ity more thoroughly than did this genial divine. The mystics he eulogized with Baader, and the theosophic Boehm he declared to be not merely fantastical, but also profound. The rationalists had no more violent foe than this prophet of the universal reason; he defended against them the truths of the incarnation, of sin, and of redemption. Conservative rationalism was indignant; the popular philosophy was dumb with amazement. There were many that said the long conflict between philosophy and faith was now to be adjusted; the absolute idealism was to do it, and it was to be done in Berlin, "the city of absolute reflection," the "university of the centre," the "chosen people of God in philosophy." Enthusiastic students declared that the refined ideas of the "Logic" were "the new gods" of a new Pantheon. The triumph of his system seemed to be coming on. In 1829 he was rector of the university, and administered its affairs with the punctuality and painstaking of an accomplished disciplinarian; not a single student was punished for "demagog ism," though one unlucky wight was taken up for wearing a French cockade, which in his simplicity he imagined to be made up of the colors of the mark of Brandenburg. In 1831 Hegel published the first volume of a new edition of his "Logic," and revised for the press his lectures on the "Proof of the Being of God." In the autumn he commenced his course in the university with more than usual freshness and vigor. But the fatal cholera attacked him in its most malignant form on Sunday, Nov. 13; his wife watched over him, ignorant to the last of the nature of the disease. On the next day at 5 o'clock he was dead. Nov. 14 is the anniversary not only of the decease of Leibnitz, the greatest German philosopher of the 18th century, but also of him whom his pupils not unfitly called the Aristotle of the 19th century. He was buried near Fichte and Solger, and over his remains was celebrated the worship of genius by disciples almost idolatrous. His works were soon collected in 18 volumes, for the most part carefully edited. Beside the treatises of which we have spoken, there are 3 volumes of essays and reviews; 3 on." Esthetics:"3 on the "History of Philosophy;" 2 on the "Philosophy of Religion;" one on the "Philosophy of History." Rosenkranz has written a full biography, from which we have derived many of our statements. Every subsequent philosophical writer of note in and out of Germany has criticized his system. The fullest accounts are in the histories of philosophy by Michelet, Erdmann, and Willm; the ablest criticisms are those of Schelling, Trendelenburg, Ulrici, Weisse, Fischer, and the younger Fichte. A. Véra published in Paris Introduction à la philosophie de Hegel (1855), and is now (1860) translating the "Logic" into French-a difficult task. Hegel said to Baron Reiffenberg, who asked him for a succinct account of his system: "Monsieur, it is impossible, especially in French." M. Ch. Bénard has partly analyzed and partly translated the

"Esthetics" in French (5 vols., Paris, 1840'52). This was the best edited of any of his posthumous works, by Prof. Hotho. The "Subjective Logic" was translated into English by H. Sloman and J. Wallon, and published in London (1855). His "Philosophy of History," the most intelligible of his works, translated by J. Sibree, forms a volume of Bohn's "Philosophical Library" (1857). The Hegelian literature would already make a collection of several hundred volumes. In Holland, Van Ghert, Prof. Sieber, and Dr. Krahl espoused his system; Heiberg in Copenhagen; Tengström and Siendwall in Finland; a Hungarian wrote to him that he was learning his "Logic" by heart.— Altogether apart from the main peculiarity of his system, the impulse which this extraordinary thinker communicated to the various departments of philosophy was almost unexampled in the same space of time. He compelled men to think for him or against him. His "Logic" led to the treatises of Werder, Weisse, Erdmann, Trendelenburg, and Ulrici, as well as to a total revision of Schelling's system. His "Psychology" was followed by Massmann, Wirth, Erdmann, Rosenkranz, and the "Anthropology" of Daub. His "Ethics" gave a more philosophical model for this science, and produced the treatises of Von Henning, Michelet, Vatke, Daub, and Wirth, and influenced the systems of Chalybäus, Fichte, and Rothe. In the "Philosophy of History" he made the boldest attempt to construct the whole according to the evolution of the idea of freedom. His "Esthetics" almost transformed the science, and led to the works of Weisse, Hotho, Rötscher, and Vischer. In the "History of Philosophy" he first introduced the general method of treatment, followed by Marbuch, Michelet, Bayrhoffer, Barchou de Penhoen, Willm, Zeller, and Schwegler; his criticism of Aristotle has contributed more than any other to the understanding of Aristotle's real metaphysical system. Even in the "Philosophy of Nature," though many of his views are not proved by observation, and though his deductions are often arbitrary, he has yet added to the materials for a truly philosophical construction of the cosmos; he early advocated Goethe's theories about colors and the metamorphosis of the plants. In jurisprudence, the conservative tendencies of his system were soon annulled by his more advanced followers, and the most radical German revolutionists of 1848 expressed their extreme views in the dialect of the absolute idealism; as e. g. Ruge in the Hallische Jahrbücher (1838). But it was in theology, and in the relations of his system to Christianity, that the chief conflicts were engendered. Soon after his death his school fulfilled the master's prediction, and illustrated his theory of antagonisms. His lectures on the "Philosophy of Religion" were twice edited; first in a conservative sense by Marheineke, and then in a revolutionary sense by Bruno Bauer. Passages in his "History of Philosophy," from his lectures

