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chii (amphioxus), marsipobranchii or suckers (ammocates, myxinoids, and petromyzonts), and apodes lemniscati or ribbon apodals; order II., malacopteri, with the sub-orders apodes anguiformes (eels, congers, &c.), apodes arthropterygii (gymnotida), and abdominales (herring, salmon, cyprinodonts, pike, carp, siluroids, &c.); order III., pharyngognathi, with the sub-orders malacopterygii (scomberesox, belone, flying fish, &c.), and acanthopterygii (cyclo-labroids, &c.); or der IV., anacanthini, with the sub-orders apodes (ophidide) and thoracici (cod, remora, and flounder); order V., acanthopteri, the most extensive of all, including the percoids, mullets, mailed-cheeks, scianoids, sparoids, labyrinthibranchs, scomberoids, dory, chatodonts, gobioids, lophioids, &c.; order VI., plectognathi (ostracion, diodon, &c.); order VII., lophobranchii (hippocampus and pipe fish); order VIII., ganoidei (lepidosteus, polypterus, amia, and sturgeons); order IX., protopteri (lepidosiren); order X., holocephali (chimæræ); and order XI., plagiostomi (sharks and rays). The most recent classification is that published by Prof. Agassiz in his "Essay on Classification," p. 187 (1857), the result of the systems of Cuvier and Müller and of his own scale method, with additional light from his extensive anatomical and embryological researches. He divides the old class of fishes into four; his 1st and lowest class is myzonts, with 2 orders, myxinoids and cyclostomes; 2d, fishes proper, with 2 orders, ctenoids and cycloids; 3d, ganoids, with 3 orders, colacanths, acipenseroids, and sauroids, and doubt ful, the siluroids, plectognaths, and lophobranchs; he was then doubtful whether this class should be separated from ordinary fishes; and 4th, selachians, with 3 orders, chimara, galeodes, and batides. These classes he regards as equivalent to amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It is expected that the more mature results of his investigations on this class will soon be made public.-The following have been the principal cultivators of this science in America. Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill published in vol. i. of the "Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York" (1815) a history of 149 species of New York fishes, with many illustrations; he adopts the Linnæan system; other descriptions of his species are in the "Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy" and in the "Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York." Lesueur has described and exactly figured many species in the Philadelphia academy's "Proceedings." Rafinesque published in the same work, and in his Ichthyologia Ohiensis (1820), descriptions of many species which had escaped his predecessors. Dr. Kirtland (1838) described the fishes of the Ohio river, and Dr. Holbrook several years after those of South Carolina; Dr. De Kay, in 1842, in his "Zoology of New York," divides fishes into bony and cartilaginous, the former having the sections: 1, pectinibranchii, with spiny-rayed and soft-rayed abdominal, subbrachial, and apodal orders; 2, lophobranchii,

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and 3, plectognathi; the latter include the sections eleutheropomi, plagiostomi, and cyclostomi. Dr. D. H. Storer, in his " Report on the Fishes of Massachusetts" (1839), and in the illustrated edition of the same in the "Memoirs of the American Academy" (1855-'60), and also in his "Synopsis of the Fishes of North America" ("Memoirs of the American Academy,” vol. ii., 1846), follows the arrangement of Cuvier. These works are of great value to the student of North American ichthyology. The Wilkes, North Pacific, and Japan expeditions sent out by the U. S. government, and the various explorations by land for the survey of the Mexican boundary, the Pacific railroad route, and military and civil roads, have added largely to the materials, both foreign and native, at the disposition of American ichthyologists; these have been worked up principally by Messrs. Baird and Girard of the Smithsonian institution, where the collections are deposited. The results are published in the government reports on the naval expeditions, in vol. x. of the "Pacific Railroad Reports," in vol. ii. of the "Mexican Boundary Survey," and in the publications of the Philadelphia academy.-The disposition to make new genera and subdivide old ones is carried to a puzzling extreme in ichthyology as well as in other departments of zoology; and the preva lent system of placing the name of the genusmaker after the species, by whomsoever and whenever described, offers a premium for naturalists to make the greatest number possible of new genera, in their turn to be subverted or subdivided by the next author who examines the subject and who parades his name after the species. With the present confusion among zoologists in regard to generic characters, the prospect is that zoology will be overwhelmed with as many genera as there are species in the animal kingdom; and then, and not till then, may the names of the appended naturalists be considered as permanent. In getting rid of the too great condensation of Linnæus, naturalists have fallen into the worse extreme of too extensive subdivision; and until some second Cuvier sets his face sternly against the present dilution of generic characters, we can expect nothing but utter confusion in our zoological classifications. The recent powerful restatement of the Lamarckian hypothesis by Mr. Darwin in England, will probably put some check upon the creation of new species in all departments of zoology. For details on the structure and physiology of fishes, see FISHES,

