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mind and to the progress of civilization; it is never seen in barbarous and uncultivated nations, and is rare among the working classes. Men of letters, overtasked students and men of business, and those whose naturally delicate constitutions and ardent imaginative minds have been abnormally stimulated, are the most frequent subjects of hypochondria; but it may arise at any age and in the strongest persons after profound grief or other moral emotion, whether of love, hope, jealousy, or fear, debilitating excesses of any kind, the suppression of any habitual discharge, a sudden change of habits of life, or unceasing devotion to any philanthropic, political, or intellectual pursuit. The symptoms are as various as its causes and the constitutions of men; there is not a part of the body which may not be the subject of the hypochondriac's complaint; the senses are ordinarily very acute, and the sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are preternaturally excitable, and the sources of great real or imaginary suffering from the slightest causes; there is almost always digestive disturbance, which enters largely into the explanation of the causes; without fever or local lesion, the sensibility is exalted, with flatulence, nausea, spasms, palpitations, illusions of the senses, aches and pains simulating most diseases, fear of trifling dangers, exaggeration of all the moral sentiments, extreme instability of conduct, and anxiety in regard to the health. The head is full of painful sensations, as fugitive as passing clouds, agonizing at one moment and forgotten the next; sleep is disturbed and unrefreshing, and the waking hours rendered miserable by imaginary troubles. Expressing complete disgust with life, the sufferers yet run to the physician with an account of every fugitive pain, and consider themselves neglected if not listened to, and insulted if their ailments be called imaginary. Both sexes suffer from hypochondria, and the female specially in the reproductive system. Though in the beginning the disorder may have been wholly in the digestive organs, and that only of a functional and curable character, by constant and morbid attention to these and other fancied ailments real and organic disease may be produced, and a return to health be impossible. It is generally slow in coming on and of long duration, and is not incompatible with long life; if the digestion be tolerably good, the prognosis is favorable, as such persons are apt to observe most rigidly the ordinary rules of hygiene; in some impressionable but resolute natures, it degenerates into a settled melancholy, which a slight cause may convert into temporary insanity and suicidal mania. It cannot be said to have any special organic lesions, though in severe and fatal cases there have been found various alterations of the digestive, circulating, and nervous systems. There are two opinions as to the nature and seat of hypochondria; one is that it is an irritation of the nervous system which presides over the digestive organs, with or without gastrointestinal inflammation; and the other that it

is a cerebral neurosis, a kind of melancholy, as proved by the constancy of the cerebral symptoms and the efficacy of moral methods of treatment. Some modify the latter opinion by tracing it to a disturbance of the intellectual powers, which acts upon and impedes the functions of all the organs by concentrating the whole nervous energy in turn upon each system, organic lesions following upon the neurosis and displaying the morbid symptoms peculiar to each. As a general rule the disease is of far less moment than the formidable array of symptoms, the complaints of the patient, and the expression of suffering would indicate; sometimes deceitful, and their feelings misinterpreted both by themselves and the physician, irritable, suspicious, and versatile, hypochondriacs are exceedingly troublesome and unsatisfactory patients. Children of hypochondriac parents, if they show any signs of uncommon nervous susceptibility, should be educated in a manner calculated to diminish the preponderance of the nervous element, and to increase the physical strength, as by avoiding excess of study and all excitement, cultivating the generous sentiments, and by gymnastic exercises; in this way the ranks of hypochondriacs would be much lessened. Attention to the causes, when these can be ascertained, and their removal as far as possible, the observance of hygienic rules adapted to circumstances and constitutions, avoidance of excess in eating and drinking, and perhaps an occasional laxative or a tonic course, are perhaps all that can be done in the way of treatment. But in order to be of any benefit to his patient, the physician must secure his confidence, and accustom him to the belief that his affection is understood, his feelings appreciated, his sufferings commiserated, and his complaints attentively listened to; having inspired this confidence, it is not difficult to lead even the most confirmed hypochondriac to change his stereotyped way of regarding men and things, to interest him in new enterprises and modes of thought, and by judicious management to put him in the way of a return to health by following the dictates of his own feelings and common sense. Persons of strong nerves and in robust health are apt to laugh at the poor hypochondriac and to make light of his supposed imaginary pains; but this is not only unjust and aggravating, but displays an ignorance of the mental and physical constitution of man, and an insensibility to real and often acute suffering.

