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ISSUE. I. In law, used in deeds and wills to signify descendants. When employed in a deed, the term has a definite meaning. It is always construed to be a word of purchase, designating persons in being, and vesting in each of them an original interest. It cannot be a word of limitation, for that would confer on issue, whether in being or not, derivative interests devolved upon them through descent from the original taker; and such estates of inheritance can be created in deeds only by the word heirs. We have used the word purchase in its technical sense. In law, all estates are acquired either by purchase or by descent; and it therefore follows that all estates not acquired by descent, or by inheritance, are acquired by purchase. The construction of the word issue in wills has involved much uncertainty and difficulty; for it is a term of the most extensive import. It may embrace all descendants to the remotest degree; or may be limited to immediate descendants, or confined to some particular class of descendants living at a given time. Of the rules of construction established by the discussion of this perhaps most vexed question in the whole range of legal learning, it must suffice to state only the most general. In a will, issue may be regarded as a word either of limitation or of purchase. If real estate be devised either directly to, or by way of executed trust for, a person and his issue," the word is here taken to be one of limitation; and, as synonymous with heirs of the body, with which, indeed, it is interchangeably used in the statute de donis, it confers on the devisee an estate tail. Yet if it clearly appear from any expressions in the will that the testator did not intend to give such an estate, or that by issue he meant children, or any particular class of descendants, then the word will be construed as a word of purchase; and it will then comprise all who can claim as descendants from him to whose issue the bequest is made. The different phrases which express default of issue have been the subjects of frequent and very nice construction. The failure of issue may be what is called a definite failure, when the will fixes a definite time for such failure, as if the devisee die "without issue living at the time of his death;" or it may be indefinite, when no period is fixed, but the contingency continues so long as the devisee has any descendants. A limitation over after a definite failure of issue is good; but not upon an indefinite failure, for the contingency is too remote. In the case therefore of a devise to A in fee, with remainder to another upon A's death without issue, the limitation over is void, and A's estate in fee is reduced to an estate tail. This is the general rule of the common law, though in the United States the courts seek to evade its authority, and often avail themselves of slight circumstances to support the executory devise. They have done so when the limitation was to the brother of A if the latter died without children; or to "survivors" when either of several devisees should die "without issue alive," or

"without lawful issue." In many of the states much of the difficulty is obviated by express statutory enactments. Thus in New York it is declared that when a remainder shall be limited to take effect on the death of any person without heirs, or heirs of his body, or without issue, the words heirs or issue shall be construed to mean heirs or issue living at the death of the person named as ancestor. The New York statutes abolish all distinctions between real and personal property in respect to contingent interests. The American cases generally follow the English common law rule in regard to limitations over upon the bequest of chattels; and, by confining the expression "without issue" to issue living at the death of the first taker, support executory devises. II. In pleading, the point or matter in contest between the parties to a suit. When in the course of their alternate pleadings the parties have reached a specific matter which one of them affirms but the other denies, they are said to be at issue, or, in the ancient language of the law, ad exitum, or at the end of their pleadings. An issue may be either of law or of fact. When a defendant demurs to the plaintiff's allegation, that is, denies its sufficiency as matter of law to support the plaintiff's ac tion, he is said to tender an issue in law, and the other party is compelled to accept it. But if the defendant traverse the plaintiff's fact and propose to refer the matter disputed to some mode of trial, he tenders an issue of fact. The plaintiff may demur to the traverse or may join issue; indeed, he must do so when the issue is well tendered. An issue of fact is properly framed upon a direct negation or denial of an averment. Two affirmatives therefore do not make a good issue. For example, defendant pleads that A died seized in fee, and plaintiff replies that he died seized in tail. This is not good pleading, because the former allegation is not directly traversed, but is only argumentatively denied. Yet it is said two affirmatives may suffice when they are so contrary to each other that one of necessity denies the other. For similar reasons the issue must not rest on two negatives. As it is the object of the plead ings to reach the precise and essential subject for decision, it is of course necessary that they should develop some matter either of law or fact which, when decided, shall dispose of the whole controversy. They must therefore be directed not merely to the production of an issue, but to the production of one which is material. For issue joined upon an immaterial point, that is, a point not decisive of the right of the case, is fatally defective, and judgment upon any verdict found will be arrested by the court. Further, as in respect to any single subject of suit the decision of one material point may decide the action, it has become a rule that the pleadings shall tend not only to materiality, but also to singleness in the issue; in other words, no plea may allege several distinct matters, when any one of these would singly sup port the action. Finally, this single material

