pugnacious, and will attack any intruder coming near their nests. The nest is delicate but compact, and lined with the softest vegetable downs; it is about an inch in diameter, and the same in depth, and placed on trees, shrubs, and reeds. The eggs, one or

two in number, are small in proportion, averaging about by of an inch, generally of a white color, and hatched in 10 or 12 days. It is very difficult to keep these birds in cages; but they have been kept in rooms and conservatories, even in New England, for months, feeding on sugar or honey and water and the insects attracted by these, and have become so tame as to take their sweetened fluids from the end of the finger. They are incidentally honey-eaters, but essentially insectivorous; their barbed and viscid tongue is admirably adapted for drawing insects from the depths of tubular flowers, over which they delight to hover. The family of trochilide may be recognized by their diminutive size, gorgeous plumage, long, slender, and acute bill, but little cleft at the base, and peculiar tongue; the species are very numerous, probably as many as 400, some of which have a very limited range. The bill when closed forms a tube, through which the long, divided, and thread-like tongue may be protruded into deep flowers; there are no bristly feathers around its base, as in birds which catch insects on the wing; the tongue has its cornua elongated backward, passing around the back to the top of the skull, as in woodpeckers; the wings are long and falciform, with very strong shafts, the 1st quill of the 10 the longest; the secondaries usually 6; the tail is of various forms, but always strong, and important in directing the flight; the tarsi short and weak; the toes long and slender, and capable of sustaining them in a hanging position, as is known from their being not unfrequently found hanging dead from branches in the autumn after a sudden cold change in the weather. The sub-family grypina have the bill slightly curved, and the tail long, broad, and wedge-shaped; of these the genus photornis (Swains.) is found in the warmer parts of South America, and is numerous in species; oreotrochilus (Gould) inhabits the mountains of the western side of South America immediately beneath the line of perpetual snow, feeding upon the small hemipterous insects which resort to the flowers; grypus (Spix) is found in the neighborhood of Rio Janeiro. The curved-billed humming birds, more than 100 species, are not represented in the United States, unless the mango humming bird (lampornis mango, Swains.) be admitted; this may be distinguished from the common species by the absence of metallic scale-like feathers on the throat, and by the serrations of the end of the bill; the prevailing colors are metallic green and golden above, and velvety bluish black below, with a tuft of downy white feathers under the wings. The common species throughout the eastern states, extending to the high central plains and south to Brazil, is the ruby-throated humming bird (trochilus colubris, Linn.). The length of this "glittering fragment of the rainbow" (as Audubon calls it) is about 3 inches, with an extent of wings of 4 inches; the upper parts are uniform metallic green, with a ruby red gorget in the male, a white collar on VOL. IX.-23

the throat, and the deeply forked tail brownish violet; the female has not the red throat, and the tail is rounded, emarginate, and banded with black. The corresponding species on the Pacific coast is the black-chinned T. Alexandri (Bourc. and Mulsant). The last two belong to the subfamily of trochilina or mellisugino, having straight bills; their genus is given by Gray as mellisuga (Briss.), of which there are more than 100 species. The largest of the humming birds belongs to this sub-family, and is the hylocharis gigas (Vieill.); it is nearly 8 inches long, brownish green above and light reddish below; the wings are longer than the deeply forked tail, and the general appearance is that of a brilliant swallow, with a long straight bill. Species of the genera selasphorus (Swains.) and atthis (Reich.), 2 of each, are described by Prof. Baird in vol. ix. of the Pacific railroad reports. Those wishing to study in detail the complicated arrangement of this beautiful family are referred to the illustrated works of Lesson (Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, and Les trochilidées ou les colibris), Temminck (Planches coloriées), Audebert and Vieillot, and especially to Gould's monograph on the Trochilida; also to vols. xiv. and xv. of the "Naturalists' Library."

HUMPHREY, HEMAN, D.D., an American divine, born in Simsbury, Conn., March 26, 1779. From the age of 16 he was engaged for several successive winters as a teacher in the common schools of his native state. He was graduated at Yale college in 1805, and immediately entered upon the study of theology, first under President Dwight, and afterward under the Rev. Asahel Hooker of Goshen, Conn. He was ordained in 1807 over the Congregational church in Fairfield, Conn., where he remained 10 years. Resigning this charge in 1817, he was installed as pastor of the church in Pittsfield, Mass. Six years afterward he was elected to the presidency of Amherst college, and was inaugurated to that office in Oct. 1823. When called to that institution, it was contending against adverse influences for a charter of incorporation, and its success in the succeeding year was greatly due to his influence and energy. He presided over Amherst college 22 years, and resigned his office in 1845, leaving the institution firmly established, and retired to his former home in Pittsfield, where he has since devoted his leisure chiefly to literary pursuits and to the promotion of the religious and benevolent enterprises of the age. President Humphrey has been for 50 years a frequent contributor to the periodical literature of his times. His earlier papers appeared chiefly in "The Panoplist" and

Christian Spectator." In 1830 he published a volume of prize essays on the Sabbath, which was republished in England. His other principal works are: "Tour in France, Great Britain, and·Belgium” (2 vols. 12mo., New York, 1838); "Domestic Education" (1840); "Letters to a Son in the Ministry" (1845); "Life and Writings of Prof. W. Fiske" (1850); "Life and Writings of T. H. Gallaudet" (1857); "Sketches of the

History of Revivals" (1859). A collection of his public addresses and reviews has also been published, and a volume entitled "Revival Conversations." Dr. Humphrey was, if not the first, one of the earliest pioneers in the modern temperance reformation. In 1810 he preached 6 sermons on the ravages of intemperance; and in 1813, in connection with the Rev. Messrs. Swan and Bonney, drew up a report to the Fairfield consociation, which had a wide circulation, and is believed to have been the first tract published on that subject.