HYPOSULPHATES AND HYPOSULPHITES, compounds, the one of hyposulphuric, and the other of hyposulphurous acid, with bases. Of these salts the only one of much interest is the hyposulphite of soda, which possesses the property of readily dissolving the chloride, bromide, and iodide of silver. It has been of great service in the preparation of daguerreotypes and photographs, being used to dissolve the sensitive salt of silver which remains unchanged after its exposure in the dark chamber of the camera. In chemical analysis also it is employed to distinguish between the earths strontia and baryta,

precipitating the latter from its solutions, but not the former. It has moreover been adopted as a medicine, and been found beneficial in cutaneous affections, visceral obstructions, and in disease of the stomach attended with yeasty vomiting. The salt is prepared as follows. A pound of dry carbonate of soda, finely pulverized, is mixed with 5 ounces of flowers of sulphur, and the mixture is slowly heated until the sulphur melts. By constant stirring exposed to the air the sulphuret of sodium, which first forms, is converted into sulphite of soda. This is dissolved in water and filtered. The hot solution, concentrated by boiling, is then saturated with sulphur, and allowed to cool, when it deposits large transparent crystals, which are the hyposulphite of soda, of composition represented by the formual NaO, S,O,+5HO. These are soluble in water, but not in alcohol. By carefully heating, the whole of the water may be driven off without decomposing the salt, but more heat than is required for this converts it into a sulphate and sulphuret.

HYPOTHECATION (Gr. vño, in or under, and ŋŋ, a chest), a word which in the Roman civil law, from which it is taken, signifies more nearly what we understand by mortgage than by pledge, for which they had a separate word, pignus; but it is not precisely the same as either. It was generally used whenever the title to property was transferred by the owner to his creditor, by way of security for the debt, but without that delivery of actual possession which was necessary to constitute a pledge. In English and American law, the word is most frequently used in the law of shipping.

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HYRAX, a small pachyderm, coming nearest to the rhinoceros family, but looking much like a diminutive hare, and in some respects seeming to form one of the connecting links with the rodents, constituting the family lamnungia of Illiger. The old naturalists had always placed it among the rodents, but Cuvier from its anatomical structure ranked it with the pachyderms, of which Mr. Swainson calls it the glireform type. The number of ribs is 21 pairs, greater by 6 than in any rodent, of which 7 are true; the sternum consists of 6 pieces; there are no clavicles; the suborbital foramen is small; the dental formula is: incisors; canines none; molars or 88, with distinct roots; the extinct pachyderm toxodon has long and curved molars, without roots, and incisors with arched sockets, forming another link in the chain of rodent affinities in this order. The toes are 4 before and 3 behind, as in the tapir; the hoofs are small and flat, but the inner toe of the hind foot has a curved claw. The genus hyrax (Hermann) is the only one in the family, and contains 4 or 5 species. The body is covered with short, thick fur, with a few long bristles scattered among the shorter hair, and others around the nostrils and orbits; a tubercle in the place of the tail. The common name of the species is daman; it seems to bear the same relation to the rhinoceros as the existing sloths to the ex

tinct megatherium; it lives among rocks, and is sometimes called rock rabbit and Cape badger. The Syrian hyrax (H. Syriacus, Schreb.) is about 11 inches long and 10 inches high; the upper parts are brownish gray, the sides yellowish, and the lower parts white. Its movements are quick, and its habits much like those of rodents; it delights in heat, in cold weather rolling itself up; it searches for narrow openings in which to hide itself, as its soft feet are not adapted for digging burrows like many rodents; its sense of smell is acute, and by it the food, which is wholly vegetable, is obtained; it is of mild disposition, with little intelligence and little fear." It is found in Syria on the mountains near the Red sea, and in Ethiopia and Abyssinia in caverns in the rocks, dozens being seen at a time warming themselves in the sun. This animal, the asbkoko of Bruce, according to him is called in Arabia and Syria Israel's sheep, and is the shafan of the Hebrews, generally translated rabbit or cony. The Cape hyrax (H. Capensis, Pall.) is about the size of the rabbit, but with shorter legs, more clumsy form, thick head, and obtuse muzzle; the color is uniform grayish brown, darkest along the back; it lives in the rocky regions of the south of Africa; its flesh is delicate and savory. Other species are described in the woods of Africa.