issue must be so particular in its character as to point out distinctly the nature of the matter in controversy. Upon the declaration the parties may join general or special issue; issues joined on later pleadings in the suit are called simply issues without other description. The general issue denies all the material allegations in the declaration, or rather it enables the defendant to demand proof of all of them. A special issue, properly speaking, is the denial of one of several substantive facts, which are essential to the right of action. A traverse of one essential point is plainly as complete a denial of the plaintiff's right of recovery, as the traverse of his whole declaration by a general issue could be. In practice the defendant has been allowed, upon the general issue, in many actions, not only to deny the material facts of the plaintiff's declaration, but also to put in particular matters of defence, which in strictness ought to have appeared in the form of a special plea. In England the abuses which grew up through this perversion of the general issue were repressed by statute, and the plea restricted to its original and proper intent. In the United States, however, very generally, the general issue may be pleaded in all cases, and admits any matter of defence in evidence. In some states notice of the special matter of discharge or avoidance intended to be offered at the trial, must be filed at the same time with the plea, or within a certain period afterward. An issue is informal when framed upon the inartificial or improper traverse of a material allegation.-Feigned issues are sometimes framed in chancery for the purpose of submitting disputed questions of fact to the ordinary modes of trial at law. Thus, if it be contested whether A is the heir of B, the fact will be sent to be tried in a law court upon a fictitious suit. For example, one party may declare that he wagered with another that B was the heir of A; he then avers that he is so, and demands the wager. The defendant admits the wager, but avers in reply that B is not the heir of A. Upon these allegations issue is joined, and the fact is decided in the usual modes. Feigned issues may also be employed by suitors in courts of law for determining a single point directly and expeditiously. ISSUS, a town of Cilicia, in Asia Minor, at the head of the gulf of Issus, celebrated for the battle fought near it in 333 B. C., in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius. Its exact site is uncertain, and the ruins of a Roman aqueduct, temple, and walls, which have been discovered in its vicinity, are probably the remains of ancient Nicopolis. The battle also between Septimius Severus and Niger (A. D. 194) was fought near Issus.

ISTAPA, or ISTAPAM, a port on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, in Central America, in lat. 13° 53′ N., long. 90° 43′ W., at the mouth of the river Michatoyat. Alvarado here built the vessels in which he sailed against Pizarro and Almagro in Peru, in 1533. From that time until 1853 it remained the only port of Guatemala VOL. IX.-41

on that side of the continent. In the latter year it was abandoned for a point called San José, 12 m. N., which it was supposed suffered under fewer disadvantages. Both Istapa and San José, however, are entirely open to the sea, without protection of any kind, and vessels are unable to approach nearer than 13 m. from the shore, where they are obliged to anchor on a bottom of shifting sands, prepared to stand out to sea at a moment's warning.