ICHTHYOLOGY, FOSSIL Fishes are by far the most numerous of the vertebrates found in the strata of the earth, extending from the silurian epoch to the tertiary; their number, excellent state of preservation, and remarkable forms, render fossil fishes of great interest in explaining the changes of our planet's surface, and in completing the chain of ichthyic rela tions. The classic work on fossil fishes is the Recherches sur les poissons fossiles, by Prof. Agassiz (1833-'43); in this magnificent work

about 1,000 species are described, with accurate and elegant illustrations, the result of his examinations of more than 20,000 specimens in the cabinets of Europe. He divides fossil fishes into the 4 orders of ganoids, placoids, ctenoids, and cycloids, according to the structure and form of the scales, these portions of the external skeleton being generally. well preserved; the orders he divides into families according to the structure and position of the fins, the form of the bones of the head and of the teeth, and the structure of the gill covers and of the spinous fin rays. His classification is as follows. Order I., ganoidei, characterized by osseous plates covered with enamel; the families are: 1, lepidostei, having no representative among existing fishes, such as lepidotus, gyrolepis, osteolepis, palæoniscus, &c.; 2, sauroidei, like the existing lepidosteus and polypterus, and the extinct diplopterus and megalichthys; 3, cœlacanthi, with hollow fin rays and bones, like holopty chius and asterolepis; 4, pycnodontei, like pycnodus and phyllodus; 5, sclerodermi, like ostracion and banistes of the present day; 6, acipenseridei, like sturgeons; 7, gymnodontei, like the diodons; 8, lophobranchiati, like the pipe fishes; and 8, cephalaspidei, like pterichthys, coccosteus, and cephalaspis. (See GANOIDS.) Order II., placoidei, with tabular scales, like sharks and rays; including the ichthyodorulithes, such as ctenacanthus and gyracanthus; and the plagiostomi, with the families: 1, cestraciodontei, such as hybodus, ptychodus, and acrodus, and the cestracion Phillipsii of Australia; 2, squali, or sharks, like many of the living genera; 3, raja, or rays; and 4, chimara. Order III., ctenoidei, having many living representatives, with scales serrated on their posterior margins, with the families percoidei, sparoidei, scienoidei, cottoidei, gobioidei, teuthys, aulostomata (fistularia), chatodonta or squamipenna, pleuronectes,. and mugilloidei. Order IV., cycloidei, with elliptical or circular scales without serrations; in the spiny-rayed division he places the families scomberoidei, xiphoidei, sphyranoidei, blennioidei, lophioidei, and labroidei; in the softrayed division are the families cyprinoidei, cyprinodontei, esocidei, halecoidei (herring and salmon), and anguilliformes. The first order is most abundant from the old red sandstone to the chalk formation; the 2d extends from the silurian through the tertiary epochs; the last two are not found anterior to the chalk, from which they extend through the tertiary strata. For details on the most interesting fossil fishes, the reader is referred to the geological works of Hugh Miller.

ICHTHYOSAURUS (Gr. xbus, fish, and σavpos, lizard), a gigantic fossil marine reptile, belonging to the order enaliosaurians of Conybeare. The body was fish-like in form, with a large head, neck of equal width with occiput and thorax; the vertebræ had biconcave articular surfaces, as in fishes and the perennibranchiate reptiles; the paddles, 4 in number, were comparatively small, resembling in form those of ceta