HYRCANIA, an ancient province of Asia, bounded N. by the Caspian sea, E. by the river Oxus, S. by the Sariphian mountains, and W. by Mt. Coronus and the river Charindas. The plain portion of Hyrcania was fertile, while its mountains swarmed with bees. Xenophon says the inhabitants were subdued by the Assyrians. A considerable body of them served in the army of the last Darius. They were nomads like the surrounding tribes, growing no corn, and having no fixed habitations. The modern prov ince of Mazanderan includes a considerable portion of Hyrcania.

HYRCANUS, JOANNES, a Jewish high priest, died in 106 B. C. He was the son of Simon Maccabæus, whom he succeeded in the high priesthood as one of the Asmonean rulers of Judæa, 135 B. C. In the 1st year of his reign Antiochus Sidetes besieged Jerusalem, and obliged the inhabitants to dismantle its fortifications and pay a tribute; but after the defeat and death of Antiochus in 130, Hyrcanus reestablished his independence and extended his dominion. He razed the city of Samaria, took several other cities from the Syrian kingdom, and not only conquered the Idumæans, but compelled them to submit to the Mosaic ritual. He also formed an alliance with the Romans. In the latter part of his reign he abandoned the sect of the Pharisees for that of the Sadducees. He was succeeded by his son Aristobulus, who took the title of king of Judæa.-HYRCANUS II., high priest and king of Judæa, born about 109, beheaded in 29 B. C. He was the eldest son of Alexander Jannæus and his wife Alexandra. On his mother's death (71) he succeeded to the

kingdom, but the power was soon wrested from him by his brother Aristobulus. When Pompey made himself master of Jerusalem in 63, he reinstated Hyrcanus in the government as a tributary prince. Dissensions again deprived him of power, but when Cæsar reconstructed the state he was once more restored as high priest, Antipater having the temporal authority as procurator. Herod, the younger son of Antipater, succeeded his father as procurator, and betrothed himself to Mariamne, the granddaughter of Hyrcanus. In a new attack by Antigonus, the only surviving son of Aristobulus, who was aided by the Parthians, Hyrcanus was taken prisoner; his ears were cut off to render him incapable of holding the office of high priest, and he was banished to Babylon, where the Parthian monarch and oriental Jews treated him with distinction. After some years he returned to Jerusalem, where Herod had now established himself in the sovereignty, and had married Mariamne. Becoming jealous of his claims to the throne, Herod caused him to be put to death.

HYRTL, JOSEPH, an Austrian physician, born in Eisenstadt, Hungary, in 1811. He studied at the university of Vienna, and became professor of anatomy in Prague in 1837. Since 1845 he has officiated in the same capacity in Vienna. He is distinguished for his labors in comparative anatomy, his investigations on the organ of hearing, and the invention of various anatomical instruments. His Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen passed through 4 editions from 1847 to 1855, was translated into 5 different languages, and is now one of the standard works in all German universities.

HYSSOP (hyssopus officinalis, Linn.), a perennial aromatic plant, of the natural order labiata, a native of Europe, and cultivated there and in the United States in gardens. Its flowers, violet-colored or blue, and its leaves, are used in medicine, though but little by regular practitioners. It is a warm and gentle stimulant, promotes expectoration of the mucus, and is used in chronic catarrhs, especially by old people. The hyssop of Scripture is supposed by Dr. Royle, after investigating the opinions of various writers, to be the caper tree, capparis spinosa (Linn.), a tree that abounds in the south of Europe, in lower Egypt, and in Syria.

HYSTERIA (Gr. voTepa, the womb), a disease characterized by great excitability of the nervous system, especially of the sensory ganglia, without necessary structural lesion, and manifested by disordered states of the emotional nature, with loss of the power of controlling the thoughts and feelings, by spasmodic symptoms, and occasionally by perversion or suspension of the intellectual faculties. It derived its name from the idea that it is peculiar to the female sex, originating in some disturbance of the uterine functions; but, though by far the most common in females, and generally connected with disorder in the generative system, it may also occur in males; a common name for it is "the vapors." The nervous