Patges, an actress. As a literary and critical writer Heiberg gained a very high reputation in editing the Flyvende Post (1827-30). He has published various philosophical works and dramas, and since 1844 has issued Urania, an annual, in which he attempts to give to astronomy a poetic and speculative tendency. HEIDELBERG (Lat. Edelberga; anc. Myrtiletum), a city of the grand duchy of Baden, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, on the left bank of the Neckar, 111 m. by rail from Mannheim, and 544 m. from Frankfort-on-the-Main; pop. 15,000. It is chiefly celebrated for its university, founded by the elector Rupert I., in the 14th century, and reformed by the grand duke Charles Rupert in 1802 under the title of Ruperto-Carolina. It has numbered among its professors the theologians Schwarz, Umbreit, and Paulus, the jurists Thibaut, Mittermaier, Vangerow, Zachariæ, and Rau; in medicine and chemistry, Chelius, Tiedemann, and Gmelin; in history and antiquity, Schlosser, Creuzer, Mohna, Baer, and Gervinus. Chevalier Bunsen has also resided of late in Heidelberg. The university library, containing nearly 200,000 volumes and about 2,000 MSS., is extremely rich in antique works and early editions. The university is very complete in its details, embracing a museum of natural history, a physiological cabinet, a chemical laboratory, a lying-in asylum, two botanical gardens, a college of agriculture and forestry, an observatory, and a philological, theological, pedagogical, homiletical, and biblical seminary. There are also an excellent gymnasium or preparatory academy for all sects, and two female schools of high reputation. The situation of Heidelberg, in a picturesque and fertile country, not far from the junction of the Neckar with the Rhine, having on one side the Königstuhl and on the opposite the Heiligenberg, the hills covered with vineyards, and its curious bridge, all combine to render it attractive to the tourist. To travellers its greatest attraction is the castle. It presents in its different portions every phase of architecture from the 14th to the 17th century. In its vaults is the celebrated Heidelberger Fass or tun, once the largest in the world. The principal manufacture of Heidelberg is beer; its trade is confined chiefly to linseed, oil, and tobacco.-Heidelberg was attached in 1362 to the Palatinate. Rupert I. enlarged it and made it an electoral residence. In 1884 the emperor Wenceslas signed here the celebrated union of Heidelberg, by which the different leagues of German cities were united in one. Heidelberg was plundered and partly ruined by Tilly in 1622, by Turenne in 1674, and by Marshal de Lorges in 1693. These misfortunes led to its decline in political importance, which was finally completed by the residence of the electors being removed to Mannheim in 1719. It was united to the grand duchy of Baden in 1802.

HEIGHTS, MEASUREMENT OF. See BAROMET

RICAL MEASUREMENTS.

HEILBRONN, a fortified town of Würtem

berg, on the right bank of the Neckar, 26 m. N. of Stuttgart, with which city it is connected by railway; pop. 10,000. It stands on the site of a Roman station, and was once a free imperial city. In its vicinity is the castle in which Götz von Berlichingen was imprisoned in 1525.

