the great rabbinical critic Rapoport, S. D. Luzzato, Letteris, Eichbaum, P. M. Heilprin, S. Sachs, Kirchheim, Schorr, A. Krochmal; the historians, critics, or publicists on Jewish subjects in modern languages, Zunz, Jost, Riesser, Geiger, Fürst, Philippson, Salvador, Munk, Cohen, Dukes, Frankel, M. Sachs, Jellinek, Herzfeld, Saalschütz, Steinschneider, Gratz, Low, Raphael (New York), Leeser (Philadelphia), Wise (Cincinnati); the conservative theologians Plessner, Johlsohn, Steinheim, and Hirsch; the advocates of religious reform (beside Geiger and Herzfeld) Chorin, Creizenach, Stein, Herxheimer, Holdheim, Hess, Stern, Einhorn (Baltimore), Lilienthal (Cincinnati); the pulpit orators Mannheimer, Kley, Salomon, Frankfurter; the philosophers Maimon, Bendavid, Frank; the mathematicians Witzenhausen, Sklow, A. Stern; the astronomers W. Beer, Stern, Slonimski; the ichthyologist Bloch; the physiologist Valentin; the anatomist Hirschfeld; the poets Kuh, M. Beer, Frankl, Léon Halévy; the miscellaneous writers Auerbach, M. M. Noah, Grace Aguilar, Jules Janin; the orientalists Weil, Dernburg, Oppert (beside Munk). Politics, law, medicine, and the arts, including the stage (Mile. Rachel, &c.), have had numerous representatives, and especially music (Meyerbeer, Halévy, Herz, &c.). The number of Jews in all parts of the world is hardly less than 4,500,000, or more than 6,000,000.-The HEBREW LANGUAGE (Heb. ibrith, or lashon ibrith, Hebrew tongue, also leshon hakkodesh, sacred tongue, in post-biblical Jewish works; yehudith, Jewish, in the biblical history of the period following the captivity of the 10 tribes; in Isaiah, poetically, also sefath kenaan, language of Canaan), together with scanty remnants of the Phoenician and Punic, belongs to the so called Canaanitic branch or chief division of the Semitic family of languages, the other branches being the Aramaic and Arabian. In the antiquity of its extant literary remnants the Hebrew by far surpasses all other Semitic idioms, and in richness and development exceeds all others except the Arabic. The Hebrew is deficient in grammatical technicalities, especially in moods and tenses of the verb, and consequently also somewhat in precision; but in euphony, simplicity, brevity, variety of signification, and power of poetical expression, it is hardly excelled by any tongue. In its full purity the Hebrew appears in the earlier books of the Bible, in the mediæval poetical works of R. Jehudah Hallevi, Aben Ezra, &c., and in the modern poems of Wessely, S. Cohen, and others. The prose writings posterior to the Babylonish captivity are generally tinged with Aramaisms, especially the Mishna, which also contains numerous Greek words, while the mixed idiom of the Gemara and its commentaries may be termed Chaldaic rather than Hebrew. In the middle ages pure Hebrew was used only in poetical prose; in modern times it is used exceptionally in simple prose. In the East and in Poland the Hebrew is often