ISTHMIAN GAMES, one of the 4 great national festivals of Greece, celebrated on the isthmus of Corinth in April or May of every alternate year, in the 2d and 4th years of each Olympiad. The story of their origin is as follows: Athamas, king of Orchomenus, had by his second wife Ino a son named Melicertes, whom together with his mother he pursued in a fit of madness. In order to escape from him they jumped into the sea. Ino was changed into a sea goddess, and the body of Melicertes was washed ashore and buried by his uncle Sisyphus, who was directed by the nereids to pay him heroic honors under the name of Palemon. Sisyphus accordingly established the Isthmian games in honor of Neptune and Palæmon. The games, however, were suffered to fall into disuse, and were for a time entirely interrupted, till Theseus organized them anew in honor of Neptune. In the 6th century B. C. they became Pan-Hellenic festivals. Until the overthrow of Corinth by the Roman general Mummius (146 B. C.), the games were conducted by the Corinthians, though the Athenians held the places of honor, the poedpla or front seats. The privilege was then given to the people of Sicyon. After the rebuilding of Corinth by Cæsar, they were again managed by that city, but the people of Sicyon had the exclusive right to sit as judges. They continued regularly till Christianity began to spread, when they fell into decay, but were still celebrated under Constantine and Julian. The Isthmian games, like the Olympic, consisted of all kinds of athletic sports, wrestling, boxing, gymnastics of every sort, racing on foot and in chariots, and also contests in music and poetry. The Romans added to them gladiatorial shows and fights of wild beasts, which were continued to the time of the final decay of the festival. The prize was a simple garland of pine leaves. Solon, in his legislation, ordered the sum of 100 drachmæ to be paid to any one who took a prize at the Isthmian games, and 500 to any one taking an Olympic prize.

İSTRIA (anc. Istria or Histria, from Ister, the Danube, an arm of which was early believed to flow into the Adriatic), a peninsula and margraviate of Austrian Illyria, on the N. E. coast of the Adriatic; area, 1,810 sq. m.; pop. 233,000. It is in general mountainous, particularly toward the N., where the surface is occupied by offsets of the Julian Alps. The coasts are irregular and indented by numerous good harbors. The soil is not remarkably fertile, but excellent olives, and grain, wine, lemons, silk, &c., are

produced. Sheep and cattle are extensively reared in the mountainous districts, and the coast fisheries and salt works employ a considerable number of the inhabitants. The chief towns are Capo d'Istria, Pirano, Isola, Rovigno, Pola, Dignano, and Pisino. The people of the towns are mostly Italians, and those of the rural districts of Slavic origin. In remote antiquity the Istrians were an Illyrian tribe, and were engaged in piratical enterprises, but prior to the second Punic war were reduced to submission by Roman consuls. They were again reduced by the consul Claudius Marcellus (183 B. C.) and the consul C. Claudius Pulcher (177 B. C.), and did not again revolt. Under Augustus Istria was incorporated as a portion of upper Italy. The most flourishing period of its ancient history was while the Roman government was fixed at Ravenna. It formed a separate margraviate in the 10th century, and was subject successively to the dukes of Carinthia and Dalmatia. The Italian part of Istria was held by the Venetians from the 13th century till 1797, the eastern part being incorporated with Carinthia and subject to Austria. Both portions were ceded to Napoleon I., and reconquered by Austria in 1813.

ISTURIZ, FRANCISCO XAVIER DE, a Spanish statesman, born in 1790 in Cadiz, where his father, a Biscayan merchant, had established an extensive house. After the fall of Joseph Bonaparte and the restoration of Ferdinand VII. those in Cadiz who were discontented with the rule of the latter were accustomed to meet in the house of the brothers Isturiz, which was known as the Casa Otomana. This was the head-quarters of the movement led by Riego (Jan. 1, 1820), "which made an anarchy of three years succeed a despotism of six." Xavier de Isturiz went to Madrid, where he aided in establishing liberal clubs; and having thereby placed himself in opposition to Arguelles and Martinez de la Rosa, who represented the moderate constitutionalists, he excited public opinion against them, especially after his election to the cortes in 1822. In 1823, as president of this body, he voted for the suspension of the royal power. Condemned to death after the restoration, he fled to London, where he was a partner in the mercantile house of Zulueta. Pardoned by the amnesty of the queen regent Maria Christina in 1834, he returned to Spain, where he at once engaged in democratic agitation and provoked the rising of the national guard, whose object was the overthrow of the minister Toreno, but which was suppressed by Quesada. Shortly after, his friend Mendizabal became prime minister, and made Isturiz his most intimate adviser. In Nov. 1835, he was appointed president of the chamber of procuradores, a sort of state council. The chamber proved too liberal, which caused a quarrel and a duel between Isturiz and Mendizabal. After the fall of the latter in 1836, Isturiz was appointed minister of foreign affairs and president of the council, but soon grew unpopular with all parties. The tumults of Aug.