symptoms predominate, varying in character and intensity according to the temperament of the individual, the nature of the causes, and the persistence of the disease; in the beginning it generally manifests itself by an exaggeration of the ordinary signs of emotional excitement, such as smiles and tears, irrepressible laughter and convulsive sobs, brought on by trifling causes; the nervous excitability increases, until violent convulsions of an epileptic or tetanic character arise from slight stimuli, with coma, opisthotonos, trismus, paralysis, cramps, ending often in monomania or moral insanity. The paroxysms are sometimes of frightful intensity, requiring the strength of several persons to restrain a delicate female and prevent self-injury; after an attack the patient may be exhausted and almost insensible, and in a state of double consciousness, or much agitated, laughing or crying at the strangest fancies; at times the person falls insensible, breathing at long intervals, recovering with a sense of fatigue and coldness, or with involuntary emission of limpid urine. In cases where the nervous symptoms are less prominent, there are pain and a sense of heat and fulness in the region of the uterus, constriction of the throat with difficulty and increased desire of swallowing, a feeling as if a ball were rolling from the abdomen up to the epigastrium and throat with a sensation of pressure and suffocation, flatulence and tympanitic distention, hurried respiration, palpitations, occasional cramps, and great depression or exaltation of spirits. An attack of hysteria usually lasts several hours, the violent symptoms recurring every few minutes, with intervals of partial rest; after the paroxysm has ceased, tolerable health may be enjoyed for some time, though the nervous excitability persists; in cases of long duration, the intellect and memory become enfeebled, the strength fails, and hypochondria and various chronic irritations of the vital organs supervene. Hysteria is very irreg ular in its march; it is the most Protean of diseases, simulating almost every morbid condition; its duration is variable, sometimes terminating in health after a few attacks without medical treatment, and at others lasting a lifetime in spite of the best directed efforts to arrest it; its most dangerous consequences are convulsions, spasmodic contractions, partial paralysis, epilepsy, and tendency to insanity. The predisposing causes of hysteria are the female sex and a hereditary or acquired nervous irritability; the exciting causes are vivid moral emotions, any thing which excites the imagination especially, disappointed love, jealousy, and various excesses of body or mind; it is often brought on by the mere force of imitation; some irregular action of the sexual functions is found in almost all, if not in all cases between the ages of 15 and 50. There has been great diversity of opinion on the nature and seat of the disease; it has been located in the uterus, in the brain, in the spinal cord, and in the stomach and other abdominal organs. What

ever be its origin, a disordered state of the emo tional nature is an essential character of hysteria, and the control of the feelings rather than of muscular action is lessened or lost; it is partly a disease of the mind, from improper education or self-abandonment to the power of the emotions. The habitual indulgence of feelings of a painful character or of sexual tendency affects the nutrition of the nervous and genital systems, giving rise to the peculiar phenomena of this affection. Though hysteria may simulate the phenomena of epilepsy, tetanus, chorea, hydrophobia, and other nervous diseases presented to its imitative disposition, it is dependent on a state of much less abnormal character; there is generally no structural lesion, nor any serious disturbance of the nutritive functions, as is evident from the long duration of the disease, and the suddenness with which different forms pass into each other or disappear entirely; the strangeness of these combinations and sudden changes is sufficient to distinguish hysteria from the more grave diseases which it imitates. According to Carpenter, this excitability of the nervous system, which is only an exaggeration of that characteristic of the female sex, is caused by some defect of nutrition, the particular phenomena arising either from some morbid condition of the blood acting upon the nervous centre most susceptible to its influence, or from irritation of the peripheral nerves;

I.

the 9th letter of the Latin and of most other European alphabets, is derived from the 10th Phoenician, Hebrew, &c., where it is named Jod (hand), and considered as a consonant. As such it is the 18th Jaman (right hand) in the Ethiopian syllabary; being attached, when a vowel, by a diacritic mark, to each consonant. A dot under other consonants denotes its vocality in the Hebrew; other marks betoken the same in other Semitic languages. It is the 11th letter in Armenian, the 28th and last in Arabic, and the 32d and last in Persian and Turkish. The Greek Iwra is the 9th letter, but 10th numeral sign, and is sometimes subscribed to 3 vowels, thus, an . There are many ways of representing the sound of this letter in the Devanagari, viz.: two letters when vocal, one when consonant, two diacritic lines when attached to other consonants, &c.; also letters and diacritic marks of this sound when modified by r and r in the peculiar vowels ri, lri. In hieroglyphic inscriptions it was represented by two strokes. The dot which we place over our i dates from the 14th century; in French the proverb mettre les points sur les i is expressive of trifling precision. The sound of this letter is the highest in the vocal scale, the counterpart of that of u. This sound (not as pronounced in mine, but as in pique or pin) is symbolic,