used in correspondence, in the East occasionally also as a medium of conversation with occidental Jews. Of the various modes of Hebrew pronunciation the sefaradic (improperly Portuguese), or that of the descendants of the exiles from Spain and Portugal, is regarded by scholars as the most genuine. There are three kinds of Hebrew alphabets now in use: the square, also called the Assyrian (properly Babylonian), which is generally supposed to have been introduced by Ezra, the most common in print; the rabbinical or medieval, used chiefly in commentaries and notes; and the cursive, in writing. The most ancient Hebrew, however, is believed by many critics more to have resembled the Phoenician, and to be best represented by the Maccabean coins and the alphabet of the Samaritan version of the Pentateuch. The writing is from right to left. The alphabet consists of 22 letters or consonants, the vowels being expressed by marks above or below the letters. Five letters have a separate final form. There are no capital letters. The accents and marks of punctuation are very numerous. The following examples will exhibit some of the most interesting features of the language: Kol, (a) voice, hakkol, the voice; gan, garden, haggan, the garden; shem, name, hashshem, the name. Dod, uncle, dodah, aunt; dod zaken, an old uncle, dodah zekenah, an old aunt; dodim zekenim, old uncles, dodoth zekenoth, old aunts; sheney dodim, two uncles, shetey dodoth, two aunts. Oznayim, raglayim, alpayim, two (a couple of) ears, feet, thousands. Banim, sons, banoth, daughters; beney david, benoth david, sons, daughters of David. Ani (ee) gadol, I am great, hu (oo) gadol, he is great, hem gedolim, they are great. Koli (ee), my voice, kolo, his voice, kolam, their voice. Lemosheh, to Moses, bemosheh, in Moses, kemosheh, like Moses, middavid, from David. Bo, in him, lo, to him; banu, in us, lanu, to us. Beyn, between; beyn mosheh vedavid, between Moses and David; beyni ubeyno, between me and him. Min, from; gadol middavid, greater than David. Golyath raah eth david, Goliath saw (looked at) David; golyath heref eth david, Goliath insulted (mocked at) David; david hikkah eth golyath, David struck (at) Goliath. Shamor, to guard; eshmor, I shall guard, tishmor, thou wilt guard, nishmor, we shall guard; shamarti, I (have) guarded, shamarnu, we guarded, shemartem, ye guarded; ani shomer, (I am guarding) I guard, hu shomer, he guards, hem shomerim, they guard; shamar, (he) guarded, nishmar, was guarded, hishtammer, guarded himself; lishmor, to guard, bishmor, in guarding, mishmor, from guarding; mosheh shamar, Moses guarded; miryam shamera, Miriam guarded. Among the eminent modern Christian writers (the Jewish being mentioned in the literary parts of this article) on Hebrew history, literature, or language are Reuchlin, the two Buxtorfs, Lowth, Basnage, Michaelis, Eichhorn, Herder, Rosenmüller, Jahn, Gesenius, De Wette, Ewald, Quatremère, Milman, Robinson, Noyes, Stuart, Bush, and Renan.

HEBRIDES, or WESTERN ISLANDS (the Ebude of Ptolemy, and the 30 Hebudes of Pliny), a group of islands, about 200 in number, off the W. coast of Scotland, between lat. 55° 26' and 58° 32′ N., and long. 5° and 8° W. They are usually classed as the outer and inner Hebrides. The outer include the islands of Lewis and Harris, N. Uist, Benbecula, S. Uist, and Barra, lying in a continuous chain extending 130 m. from the Butt of Lewis on the N. to Barra Head on the S. The inner Hebrides are more irregularly disposed at intervals of 10 to 30 m. apart, and comprise 7 islands in the frith of Clyde, which form the county of Bute, 16, beside some islets, belonging to Argyleshire, and 7 to Inverness-shire. Of the whole number only 180 can properly be called islands, the rest being mere rocks in the ocean. Only 79 are permanently settled; 20 or 30 more are occupied during the season of pasture with flocks. The total area of the islands is 2,739 sq. m., or 1,688,960 acres, of which 170,000 are arable, 700,000 hill pasture, and 64,000 in lakes. Their population in 1851 was 116,367. The largest islands are Lewis, Skye, N. Uist, S. Uist, Benbecula, Mull, Islay, Arran, and Jura. The geological formation of the outer Hebrides and of one or two others is gneiss; the rest may be divided into the trap, the slate, and the trap, sandstone, and limestone islands. The soil of those of gneiss formation is poor, with a large proportion of peat moss; the others are more fertile, especially the islands of the frith of Clyde. Arran, Jura, Mull, and Skye have mountains 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height; others have no hills higher than 1,500 feet, while Tyree and the southern isles of the outer group have no ground higher than 300 feet. The islands bear the appearance of having at one period formed a portion of the mainland of Scotland. The channel which separates them from the mainland is called the Minch. Their coasts, especially fronting the Atlantic, are bold and rocky, indented with numerous bays. There are many lakes, of an average depth of 3 or 4 fathoms. The climate is mild and moist, with occasional storms of great violence. In the uplands 30 to 36 inches of rain fall annually; on the coast about 25 inches. The temperature is rarely lower than 5° below the freezing point. Storms from the S. W. are prevalent from August to March, accompanied by heavy rains. Winter may be said to last from October till the beginning of April. Marble, limestone, and slate are quarried, the latter in considerable quantity. Iron ore is abundant in most of the islands, some copper is found, and lead is worked in Islay to a small extent. Coal exists, but is not available; the fuel used is peat. There is little wood on any of the islands, and on many none, although some centuries since they were mostly clothed with forests. Extensive plantations have, however, been made with success in Skye, Islay, and Mull. Agriculture is in a very backward condition. Oats, barley, and potatoes are the staple crops. Nothing is