ceans, but in the number of digits and of their constituent bones and appended bifurcated rays they came near the structure of the fins of fishes; the tail was long, the vertebræ gradually becoming smaller and flatter toward the end, and probably margined with a tegumentary fin expanded or in a vertical direction; the tail was doubtless the principal organ of locomotion, and presented the saurian character of length and gradual diminution, being cetacean in its partially tegumentary nature, and fish-like in its vertical position. According to Dr. Buckland, the skin was scaleless and finely wrinkled, as in cetaceans. The skull is like that of the dolphin, with a smaller cerebral cavity and an unanchylosed condition of the cranial bones; the intermaxillaries are greatly developed, and the orbits immense, surrounded by numerous large sclerotic plates; in the convex articulating surface of the occiput, the solid structure of the back part of the skull, and the massive proportions of the jaws and the bones with which they are articulated, we see crocodilian affinities. The nostrils are a short distance in front of the orbits; the teeth are situated in an alveolar groove, with their bases free, and separated by partial ridges, the roots being implanted much as in the crocodile; hence this reptile is placed by Prof. Agassiz in the order of rhizodonts. The structure of the hyoid apparatus indicates that it was an air breather, with a slightly developed tongue, and that it obtained its food in the water, having an apparatus, as in the crocodile, to shut off the cavity of the mouth from the larynx. The ribs are well developed, extending from near the head to the tail, and attached to a large sternum; the clavicles and shoulder blades are strong; the resulting pectoral arch resembles much that of the mammalian ornithorhynchus, and is very different from that of the cetaceans, indicating that the anterior limbs were used not only in swimming but in crawling up the shores of the ocean for the purpose of depositing their eggs, &c. The arm and forearm are very short and broad; after these come the bones of the wrist and fingers, arranged as flattened ossicles in series of from 3 to 6, so dovetailed together at the sides as to form one powerful framework. The pelvic arch is not articulated to the spine, but was merely suspended in the muscles, as in fishes; the posterior limbs or paddles are generally considerably smaller than the anterior, and would seem to have been more serviceable in terrestrial progression than in swimming. The best known species, I. communis (Cony beare), grew to a length of 20 feet; the large conical, longitudinally furrowed teeth are from 40 to 50 above on each side, and 25 to 30 below; the jaws are prolonged and compressed, the vertebræ about 140, with the anterior paddles 3 times as large as the posterior; like all the species, this is found in the secondary formations, principally in the lias and oolite of England. The I. intermedius (Conyb.), the most common and generally distributed of the species, does not

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much exceed 7 feet in length; the teeth are more acutely conical, and ahout ; the vertebræ are about 130, and the fore paddles are much the largest. The I. platyodon (Conyb.), so called from the greater smoothness and flatness of the crowns of the teeth, must have attained a length of more than 30 feet; the head is longer than in the preceding species, and the jaws more broad and powerful; the teeth are about 45-45, and are frequently found broken as if from its own violence; the vertebræ are about 120; the most remarkable character is the equality in size of the fore and hind paddles, and the comparative simplicity of their structure. The I. lonchiodon (Owen), with spear-shaped teeth, attained a length of more than 15 feet, with a very large head and more robust structure than even the last. The I. tenuirostris (Conyb.) is characterized by the length and slenderness of the jaws, as in the gavial; this, with the flat head and large orbits, gives to the skull, as Owen says, the appearance of that of a gigantic snipe with its bill armed with teeth; the teeth are slender and very numerous, about 78-78, and directed obliquely backward; it attained a length of about 15 feet, and was rather slender in its proportions. Five other species, and details on all, will be found in Prof. Owen's "Report on British Fossil Reptiles to the British Association," in 1839. Their remains extend through the whole of the oolitic period, including the lias and oolite proper to the wealden and chalk formations, in Great Britain and central Europe. For fuller details the reader is referred to the writings of Conybeare, Cuvier, and Buckland. These reptiles, of gigantic size and marine in their habits, must have been very active and destructive; their food, as indicated by the bones and scales found with their remains, consisted principally of fishes. From the great size of the eyes, they could probably see well by night; being air breathers, like the crocodiles, they doubtless seized their prey near the surface rather than deep in the ocean; the immense cuttle fishes of the secondary epoch probably furnished a portion of their food. These strange creatures formed the connecting link between reptiles and fishes, as do the perennibranchiate amphibia in the actual creation; and by some they have been considered, like the last, as possessors of both gills and lungs, at least in some stage of their existence, and therefore to a certain extent amphibious. This reptile, with the muzzle of a dolphin, the teeth of a crocodile, the head of a lizard, the paddles of a whale, and the vertebræ of a fish, buried for myriads of years, was introduced to the scientific by Sir Everard Home, in the "Philosophical Transactions" for 1814.