HEIM, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH, & French painter, born in Belfort, Haut-Rhin, Dec. 16, 1787. In 1824 he received the decoration of the legion of honor, in front of his own picture, the "Massacre of the Jews." He subsequently decorated the ceiling of the gallery of Charles X. in the Louvre with a representation of Vesuvius receiving from Jupiter the fire which was to destroy Pompeii and Herculaneum. His allegory of the renaissance of the arts, on the ceiling of the French gallery in the same building, is one of his most admired works. He also painted "Louis Philippe receiving the Deputies at the Palais Royal," now in the museum at Versailles, and a series of 16 portraits of eminent personages contributed to the Paris exhibition of 1855.

HEINE, HEINRICH, a German poet and critic, a nephew of the celebrated Hamburg Jewish banker and philanthropist Salomon Heine, born in Düsseldorf, Dec. 12, 1799, or as Steinmann asserts in 1797, died in Paris, Feb. 17, 1856. His first poem was written on Napoleon's visit to Düsseldorf (Nov. 2, 1810). He was soon after sent to the lyceum of Düsseldorf, where he made great progress in the regular studies, mastering also English, French, and Italian. In 1815 he was sent to Frankfort-on-the-Main to qualify himself for mercantile life. He manifested the greatest repugnance to this pursuit, and his uncle Salomon Heine, having been consulted, consented that "the blockhead" should be sent to the university of Bonn to study law, whither he went in 1819. He studied there every thing except law. In Sept. 1820, he left Bonn for Göttingen, which he learned to dislike and satirized bitterly in after years. He next removed to Berlin, where his character and feelings rapidly assumed that peculiar satirical indifference and reckless audacity now identified with his name. While in Berlin he earnestly studied philosophy under Hegel, and became intimate with Chamisso, Fouqué, Bopp, and Grabbe. Here in 1822 appeared his Gedichte, subsequently published as "Youthful Sorrows" in his "Book of Songs." Though favorably received by eminent critics, they attracted at the time but little attention. A single sorrow, the early disappointment of Heine in his love for his cousin Evelina van Geldern, "the angel's head on a Rhine-wine-gold ground," runs through all these poems, displaying a singular number of variations on one theme. He also published at this period his plays Almansor and Radcliff, with the Lyrisches Intermezzo. the summer of 1822 he made a journey to Poland, which gave occasion to more than one eccentric sketch or picture scattered through his works. In 1823 he returned to Göttingen, and received the degree of doctor of law in

In

1825. In the same year he went to Heiligenstadt, where on June 28 he is said to have been baptized into the Lutheran church. Heine had taken his legal degree in compliance with the will of his uncle, who had made it a condition of giving him his education, and who, finding him determined to pursue literature, generously aided him. He now went to Hamburg, where in 1826 he published the Harzreise, the first part of his Reisebilder. Very few books ever excited in Germany such an extraordinary sensation. In 1827 he went to Munich to edit with Dr. Lindner the Politische Annalen. In 1829 he returned to Berlin. Here occurred the famous quarrel with the poet Platen, who, having satirized Heine in an insolent manner, received in return the most bitter sarcasm and withering abuse. Literature affords no parallel to this cynical retort. From Berlin Heine went in 1831 to Paris, having become so obnoxious as a liberal writer to the Prussian government that he was obliged to choose between exile and imprisonment. From this time until 1848 his influence in Germany was very great, and he acquired in France the reputation of being the wittiest French writer since Voltaire. In 1831 he wrote a series of articles on the state of France for the Augsburg Gazette," which were collected and published both in French and German. In 1833 appeared his "History of Modern Literature in Germany," also known as "The Romantic School," and L'Allemagne, a characteristic and daring work, in which he attacked with relentless severity the romantic writers, the philosophers, and in fact very nearly everybody. "This book produced a perfect storm of fury in Germany." Democrats, pietists, Teutomaniacs, and state officials united in denouncing it; while in France no other work has done so much to stop the current of romanticism. In 1840 Heine published a violent work on his former friend Börne, then only recently dead. Börne, while akin to Heine as a spirited writer, had aroused in the latter a dislike, founded partly on jealousy of Borne's political popularity, and partly on personal antipathy caused by literary attacks. The work, whatever its provocation, was but little to Heine's credit, and involved him in a duel with the husband of a virtuous and highminded lady who was stigmatized in the book as having entertained illicit relations with Börne. About 1841 Heine was married to "Mathilde," of whom he often speaks tenderly in his writings. In 1843 he paid his last visit to Germany to see his mother (who died in Hamburg, Sept. 3, 1859, aged 88), for whom he maintained to the last the warmest affection. His public bitterness and literary cruelties were in strange contrast with his personal good qualities. He was generous, even self-sacrificing, especially to poor literary men, and during the cholera risked his life by remaining to nurse a sick cousin. In 1847 he was attacked by a painful spinal complaint, which tormented him almost without cessation until his death. By his own request all religious rites were omitted at his funeral.