grown for export, and in unproductive seasons the harvest is not sufficient for the consumption of the inhabitants. Famine has more than once visited these islands. In 1846 the destitution was so great that an appeal was made to the charity of the British people. The tenure of land is very unfavorable to enterprise. Much of the soil is held by tacksmen, an intermediate class between the proprietors and the cultivators. Many of the tenants hold their farms at will, or on very short leases, and sublet on the same terms to cottiers and crofters. Excepting in localities where the population has been thinned to make large holdings, the farms are generally small, renting at from £5 to £50 each. In Islay and some of the larger islands the system is better, and leases of 19 years are granted as in other parts of Britain. Want of roads is a great drawback to their prosperity. In most of the islands the dwellings are wholly clustered along the coast, leaving the interior country unsettled. The raising of black cattle is the staple industry. These cattle, called kyloes, are exported in a lean condition to the richer pastures of the mainland, where they rapidly increase in weight. The stock of them in the islands is estimated at 120,000. Native sheep are very diminutive, not weighing more than 20 lbs., but the Cheviot breed has been introduced in some localities. The horses are small and hardy, and are exported, but are not so handsome as the ponies of Shetland. Kelp is still manufactured to the extent of 5,000 tons per annum, from the sea weed thrown by storms on the beach, but it is less profitable than if the raw material were used as manure. (See KELP.) Yarn spinning, which was formerly an industrial occupation in Islay, has been quite destroyed by the Glasgow factories. There are two cotton mills in operation in Rothesay, but they may be rather considered as belonging to Glasgow than the Hebrides. Islay contains whiskey distilleries producing about 250,000 gallons annually. The islanders receive a considerable amount of money from the expenditures of tourists. Steamers ply regularly during the summer among the islands, and thousands of strangers visit Staffa, Iona, and Arran. Staffa contains the celebrated Fingal's cave. (See STAFFA.) The Hebrides form 30 parishes, containing 42 parochial and 149 non-parochial schools, attended by one tenth of the population, yet an equal number over 6 years of age are totally without education. There are 56 churches, of which 44 are of the Church of Scotland, the majority of the others being Roman Catholic. Within the past few years the population of these islands has decreased in consequence of emigration, which in many instances has been encouraged by the proprietors, whose rental is increased by the change from small to large farms. Gaelic is still generally spoken by the people, but English is gradually superseding it. Both Gaelic and English are taught in the schools. The principal villages are Stornoway in the island of Lewis,

Portree in Skye, Torosay in Mull, Rothsay in Bute, and Lamblash in Arran. Few antiquities are found in the Hebrides excepting in Iona, which contains the reputed burial places of 48 Scottish, 16 Norwegian, 1 French, and 4 Irish kings, among ecclesiastical ruins of various periods since 563, when tradition says St. Columba introduced Christianity. There were 5 other monastic stations in the Hebrides, at Oronsay, Colonsay, Crusay, Lewis, and Harris; but few vestiges remain.-These islands were at first under their own chieftains; then subject to the kings of Norway, until 1264, when they were annexed to the kingdom of Scotland, but their chieftains paid only a nominal obedience. In 1346 the minor chiefs fell under the sway of one McDonald, who took the title of lord of the isles and affected independence. In 1715 and 1745 the islands mainly declared in favor of the Stuarts, and after the defeat at Culloden sheltered the pretender until his escape to France. The act of parliament of 1748 abolishing heritable jurisdictions gave the finishing blow to the independence of the chieftains of the Western Isles.

HEBRON (Arab. El Khaleel; anc. Kirjath Arba), a city of Palestine, in the pashalic of Damascus, 18 m. S. from Jerusalem; pop. variously estimated at from 5,000 to 10,000. It stands partly on the declivities of two hills, and partly in the deep and narrow valley of Mamre. The streets are narrow, tortuous, and dirty, and the houses, which are built of square rough stones, are high and gloomy, with flat or hemispherical roofs. At the S. extremity of the town is a mosque, formerly a Greek church, which, according to the Mohammedans, covers the cave of Machpelah, and the sepulchre of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The other principal edifices are the citadel, 8 mosques, 2 synagogues, and several schools and bazaars. Hebron is one of the oldest of existing cities, having been founded by Arba, the father of Anak and the Anakim. It was a favorite abode of the patriarch Abraham, and the residence of King David during the early part of his reign. The Arabic name means "The Friend" (i. e., of God), by which epithet the Arabs designate Abraham. In 1834, as a consequence of the rebellion and defeat of its inhabitants, it was stormed and plundered by Ibrahim Pasha. In 1837 Hebron suffered much from earthquakes, but the town has since been more fortunate, and Lord Lindsay, in his "Letters on Egypt, Edom, and the Holy Land" (5th ed., London, 1858), describes its condition as improving.