ICOLMKILL. See IONA.
ICONIUM. See KONIEH.

ICONOCLASTS (Gr. Eikov, an image, and Kλaw, to break), in ecclesiastical history, the violent opponents of the veneration of images in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Byzantine

emperor Leo the Isaurian, prompted by the reproaches of Jews and Mohammedans who charged the Christians with idolatry, published an edict in 726 commanding all images of saints to be removed from the churches, and prohibiting honors to be paid to them. The image of Christ on the cross was excepted from this order. Leo was opposed by the Roman pontiff Gregory II., by a dangerous tumult in Constantinople, and by insurrections in Italy, and the result was a conflict of 120 years between the East and the West, which terminated in the defeat of the iconoclasts, though they were zealously supported by 6 Byzantine emperors. In 730 Leo caused the statues in churches to be burned and the paintings on the walls to be effaced. Pope Gregory III. assembled a synod at Rome which decreed the orthodoxy of the veneration of images (732). The successor of Leo, Constantine Copronymus, assembled a council at Constantinople (754), called by the Greeks the 7th general council, which after a deliberation of 6 months pronounced all visible symbols of Christ, except in the eucharist, to be either blasphemous or heretical, and the use of images in churches to be a revival of paganism. This decision was efficiently executed by Leo IV. (775-780), but the empress Irene, who succeeded him as regent for her son, successfully upheld the restoration of images. With the sanction of Pope Hadrian she assembled a council at Constantinople in 787, which was removed to Nice in Bithynia on account of a tumult of the iconoclasts, and which decreed that the cross, and the images of Christ, the Virgin, the angels, and the saints, were entitled to reverential worship (TμηTiên πpoσkuvσis), but not to divine worship (λarpia). The contest was prolonged in the East under successive emperors, till Theodora assembled a council at Constantinople (842), which confirmed the decisions of the Nicene council, and established the veneration of images among the Greeks, though subsequently the Greek church took the position which it holds to this day that no carved, sculptured, or molten images of holy persons or things are allowable, but only pictures, which are held to be not images but representations. Rome and Italy had already accepted the decree of the Nicene council, which the Latin church accounts the 7th of the general councils.-The term iconoclasts is also applied in history to those Protestants of the Netherlands who at the commencement of the troubles in the reign of Philip II. tumultuously assembled and destroyed the images in many of the Roman Catholic churches. These tumults began Aug. 14, 1566, at St. Omer in the province of Flanders, where several churches were broken into and defaced, the images being overturned and broken and the pictures ruined. The insurgents next attacked the cathedral at Ypres, which they served in the same manner. The excitement speedily spread all over Flanders, and the churches, chapels, and convents of Valenciennes, Tournay,

Menin, Comines, and many other cities and towns, were assaulted and sacked. At Antwerp shortly afterward a mob ravaged the famous cathedral, destroyed the statues of Christ, the Virgin, and the saints, cut into pieces the paintings, the pride of Flemish art, that lined the walls, demolished the great organ, the largest and most perfect in the world, overthrew the 70 altars of the vast edifice, and carried off the garments and the gold and silver vessels used in the performance of the rites of worship. The devastation of the cathedral occupied them till midnight, when they left it with little more than bare walls standing, and sallied forth to deal in the same way with the other churches of the city and its suburbs. For 3 days these scenes continued at Antwerp, when they were stopped by a few knights of the golden fleece, who with their retainers attacked and dispersed the rioters. From Antwerp the excitement against images spread over the northern provinces, and throughout Holland, Utrecht, and Friesland the churches were ravaged. At Rotterdam, Dort, Haarlem, and some other places, the magistrates averted the storm by quietly removing the images from the buildings. "The amount of injury inflicted during this dismal period," says Prescott, "it is not possible to estimate. Four hundred churches were sacked by the insurgents in Flanders alone. The damage to the cathedral of Antwerp, including its precious contents, was said to amount to not less than 400,000 ducats. The loss occasioned by the plunder of gold and silver plate might be computed; the structures so cruelly defaced might be repaired by the skill of the architect; but who can estimate the irreparable loss occasioned by the destruction of manuscripts, statuary, and paintings? It is a melancholy fact, that the earliest efforts of the reformers were everywhere directed against those monuments of genius which had been created and cherished by the generous patronage of Catholicism." Motley, in his "History of the Rise of the Dutch Republic," maintains that the iconoclasts committed no act of plunder nor of outrage on persons. He says: "Catholic and Protestant writers agree that no deeds of violence were committed against man or woman. It would be also very easy to accumulate a vast weight of testimony as to their forbearance from robbery. They destroyed for destruction's sake, not for purposes of plunder. Although belonging to the lowest classes of society, they left heaps of jewelry, of gold and silver plate, of costly embroidery, lying unheeded upon the ground. They felt instinctively that a great passion would be contaminated by admixture with paltry motives. In Flanders a company of rioters hanged one of their own number for stealing articles to the value of 5 shillings. In Valenciennes the iconoclasts were offered large sums if they would refrain from desecrating the churches of that city, but they rejected the proposal with disdain. The honest Catholic burgher who recorded the fact, observed that he did so because of the