1836, which resulted in the proclamation of the constitution of 1812, compelled him to take refuge a second time in England, whence he went to France. Having returned to Spain in 1838, he was elected to the cortes, and was its pres ident in 1839. He negotiated the marriages of the young queen and her sister. In 1850 he was sent as minister to England, and in 1857 to Russia. On Jan. 5, 1858, he became president of the Spanish senate, and 10 days after pres ident of the council, but was soon superseded. ITACOLUMITE (from Itacolumi, a mountain of Brazil), a granular silicious rock, of laminated structure, found with talcose slates and more or less intermixed with tale or with mica. It is distinguished by its peculiar flexibility, sheets of it bending back and forth as if jointed within. It is of particular interest from its occurrence at the localities in the gold regions where dia monds are found. It is met with in Brazil, the Ural mountains, and in Georgia and North and South Carolina. In the last named state Mr. Lieber, the geologist, has observed the passage of the itacolumite into a true sandstone or even a conglomerate, proving its sedimentary origin.

ITALY, a large peninsula of southern Europe, extending from N. W. to S. E. in an elongated shape, which, being bifurcated at the southern extremity, has a certain similarity to the form of a high-heeled boot. The origin of the name Italy is differently explained by ancient writers According to Timæus and Varro it is derived from raλos, ox, meaning a country in which cattle abound; while Thucydides and Dionysius of Halicarnassus assume the existence of a mythical king named Italus, to whom the country owes its name. Italy is situated between lat. 36° and 47°, or if the islands are included, between 35° and 41° N., and between long. 6° and 19° E. Its length is about 600 m.; its breadth varies from 95 to 300 m. To the N. it is fastened, as it were, to the body of the European continent by the large knot of the great Alpine system, from which the Apennine range stretches along the entire length of the peninsula, forming (so to speak) its spine. On the E. the shores of Italy are washed by the Adriatic and Ionian seas, of the W. by the Mediterranean. Exclusive of the large islands of Sardinia and Sicily, which polit ically belong to Italy, the country has an ares of 98,838 sq. m.; including them, 117,914 sq.m. The population of the peninsula and the lesser islands in 1859 was 23,144,767. Adding to this the population of the island of Sardinia (549,950) and of Sicily (2,231,000), we obtain a total of 25,925,717 inhabitants, distributed among 8 states, viz.: the kingdom of the Two Sicilies or Naples (41,521 sq. m.), Sardinia with Monaco and Lombardy (37,150), the Papal States (17048), Venetia with Mantua and Peschiera (be longing to Austria, 9,241), Tuscany (8,712), Parma (2,184), Modena (2,073), and the diminutive republic of San Marino (21). The following statement shows the nationalities of which Italy is composed: Italians, 95.366 per cent.; French, 2.438; Friulians, 1.371; Albanians,