HEBRUS, in ancient geography, a river of Thrace. See MARITZA.

HECATÆUS, a Greek historian and geog rapher, born in Miletus about 550 B. C., died about 476. He visited various provinces of the Persian empire, Egypt, Libya, Greece, Italy, and other countries. On his return home he found his fellow citizens of Miletus, and the Ionians generally, meditating a revolt against

Persia. Hecatæus vainly endeavored to dissuade them therefrom; the contemplated revolt was carried out, and ultimately led to that war which demonstrated the superiority of Europe over Asia. After the suppression of the revolt, Hecatæus, still high in the esteem of his countrymen, though hostile to their proceedings, was sent as ambassador to the satrap of the great king to solicit mercy for the vanquished. He succeeded in his mission, and averted from the Ionians the vengeance of the conqueror. He was the author of a geographical work entitled Пeptodos гns, or Пepinynois, and of a historical one entitled reveaλoyiai, or 'IoTopiat. The former contained a description of various countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa; the latter was a prose account of the mythical history of the Greeks. Some fragments of these works are extant, and were published by R. H. Klausen at Berlin in 1881.

HECATE, a divinity of ancient Greece, who was commonly called a daughter of Perses or Perseus and Asteria. She had dominion in heaven, on earth, and in the sea, and could bestow on mortals wealth, victory, and wisdom. This extensive jurisdiction caused her to be confounded with Ceres, Rhea, Diana, and Proserpine. She was worshipped in Samothrace and Egina, and at Athens, where small statues of Hecate were placed in front of houses and at cross roads. Her favorite sacrifices were dogs, honey, and black ewe lambs. In works of art she is sometimes represented as a single being, sometimes as a 3-headed monster.

HECATOMB (Gr. ékarov, 100, and Bous, ox), literally a sacrifice of 100 oxen; but even so early as Homer's age the term had lost its literal signification, and was employed to denote any great public sacrifice. Thus we read in the Iliad of hecatombs of 12 oxen, of hecatombs of oxen and rams, and of hecatombs composed solely of rams.

HECKER, FRIEDRICH KARL FRANZ, a German politician, born in Eichtersheim, Baden, Sept. 28, 1811. He practised law in Mannheim from 1838 until elected to the second chamber of Baden in 1842. He was distinguished for extreme radicalism, and in 1845 travelled with Itzstein for the purpose of disseminating his views. At Berlin they received an order to leave Prussia in 24 hours. In the diet of 1846-7 Hecker even opposed the liberal ministry of Bekk, and voted against taxation; but not being sustained, he resigned his seat in March, 1847. He shortly after availed himself of a fusion between the democrats and liberals to enter the assembly again. Having allied himself with the republican and socialist Struve, and taken an active part in a meeting at Offenburg (Sept. 12, 1847), where the radical programme was drawn up, he was about to be tried for treason, but was allowed to retain his place in the chamber, where he continued to be the leader of the extreme left. He was a member of the provisional Frankfort parliament, but as his party was here left in the minority, he took

part with Struve in the insurrection of April in the south of Baden, and fled after their defeat at Kandern into Switzerland, where he established a radical journal, the Volksfreund. In Sept. 1848, he emigrated to America, but was recalled by the provisional government of Baden in 1849. In July he arrived in Strasbourg, but, finding that the revolutionary party had been completely defeated, returned to the United States, where he now resides as a farmer in Belleville, Ill. In 1856 he took an active part in American politics by delivering public speeches in various parts of the Union in favor of the republican party.