HUMPHREYS, a N. W. co. of Tenn., bounded E. by Tennessee river, and intersected near its S. border by Duck river, a tributary of the former stream; area, 375 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,422, of whom 1,097 were slaves. The surface is moderately uneven, and the soil is fertile. The productions in 1850 were 419,387 bushels of Indian corn, 30,173 of oats, 23,149 of sweet potatoes, 11,045 lbs. of tobacco, and 89,656 of butter. There were 18 grist mills, 6 saw mills, 21 churches, and 1,922 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Waverley.

HUMPHREYS, DAVID, an American poet, born in Derby, Conn., in 1753, died in New Haven, Feb. 21, 1818. He was educated at Yale college, where he was connected with Dwight and Trumbull, entered the army at the beginning of the revolutionary war, and in 1780 became a colonel and aide-de-camp to Gen. Washington. He resided more than a year with Washington after his retirement to Virginia, and again in 1788. In 1784 he accompanied Jefferson to Europe as secretary of legation, was elected to the legislature of Connecticut in 1786, and was soon associated with Hopkins, Trumbull, and Barlow in the composition of the "Anarchiad," being thus one of "the four bards with Scripture names" satirized in London. He was minister to Lisbon from 1791 to 1797, and afterward minister to Spain till 1802, and on his return imported from Spain 100 merino sheep, and engaged in the manufacture of woollens. He held command of two Connecticut regiments in the war of 1812, after which he lived in retirement. His principal poems are: an "Address to the Armies of the United States" (1772); a "Poem on the Happiness of America;" a tragedy, entitled the "Widow of Malabar," translated from the French of Le Mierre; and a "Poem on Agriculture."

His "Miscellaneous Works" (New York, 1790 and 1804) contain beside his poems a biography of Gen. Putnam and several orations and other prose compositions.

HUMUS (Lat. humus, the ground), a name of no definite signification, that has been applied to various compounds resulting from the decay of woody fibre or of different vegetable and animal substances, presented in the form of a brown pulverulent substance, as that which forms a large portion of vegetable mould. Boullay regarded it as identical with ulmic acid, but no definite compound is now recognized by this name, nor by that of humic acid, formerly separated from it.

HUMUYA, a river of Honduras, rising at the S. extremity of the plain of Comayagua, and flowing due N. for a distance of about 80 m. to a point near the town of Yojoa, where it unites with the rivers Blanco and Santiago or Venta, forming the great river Ulua, which falls into the bay of Honduras, about 25 m. to the eastward of the port of Omoa. For the greater part of its course it is a rapid stream, and only navigable for canoes. It is principally interesting in connection with the proposed interoceanic railway through Honduras, which is laid out through its valley. Comayagua, the capital of Honduras, stands on its E. bank.

HUNDRED, the name given in some parts of England to the subdivision of a shire, which may have received the appellation from having comprised 100 families, 100 warriors, or 100 manors. The existing divisions of this name differ greatly in area and population. The hundred is by some considered to have been a Danish institution, adopted by King Alfred about 897, each county being divided into tithings, of which 10 or 12 made a hundred, presided over by a decanus, head borough, or hundred-man. The hundreds were represented in the "shiremote," which, under the presidency of its earl and bishop or sheriff, regulated the affairs of the county. The jurisdiction of the hundred was vested in the sheriff, although it was sometimes a special grant from the crown to individuals, and he or his deputy held a court baron, or court leet. The hundred was held responsible for felons until delivered up.

HUNGARY (Hung. Magyarország, Magyar land; Germ. Ungarn), a country of Europe, formerly an independent kingdom, subsequently united with Austria, and since 1849 a crownland or province of the latter. Before 1849 it embraced in a constitutional sense, beside Hungary proper, Croatia, Slavonia, and the Hungarian Littorale (coast land on the Adriatic), and in its widest acceptation also Transylvania, the Military Frontier, and Dalmatia, with an aggregate population of about 15,000,000. All these dependencies having been detached, and beside them from Hungary proper the counties of Middle Szolnok, Zaránd, and Kraszna, and the district of Kövár, to be reunited with Transylvania, and the counties of Bács, Torontál, Temes, and Krassó, to form the new crownland of the Servian Waywodeship and Banat, the crownland of Hungary in its most limited sense under Francis Joseph is bounded N. W., N., and N. E. by the Carpathians, which separate it from Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Galicia, and Bukovina, S. E. and E. by Transylvania, S. by the Waywodeship and Banat (from which it is partly separated by the Maros), by Slavonia and Croatia (from which it is separated by the Drave), and W. by Styria and Austria, being situated between lat. 45° 30′ and 49° 40' N., and long. 16° and 25° E.; pop. about 9,000,000. Hungary in its chief parts forms a large basin surrounded almost entirely by mountain ranges, of which the principal are, the Carpathians, which encircle the north, with

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