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0.345; Jews, 0.160; Slavi, 0.116; Greeks, 0.091; Germans, 0.074; Spaniards, 0.033; Armenians, 0.004; gypsies, 0.002; total, 100.-The N. boundary of Italy is formed by the Alps, which under the different names of their several ranges sweep around the fertile plain of upper Italy in a semicircle from W. to E. Their descent toward the S. is steep and rugged, giving them the appearance of an immense natural barrier against Germany and France. The great northern plain, which extends at the base of the Alps nearly across the entire breadth of the peninsula, slopes gradually down toward the eastern shore, where its elevation is so small that in many places it needs to be protected from the tides by breakwaters and levees. The Apennines commence in the Maritime Alps with Mt. Appio, lat. 44° 12' N.; they take at first a direction to the N. E., then S. E., and at length S. W., crossing the strait of Messina into Sicily, where they are lost in the Mediterranean sea at Cape Passaro, lat. 36° 50' N. Their average height is only 4,200 feet, though some peaks attain an elevation of 9,000 feet and over. (See APENNINES.) On either side of this central chain extend hilly regions and plains, forming a number of small river systems. Beside the great plain of Lombardy, which forms the river systems of the Po and Adige, that on the lower course of the Arno, the Campagna di Roma (including the Pontine marshes), and the Campagna Felice (near Naples), at the S. extremity of which Mt. Vesuvius towers up in a gigantic mass, deserve to be mentioned on the W. side of Italy. On the E. side the Apulian plain is the most extensive. It is 80 m. long and 30 m. broad. In ancient times one of the principal seats of Grecian civilization, it is now little better than a fertile solitude. The basin of the Sele is a plain extending about 28 m. from Salerno to the S. of Pæstun; in its broadest part it is only 12 m. wide. The plain of Basilicata, nearly 100 m. long and from 2 to 24 m. broad, extends along the shore of the Ionian sea, and was formerly the seat of flourishing Greek colonies (Sybaris and Heraclea), but is now scantily settled, owing to the frequency of floods and its insalubrious climate. Italy has 4 distinct volcanic districts, viz.: the Euganean hills, between Padua and Este, rising in the Monte Venda to an elevation of 1,806 feet; the Roman volcanic district, extending from the hills of Albano to the frontier of Tuscany, and attaining a height of 5,794 feet (Monte Amiata); the Terra di Lavoro, including Mt. Vesuvius (3,949 feet); and the volcanic district of Apulia (highest elevation 4,357 feet). Mt. Etna in Sicily is likewise distinct from the Apennine range. (See ETNA.)-The soil of Italy, though of various quality, for the most part amply repays the labor of the husbandman, and is, in some sections where irrigation has been resorted to, of an exuberant fertility. It is a heavy loam, almost marshy in the plain of Lombardy, dry and poor in the hills, but fertile in the valleys. In the sterile Maremma (plains of S. W. Tuscany) and the Roman Campagna it ap

proaches the character of the eastern steppes. In S. Italy the volcanic regions only are remarkable for their fertility.-Italy has but two rivers of importance,.viz., the Po and the Adige. The former, with a length of 330 m., waters, with its tributaries (the Agogna, Ticino, Adda, Oglio, and Mincio on the left or N. bank, the Tanaro, Trebbia, Oreglio, Arda, Taro, Parma, Ena, and Secchia on the S. bank), a plain extending over 300 m. in length and 170 in breadth, being the greatest contiguous extent of highly fertile land in Europe. The Adige, descending from the Alps, flows in a semicircle to the E., falling into the Adriatic at no great distance from the Po. It is navigable only to a short distance above Verona. Nearly all the other rivers rising from the Apennines are mere mountain torrents, having a short course and no considerable depth; hence they afford very limited facilities to commerce. The most noted of them are the Brenta, Piave, and Tagliamento in upper Italy, the Arno in Tuscany, the Tiber in the Papal States (150 m. long, and navigable only from its mouth to the city of Rome, a distance of 15 m.), and the Garigliano, Voltorno, and Silaro (Sele) in Naples. The mouths of most small rivers of S. Italy are surrounded with swamps, the noxious gases of which generate malaria and render the surrounding districts almost uninhabitable. Only Lombardy and Venetia possess artificial water courses of any importance. They were planned and constructed in the middle ages, more for the purpose of irrigation than of navigation, and belong to the oldest extant works of hydrostatics. Thus, the naviglio grande (great canal) was begun in 1178, the canal of Muzzo in 1220, that of Vettabbia in 1337, and that of Treviglio in 1850. A great number of mineral springs are found in all sections of the country. The most extensive lakes, several of which are celebrated for the picturesqueness of their_surrounding scenery, belong to upper Italy. Lago Maggiore, 50 m. long and varying in breadth from 5 to 8 m., is the shallowest of all, having a depth not exceeding 25 feet; its surface is 750 feet above the level of the sea; it is fed by the river Ticino and 26 brooks. The lake of Lugano, 24 m. long and from 2 to 6 m. broad, situated 870 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, receives its waters from 43 rivulets, and discharges them partly by the river Tresa into Lago Maggiore, partly into the small lake of Piano. The lake of Como, 35 m. long, 3 m. broad, and of great depth, is fed by the river Adda and 195 smaller streams. Lake Iseo, 20 m. long and 6 m. broad, is chiefly supplied by the Oglio. Lake Garda, which belongs partly to the Tyrol, is the most extensive; it covers a surface of 315 sq. m., and is of sufficient depth to carry vessels of the greatest draught. Beside these, there are the lake of Castiglione in Tuscany, the lakes of Perugia, Bolseno, and Bracciano in the Papal States, and the lake of Celano in Naples.-The climate of Italy is generally considered the most genial and wholesome in all Europe, but proportionately to