HECKER, ISAAC THOMAS, an American clergyman, born in New York, Dec. 18, 1819. He received his education in his native city, and entered into business there with his brothers in the well known milling and baking establishment of Hecker and brothers. He passed the summer of 1843 with the association for agriculture and education at Brook Farm, in West Roxbury, Mass., and subsequently spent some time with the community known as the "Consociate Family," established on a somewhat similar plan at a spot called Fruitlands in Worcester co., Mass., about 40 m. from Boston. He returned thence to New York, and in 1845 was received into the Roman Catholic church. Soon after taking this step he determined on entering the congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, and, after making his novitiate at St. Trond in Belgium, was admitted to the order in 1847. On the completion of his ecclesiastical studies he was sent by his superiors to England, and in 1849 was ordained priest in London by Cardinal Wiseman. He passed 2 years in England engaged in missions. In 1851 he returned to New York in company with several members of his order, and for the next 7 years was constantly employed in missionary labors in various parts of the United States. In 1857, having visited Rome, Mr. Hecker with some of his colleagues was released by the pope from his connection with the Redemptorists, and in 1858 he founded with his companions a new missionary society under the name of the congregation of St. Paul the Apostle. The first house of this community is now (Nov. 1859) building in New York city. Mr. Hecker is the author of "Questions of the Soul" (12mo., New York, 1855), and "Aspirations of Nature" (1857). While in Rome he published in the Civilta Cattolica two papers on "Catholicity in the United States," which were translated into several languages and reprinted in America and in Europe. HECKEWELDER, JOHN, a Moravian missionary, born in Bedford, England, March 12, 1743, died in Bethlehem, Penn., Jan. 21, 1823. At the age of 12 years he came with his father to Pennsylvania. He accompanied Mr. Post in 1762 in his expedition to the Indian tribes on the Ohio, and in 1771 he took up his residence among them as a missionary. After some 40 years' missionary service, he went to Bethlehem, 19 m. N. of Philadelphia, the prin

cipal establishment of the Moravians in America, and there remained till his death. He wrote several memoirs upon the Delaware and Mohegan Indians.

HECLA, MOUNT. See ICELAND.

HECTARE, a French measure of superficial extent, containing 100 ares and 10,000 square mètres, and equivalent to 2.47 acres.

HECTOGRAMME, in French weights, 100 grammes. The prefix hecto multiplies by 100 (Gr. éκarov) throughout the French system.

HECTOR, a Trojan hero, and the noblest character of the Iliad. He was the eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, the husband of Andromache, and the father of Astyanax. He disapproved of the conduct of Paris, and advised the surrender of Helen to Menelaus; but when his remonstrances and warnings were disregarded, he devoted all his energies to the service of his native city. After slaying some of the bravest warriors of the Hellenic host, and among them Patroclus, the friend of Achilles, he was at length vanquished and killed by the latter, who thrice dragged the corpse of the fallen champion round the walls of Troy; but afterward relenting, he restored it for a ransom to Priam, who consigned it to an honorable grave.

HECUBA, a daughter of Dymas in Phrygia, or of Cisseus, king of Thrace, 2d wife of Priam, king of Troy, and the mother of Hector, Paris, Cassandra, Creusa, and 15 other children. According to Euripides, she was enslaved by the Greeks after the capture of Troy, and carried to Chersonesus, where she saw on the same day her daughter Polyxena sacrificed and the body of her youngest son Polydorus cast on the shore after he had been murdered by Polymestor, king of the Thracian Chersonesus. determined on revenge, and, sending for Polymestor and his two sons, under pretence of wanting to inform them of hidden treasure, she slew the children on their arrival, and tore out the eyes of their father. According to other accounts she became the slave of Ulysses, and in despair killed herself by leaping into the sea.

She

HEDDING, ELIJAH, D.D., a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church, born in Dutchess co., N. Y., Jan. 7, 1780, died in Poughkeepsie, April 9, 1852. At the age of 19 he entered the ministry, and was appointed to Essex circuit as the successor of the eccentric Lorenzo Dow. He extended his travels to Canada, and preached the gospel in various parts. He became a member of the New York annual conference in 1801, and was appointed to the Plattsburg circuit. For many years he was presiding elder of a district, and was elected delegate to the first delegated general conference of the church, which was held in New York in 1812, and at every subsequent meeting of the same he represented the conference to which he belonged until his election to the episcopate, which took place in 1824. He was mainly instrumental in the establishment of the "Žion's Herald" at Boston, the first journal published by the Methodist church in the United States; and no minister

in the church has labored more zealously and efficiently in promoting the cause of general and theological education than Bishop Hedding. In 1848 he was chosen by the general conference to represent the Methodist Episcopal church in the British conference. He wrote a manual on the discipline of the church, which is regarded generally as of high authority.

HEDENBORG, JAN, a Swedish traveller, born in 1787, was educated at the university of Upsal, and officiated as physician to the Swedish minister in Constantinople. He explored various countries in the East, and wrote Turkiska Nationens Seder, Bruk, och Klädedragter ("Habits, Usages, and Customs of the Turkish People," Stockholm, 1839-42, with 48 plates), and Resa i Egypten och det inre Afrika (“Journey in Egypt and the Interior of Africa," Stockholm, 1843).