The bold infidelity, the reckless licentiousness, and the unqualified faith in the world and the flesh, which characterized Heine's life as well as his writings, were counterbalanced by such sincere belief in his own doctrines, such sympathy for suffering, and such acute perception of the beautiful in every form, that it is difficult for those unfamiliar with the social developments of modern continental European life and literature to appreciate his true nature or position. He received from the French government an annual pension of 4,000 francs from 1836 to 1848, but did not criticize it the less severely in his writings. In his later years Heine returned from unbounded scepticism, if not to an evangelical faith, at least to theism, the Bible being constantly read by him, and appearing to him, as he said, like a suddenly discovered treasure. As he still retained his love of paradox and of mystification, the real degree of his conversion became the subject of no little controversy and comment.-His works, in addition to those mentioned, are: Franzōsische Zustände (Hamburg, 1833); Der Salon (1834); Shakspeare's Mädchen und Frauen (Leipsic, 1839); Neue Gedichte (Hamburg, 1844); Ballade über die Schlacht von Hastings and Atta Troll (1847); Romanzero (1851); Doctor Faust, ein Tanzpoem (1851); Vermischte Schriften (1854); Les aveux d'un poète de la nouvelle Allemagne, in the Revue des deux mondes (1854). A complete edition of his works, embracing a considerable number of sketches and poems never before given to the world, was published by John Weik (Philadelphia, 1856). There is also a French version of his works executed by Heine himself, under the revision of Gérard de Nerval and others. The following works on Heine have appeared since his death: Heinrich Heine, Erinnerungen von Alf. Meissner (Hamburg, 1856); H. Heine's Wirken und Streben, by Strodtmann (1857); H. Heine, Denkwürdigkeiten aus meinem Leben mit ihm, by Steinmann (1857); Ueber H. Heine, by SchmidtWeissenfels (1857). English versions of Heine's works are: the "Pictures of Travel," translated by Charles G. Leland (Philadelphia, 1856); the "Book of Songs," by J. E. Wallis (London, 1856); the "Poems of Heine, complete, translated in the Original Metres," by Edgar Alfred Bowring (London, 1859).

HEINECCIUS, JOHANN GOTTLIEB, a German jurist, born in Eisenberg, Saxony, Sept. 21, 1681, died in Halle, Aug. 31, 1741. He was educated at Leipsic and Halle, where he became professor of philosophy in 1710, and of law in 1721. He afterward removed to Frankfort-onthe-Oder, and there filled the chair of law till 1733, when he returned to Halle, and resuming his former office, held it till his death. The works of Heineccius are very numerous and of great value to the legal student. A collective edition of them was published at Geneva under the title of Opera ad Universam Jurisprudentiam, Philosophiam, et Literas Humaniores Pertinentia (9 vols. 4to., 1769).

HEINECKEN, CHRISTIAN HEINRICH, a precocious child of Lübeck, who could speak at the age of 10 months, recite the principal events of the Old Testament 2 months afterward, and who had committed to memory the history of antiquity when little over 2 years old, beside speaking fluently Latin and French. The child died in 1725, before it had attained the age of 5. HEINEFETTER, SABINE, a German singer, born in Mentz in 1805, has performed with great success in the principal cities of Europe. Her sister CLARA, married to Mr. Stöckel, was also a woman of fine vocal abilities, but became a lunatic, and died in the Vienna asylum, Feb. 23, 1857. The youngest sister, KATHINKA, made her début in Paris in 1840, was engaged at the Brussels opera in 1842, but became unpopular there in consequence of a duel which had originated between two young Parisian lawyers while supping at her house, and which had ended fatally for one of them. She retired from the stage in 1857, and settled at Freiburg, Baden, where she died Dec. 20, 1858.

HEINICKE, SAMUEL, a German teacher of the deaf and dumb, born at Nautzschutz, near Weissenfels, Prussia, April 10, 1729, died in Leipsic, April 30, 1790. (See DEAF AND DUMB, vol. vi. p. 501.) He published 10 works, the greater part of them having reference to the instruction of deaf mutes, though 2 or 3 were on theological topics.