many misrepresentations on the subject, not because he wished to flatter heresy and rebellion." The whole time occupied by this remarkable outbreak was less than a fortnight. It was warmly disapproved of at the time by William of Orange, Egmont, and the other statesmen of the patriotic party in the Netherlands. Its immediate effect was to detach the Catholics from the national cause, and it probably was the principal means of preventing the southern provinces of the Netherlands from becoming independent of Spain in concert with the 7 northern provinces.

ICTINUS, a Greek architect, contemporary with Pericles. He was chief architect of the Parthenon, and built the temple of Apollo Epicurius near Phigalia in Arcadia. The former was completed in 438 B. C., and the latter probably about 431. He also built the fane at Eleusis in which the mysteries in honor of Ceres were celebrated. All these edifices were in the Doric style. No details relative to the life of Ictinus have come down to us.

IDA, a W. N. W. co. of Iowa, drained by branches of Little Sioux river; area, about 400 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 38. It has but recently been organized. Grain, potatoes, and sorghum are the principal crops; cattle raising is also carried on to a considerable extent. The productions in 1859 were 813 bushels of wheat, 11,452 of Indian corn, 5,791 of potatoes, 1,721 of oats, 7,862 lbs. of butter, and 820 gallons of molasses. Capital, New Ida.

IDA. I. A mountain range (now Kas-dagh) of Phrygia, forming the S. boundary of the Troad. Its highest peak was Mt. Gargarus, about 4,650 feet above the sea. The principal rivers flowing from Mt. Ida were the Simois, Scamander, and Granicus. From Mt. Ida Ganymede was stolen; here Paris pronounced judgment on the beauty of the rival goddesses; and here the celestials stationed themselves to behold the battles for Troy on the plain below. II. A mountain (now Psiloriti) of Crete, and the loftiest of the range which traverses that island, of which it occupies the centre, terminating in 3 peaks crowned with snow for 8 months of the year. Its highest summit is said to be over 7,500 feet. Of the legends with which its name is connected, those relating to the infancy of Zeus are the most celebrated.

IDELER, CHRISTIAN LUDWIG, a German savant, born in Gross-Brese, near Perleberg, Sept. 21, 1766, died Aug. 10, 1846. His earliest work was the editing in 1794 of an astronomical almanac for the Prussian government. For sev. eral years he taught mathematics and mechanics in the school of woods and forests, and also in the military school, and in 1821 became professor in the university of Berlin. His principal works are: Historische Untersuchungen über die astronomischen Beobachtungen der Alten (Leipsic, 1806); Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie (Berlin, 1825-'6), "the first work which ever gave the world a clear view of the computation of time

by ancients and moderns;" and Die Zeitrech nung der Chinesen (Berlin, 1839). His manuals of the French and English languages and literatures were at one time very popular.

IDES, in the Roman calendar, the 15th day of March, May, July, and October, and the 13th day of the other months. The 8 days preceding the ides were named from it, and styled the 1st, 2d, 3d, &c., day before the ides. Under the empire the senate sat regularly on the ides and on the calends, with the exception of the ides of March, the anniversary of Caesar's death, which was regarded as a dies ater.