I

he believes a gouty diathesis is one of the most frequent sources of this imperfect nutrition.— The principles of treatment are threefold: 1, to improve the nutrition of the nervous system by bringing the blood up to its healthy standard by strengthening diet, hygienic means, and the judicious employment of tonics; 2, to remove all irregularities in the menstrual or other functions, when they are evident exciting causes; 3, to act upon the mind, by leading the patient to repress the first emotional excitement by the force of the will, and to direct the attention to a different class of objects, substituting a pleasant for a disagreeable train of thought. The attack itself requires that the patient should be kept from injuring herself, and the removal of all constricting garments, fresh air, sprinkling with cold water, inspiration of ammonia or other strong or disagreeble odors, irritating the nostrils by a feather, and other similar domestic remedies. To prevent a return, tranquillity of mind and habits of self-control are the best remedies; any disappointment, whether in love, business, or other affairs of life, should if possible be removed by the realization of the hopes; if marriage be unadvisable, the tendency to hysteric attacks will often be removed by the change of air, scene, and habits resulting from a distant journey; and a similar course is useful to distract the attention from other consuming cares and passions.

in many words of all languages, of what is little, thin, slim, swift, shrill, light, flitting; this property is mentioned by Plato. It is uttered through a broad but very thin interstice, which the tongue leaves between itself and the hard palate, by being closely raised toward it and pressed against the molar teeth; while the larynx is raised higher than in the formation of any other vocal. Hence it is considered as a palatal by John Wallis, and as a dental by C. Amman. As interchanging with the gutturals (as in the French lait from lact-e), it is virtually à guttural vowel. In the Altai-Uralic languages i is the neutral of their vocal harmony, between the heavy a, o, u, and the light e, ō, ù. (See FINNISH and HUNGARIAN LANGUAGES.) Copts pronounce their H and I alike, the former long, the latter short. Modern Greeks pronounce n, et, ot, v, and vi like i; whereas the ancients made ai, et, oi, and ve diphthongal, giving to the v a sound like that of the German ü, and to the that of German a.-The Romans used I both as a vowel and as a consonant; since they, as well as the Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks, knew no such sounds as the French and English give to their J (zh and dzh). They pronounced Ianus, iecur, proiicio, ius, iocus, &c., as if they had been written Yanus, yecur, proyikio, &c. Their maior (greater),

The

Fr. fait, fact, Portug. feito; roi, loi (Lat. rex, lex), loyal (legalis), &c.-In_abbreviations, I stands for invictus in, inferi, Iulius, Iunius, &c.; I. C. for iuris consultus, &c. During the lethargy of literature I was used to denote 100. Among the Romans it denoted 1; when placed after other numerals it was to be added; when placed before, to be subtracted; thus: VI=6; IX = 9; though sometimes it was a factor in the latter case, thus: IIC= 2 × 100=200. On French coins it denotes Limoges as the place of coinage. In music, I is the name of the 9th tie on the neck of the lute, and of various old musical instruments. Kirnberger, Fasch, and other organists, denoted by it a by-tone between a sharp and b flat.