HEINROTH, JOHANN CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH AUGUST, a German physician and writer on psychology, born in Leipsic, Jan. 17, 1773, died there, Oct. 26, 1843. He studied both theology and medicine, and after practising the latter profession was appointed in 1812 to the chair of psychical therapeutics in the university of Leipsic, and in practice devoted himself to curing the insane. His general theory was that mental aberration, passion, and vice originate principally in a badly conducted life, and can only be perfectly cured by a complete moral reform. He was the author of many valuable works on psychology, insanity, &c.

HEINSE, JOHANN JAKOB WILHELM, a German author, born in Langewiesen, SchwarzburgSondershausen, in 1746, died in Mentz, June 22, 1803. His first publication was a very free translation of Petronius Arbiter, followed by Laidion, an apotheosis of the voluptuous and beautiful in art, in the form of Laïs the Greek courtesan. Heinse defended himself against the charge of indecency, while Goethe, impressed by the extraordinary merit of Laidion, apart from its immorality, praised it highly. In 1776 he left Gleim to accompany Jacobi to Düsseldorf, whom he there assisted in editing a periodical entitled Iris. After living for some time in Italy in pursuit of art and pleasure, in 1782 he went with the artist Kobel to Naples, and returned with Angelica Kauffmann to Rome. Travelling to Germany, principally on foot, he became librarian to the elector of Mentz, and published the famous romance of Ardinghello. This was succeeded by Anastasia, a romance

consisting principally of problems in chess and scenes turning on the game; and this by Hildegard von Hohenthal, the conclusion of Ardinghello. In addition to the above, he wrote Sinngedichte (Halberstadt, 1771), and translations of the "Orlando" of Ariosto, and of the "Jerusalem Delivered."

HEINSIUS, ANTONIUS, grand pensionary of Holland, born in 1641, died at the Hague, Aug. 13, 1720. He was an intimate friend and con fidential agent of Prince William III. of Orange and during 40 years was the moving spirit of Dutch politics. When William after the peace of Nimeguen sent him to Paris to maintain his claim to the territory of Orange, and the liberties of the Calvinists there, he spoke so freely to Louvois that the minister threatened him with the Bastile. After William became king of England (1689), Heinsius managed for the king, and greatly to his satisfaction, the affairs of Holland, and was instrumental in rendering the states-general favorable to friendly action with England. The celebrated grand alliance on the subject of the Spanish succession, between the emperor, the kings of England, Prussia, and Denmark, Holland, the duke of Savoy, and the elector of Hanover, against Louis XIV. and Philip V., was in great measure due to the exertions of the grand pensionary. The defeats of Blenheim (1704), Ramillies, and Turin (1706), with their results, compelled Louis XIV. to open negotiations. He made overtures to Holland; but Heinsius answered that the Hollanders were inseparably bound to their allies, and exacted as a preliminary condition the recognition of the right of the house of Austria to the Spanish succession. To this France refused to accede; the war was continued disastrously for her, and in 1709 her application was renewed, and met with the same response. Louis XIV. now consented to treat on this basis, and negotiations were commenced; but the allies demanding still greater sacrifices, he renewed the war, and after the defeat of Malplaquet (1709) conferences were again opened at the castle of Gertruydenburg and continued unsuccessfully for 4 months, Heinsius obstinately adhering to his terms. France, everywhere beaten, was in great danger when, in 1711, Queen Anne of England dismissed her whig ministry, displaced Marlborough, and secretly offered peace to Louis XIV. The congress of Utrecht, Jan. 12, 1712, resulted in England's ceasing hostilities, but Prince Eugene, the Hanoverians, and the Dutch persevered in the war, and took Quesnoy, July 3. The defeat of the allies at Denain (July 24) changed the whole state of the war. In a few days several important places were recaptured, and armistices were separately concluded with England (Aug. 19) and Portugal (Nov. 7). Yet notwithstanding these reverses, Heinsius resisted with all his characteristic firmness, doing all in his power to prevent a general peace. In spite of his efforts, one was agreed upon and signed at Utrecht (April 11, 1713), but the signature of Heinsius was the last affixed. It is said that