IDIOCY, or IDIOTCY, a term now used to express a condition of mental imbecility, though this idea was not originally contained in the root from which it is derived. The idiot (diwrns) among the Greeks was primarily the private individual, in distinction from the man who participated in public affairs; next, as the educated classes, especially in Sparta, where the word is believed to have originated, alone took part in public life, diwrns came to mean an ignorant or unlettered man; and finally, as ignorance tended to mental degradation, it was applied to one who did not possess the capacity to learn. Numerous attempts have been made to define idiocy, but none of them have been perfectly satisfactory. Most psychologists at the present day regard it as an arrest of mental development, either from congenital defect or disease occurring subsequent to birth, in which the will has but partial control over the muscular system, and external impressions are not readily communicated to the mind. Dr. E. Séguin, perhaps the most philosophical author who has yet written upon the subject, considers idiocy as a prolonged infancy, in which, the infantile grace and intelligence having passed away, the feeble muscular development and mental weakness of that earliest stage of growth alone remain. Dr. Sägert of Berlin, a high authority on the subject, on the other hand, regards it as depending upon a faulty organization of the brain. Psychologists have agreed upon the following classification of the different forms of idiocy: 1, idiocy proper, divided into congenital idiocy, and that which is the result of disease occurring in childhood; 2, cretinism; 3, imperfect and irregular development, as manifested in the case of persons who possess some faculties in their full power, while others are deficient. Some writers also add moral idiocy, or arrested development of the moral sense, while the physical and intellectual powers are not deficient; but the propriety of this addition is not fully settled. Fatuity, or the mental blight resulting from disease or disorganization of the brain in adults, though resembling idiocy in its apparent results, is to be distinguished from it; it is a disease incapable of any amelioration.-Idiocy has existed in all ages and countries. There is no language, either of Europe or Asia, which has not among its earliest words one or more expressive of this mental condition. The Justinian code regarded idiots

as incapable of holding property; and by the codes of Europe at the present day they are, if they inherit property and their parents are dead, placed under strict guardianship. The causes assigned for idiocy are numerous, and not all of them well ascertained. Intermarriage of near relatives, intemperance in eating or drinking, and especially sexual congress leading to conception while one or both parties are intoxicated, excess of sexual indulgence or solitary vice, grief, fright, or sudden and alarming sickness on the part of the mother during gestation, the habitual use of water impregnated with magnesian salts, bad and insufficient food, impure air, hereditary insanity, and scrofulous or syphilitic taint, are the most commonly alleged causes of congenital idiocy. Convulsions, epileptic fits, hydrocephalus, and other diseases of the brain, small pox, scarlatina, and measles, blows on the head, or the translation of scrofulous or other eruptive diseases to the brain, are the usual influences which arrest mental development in children. The causes of cretinism have been stated under that head.-No attempt is known to have been made to improve the condition of idiots till the 17th century. When St. Vincent de Paul took charge of the priory of St. Lazarus, he gathered a few idiots, and, fitting up a room in the priory for their accommodation, took charge of them in person, and attempted to instruct them. His labors, though continued for many years, seem not to have been very successful. The next effort was made by the eminent philosopher and surgeon Itard, the friend and disciple of Condillac. In 1801 a wild boy was found in the forests of Aveyron, and brought to Itard, who hoped to find in his instruction the means of verifying the philosophical theories of his master, and labored patiently for 6 years to develop his intellectual faculties by means of sensations. The young savage proved to be an idiot of low grade, and hence unfit for the experiment; but the attempt to instruct him had satisfied Itard that it was possible to elevate the mental condition of idiots. His immense practice, and the severe suffering induced by the malady which finally caused his death, prevented him from devoting much time to the subject; but he had gathered many facts, and these he committed to his pupil, Dr. Edward Séguin, who entered upon the work as a labor of love, and devoted several years to a thorough research into the causes and philosophy of idiocy, and the best methods of treating it. Meantime others had become interested in the subject. In 1818, and for several years subsequently, the effort was made to instruct idiot children at the American asylum for the deaf and dumb in Hartford, Conn.; the measure of success was not large, but their physical condition was improved, and some of them were taught to converse in the sign language. 1819 Dr. Richard Pool of Edinburgh, in an essay on education, advocated the establishment of an institution for imbeciles. In 1824 Dr. Bel

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