HEDGE, a fence of stout bushes for protecting fields and gardens. Hedges are sometimes constructed of brushwood and lopped branches of trees, so firmly planted in the ground as to render it difficult to penetrate through them. In distinction from this sort, a fence of living shrubs planted when they are young, and trained and pruned so that they may yearly increase in thickness and strength, is termed a quick hedge. Hedges for actual use are of more importance in a country where wood or stone is not easily obtained than in the United States. In England, for instance, the system of hedges has prevailed to such an extent that much of the garden-like appearance of the cultivated portions of that country is owing to its hedge rows. It has been considered there that well managed hedges are the most effective fences, the cheapest and the most pleasing to the eye. In America the hedge is employed for ornament, and used principally for garden boundaries. The most attractive hedges are formed by using the buckthorn (rhamnus catharticus), which has close, slender stems, and deep green foliage. Such a hedge in a few years presents a most verdant appearance during the summer, and is free from the attacks of insects. This is owing to the medicinal quality of its leaves, bark, and stems, proving offensive to insects of every kind. The common hawthorn of Europe, and the more beautiful American thorns (cratagus), have been found unsuitable on account of their liability to the attacks of the apple-borer (saperda bivittata, Say), which destroyed entire rows of fine hedges in various parts of the country. The leaves of the buckthorn are green and shining, and in form somewhat like those of the common plum; the berries are of a shining black and abundant. Its roots consist of perfect masses of black, mat-like fibres, which spread freely beneath the surface of the earth, and attract ample means of sustenance from almost any kind of soil, whether dry or moist. The seeds should be sown in the autumn, and will readily vegetate during the succeeding spring. In 2 years the young plants are large enough for planting out. Many fine speciVOL. IX.-4

mens of buckthorn hedges are to be seen around Boston, Mass. In the middle and western states the Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt.) has been found to possess excellent qualities for hedges, being vigorous, robust, and long-lived. Its foliage is of a glossy light green color, its branches are set with numerous, straight, sharp spines, and it bears shearing and clipping well. It is readily raised from the seed, and the pieces of the roots which are trimmed away on setting the young hedge plants will make abundance of new ones if properly cared for in the nursery. For beauty of leaf and flower the prim or privet (ligustrum vulgare, Linn.) can be recommended for hedges, the foliage being nearly evergreen, and the stems capable of being made thick and compact. Some employ the arbor vitæ (thuya occidentalis, Linn.); and where protection from cold winds is needed, this fine tree, planted in hedge rows and suffered to grow tall, makes a lasting and pleasant fence, its naturally compact and flattened stems being admirably calculated for the purpose. For vigor, abundance of suckers and of branches, for spiny stems and leaves, brilliant and useful fruit, the common barberry should not be overlooked, especially near the sea coast, where it seems to thrive best. The seeds germinate most readily, and the seedling plants are fit for making into hedges in the 2d or 3d year. In order to insure success in forming hedges, a few precautions only seem essential. These are, a well prepared border of good soil, in which the young plants are to be set, freedom from weeds, and judicious trimming. It will be best to allow the plants to grow upward as they will, and to direct the shearing to the sides, so as to form numerous thick branches and twigs. Beside the shrubs already enumerated, various kinds of trees have been employed for hedges, such as the beech, the 3-thorned gleditschia, the hemlock fir, the red cedar, the sour gum, &c.

HEDGE, FREDERIO HENRY, D.D., an American clergyman and author, born in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 12, 1805. His father was for a long time professor of logic and metaphysics in Harvard college. In 1818 the son accompanied Mr. George Bancroft to Germany, and there studied at Ilfeld and Schulpforte. In 1823 he returned to America, and in 1825 was graduated at Harvard college. After 8 years of study in the theological school, he entered the ministry in 1828, was soon settled in the Congregational church at West Cambridge, and in Sept. 1830, was married to a daughter of the Rev. John Pierce of Brookline. In 1835 he accepted a call to be pastor of the Unitarian church in Bangor, Me., where he remained for 15 years. In 1847-'8 he made the tour of Europe, revisiting Germany, and spending a winter in Italy. In 1850 he received a call from the Westminster church in Providence, R. I., and remained its pastor until 1856, when he took charge of the First Congregational church in Brookline, Mass., with which he still remains. In 1852 he received from Harvard college the degree of D.D., and in