aiis or ais (thou sayest), &c., sounded as if written mayor and ayis; out of the last named word we have formed our two affirmative adverbs aye and yes, by splitting it in twain. Iehovah, Iudæa, Iacob, &c., uttered as now written with the modern J, are anachronisms. -The Italian language is much impaired in its beauty by the frequency of I in its grammatic formations; its J is either a consonant I or a long vowel representative of double I; thus in jeri, yesterday; ajuto, help; consorzj, plural for consorzii. In Spanish the sound of I is represented by Y; for instance, in yerba, herb; Yriarte, &c. In French there are spurious diphthongs formed with I: j'ai, I have; faire, peine, &c., with a nasal twang in gain, sein, &c. In the genuine diphthong oi in roi, moi, &c., both IAMBLICHUS, a Neo-Platonic philosopher, vowels are changed in sound, thus, roua or born in Chalcis, Cole-Syria, flourished in the roŭā, moŭa. I is nasal in syllables ending first half of the 4th century A. D. He was a with n or m, as la fin, impétueux, &c. As pupil of Anatolius and Porphyry, and after the a consonant the sound of I is written with y, death of the latter became the head of the equivalent to double i, as in payer, noyer, essuyer, school in Syria, and was so much admired by &c. The Germans use J as a consonant, as in his pupils and contemporaries that they styled Jude, ja (pronounced yoode, ya); and they now him the "most divine teacher," and declared employ I as part of the old diphthong ey, thus: him the equal even of Plato. Little is known bei, sei, &c., formerly written bey, sey. In of his life, except that he made an excursion English, the Italian sound of I, that heard in ma- annually to the hot springs of Gadara, and that rine, is written in 14 ways (both short and long). miraculous acts were ascribed to him, which, Words ending originally in age (collection) whether invented by his admiring disciples or are now written in idge, as porridge, &c. The pretended to by himself, reveal the tendency of diphthong in mine (Germ. mein) is taken for the Neo-Platonic school at this time to combine the long sound of I, and its genuine long sound the thaumaturgus with the philosopher. He is transferred to E, as in mete. The consonant had thoroughly studied the systems of Plato I is written with Y in English, thus: yes, Ger- and Pythagoras, and the theology and philosoman ja; yacht, yellow, &c. The English dic- phy of the Chaldeans and Egyptians, and his tionaries and the French "Encyclopædia" of the speculations, even more than those of Plotinus 18th century, those of Ersch and Gruber, of and Porphyry, present a confusion of Hellenic Pierer, &c., and many other lexicons, class and oriental ideas. Of his numerous writings words in I and J together; but this is logical there remain only 5 books of his work on the only when both represent the same sound, and doctrines of Pythagoras, a treatise on the Egypnot when the latter is the sign of a hissing tian mysteries, the authorship of which has simple or compound sound. In Russian, ie, iu, been doubted, and several fragments. Unlike ia, ien, are written with peculiar letters. In his predecessors Porphyry and Plotinus, he did Polish the I often adheres to E, as in siebie not regard the perception of the Deity by means (Latin sibi), &c. -I often interchanges with of ecstasy as the object of philosophy, but in the Semitic languages; thus: Heb. ialad, maintained a direct union with God by means Arab. and Ethiop. valadě, to produce, beget; of theurgy or the supernatural science, to which iātsă, Arab. vāsă, bed; iäqah, Arab. vagy, to he made philosophy subordinate. Theurgic rites revere, &c. With other vowels or diphthongs: and ceremonies, and certain mysterious symbols, Germ, seite, Lat. situs; sei, sit; treiben, Tpißew; though perfectly understood by God alone, have adipiscor, from ad-apiscor; transigo, deficio,&c., power to influence the divinities according to from ago, facio; similis and simul, simultas; human wishes. His mysticism and extravaganfacilis and facultas; familia, from famulus; ces appear most strikingly in the work on Egypolli, ollus, and illi, ille; illico, cognitus, from tian mysteries. Though the most fantastic of in loco, cognosco, &c.; often in reduplications, the Neo-Platonists in his theological tenets, he as gigno, sisto, μiμvw, πITTW, &c., from the surpassed his immediate predecessors in the roots, gen, sto, men, pet. Ital. freddo, verde, simplicity of his ethical doctrine, reproducing segno, bevere, fede, &c., from Lat. frigidus, with fewer modifications the ideas of Plato. viridis, signum, bibere, fide; Span. concebo, The extant books of his work on the Pythahebra, &c., Lat. concipio, fibra; Eng. enclose, gorean philosophy have been published under enquire, &c., and inclose, inquire. Ancient different titles; the last edition of the 1st (which Latin, maxumus, optumus, &c., for maximus, contains the life of Pythagoras) and 2d is by optimus; the accusative and ablative em, e, and Kiessling (Leipsic, 1818-'15), of the 3d by Fries im, i. Iran, from Aryan; Ebro, negro, from (Copenhagen, 1790), of the 4th by Tennulius, Iberus, niger; Fr. crête, crépu, &c., from crista, &c. (Arnheim, 1668), and of the 7th by Ast crispus. It is sometimes substituted for c, g, as in (Leipsic, 1817). His work on Egyptian mys

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