the number o. inhabitants the mortality is greater in Italy than in any other European country. The semi-tropical climate is not without its serious inconveniences. In summer for long months the burning heat, unrelieved by refreshing showers, withers all vegetation, parches the ground, and imparts to the landscape a gloomy brownish tint, which is any thing but agreeable to behold. In many places a subterranean heat periodically sends forth noxious gases. The lagoons and marshes which border the coast generate poisonous miasmata. Beside all this, legions of the most disgusting insects fill the air and visit the dwellings. Nevertheless, there are districts in Italy which, in regard to salubriousness, compare favorably with any on the earth. In respect to its climate it may be divided into 4 regions. Of these, the first comprises upper Italy, N. of the Apennines, between lat. 46° 30′ and 43° 30' N. There the temperature in winter is sometimes as low as 10° F.; the snow remains on the ground from 10 to 14 days; the lagoons on the Adriatic are frequently covered with ice; and though the mulberry tree and rice are raised to perfection, the more tender fruits of a southern climate ripen only in sheltered localities. Night frosts begin as early as November, and continue until March or April. Even in the summer months piercing cold N. winds are not uncommon. The 2d region, extending from lat. 43° 30′ to 41° 30' N., is the region of the olive tree and orange. Frost and snow appear regularly only in the higher mountain districts, but occasionally snow may be seen even in the valleys and plains. The 3d region extends over 23 degrees of latitude, comprising nearly the whole continental portion of Naples. There the thermometer seldom falls below 26° F.; snow is very rarely seen except on the highest mountains, and never remains; aloes and other semi-tropical plants thrive even in unprotected localities. In the 4th region, comprising the southernmost part of the peninsula and the island of Sicily, the thermometer scarcely ever falls below the freezing point of water; snow and ice are unknown except on the summit of Mt. Etna; tropical fruits, dates, sugar cane, and the cotton plant thrive in the open air; aloes are so common that they are planted for hedge rows; a serene sky of the deepest blue spans the earth, and bracing sea breezes temper the heat. But at the same time this portion of Italy suffers often from the common drawbacks of tropical regions, droughts and hot winds (siroccos), equally obnoxious to human and vegetable life. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, causing sometimes an appalling loss of life, occur frequently in lower Italy and Sicily.-The principal productions of Italy belong to the vegetable kingdom. Its mineral wealth is very small. The precious metals, as well as copper, iron, lead, &c., are found in the mountain districts, but mining is so neglected that it furnishes a very insignificant part of the national resources. Alum is obtained in considerable quantities in the Papal States and in Naples, vitriol and antimony in Parma,

sulphur in Naples, statuary marble (the best known) near Verona and Carrara. Alabaster, agates, jasper, and garnets are also found in the Apennine range. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. Italy produces all kinds of grain, including rice and maize, pulse, millet, &c. Rye, oats, and barley are only raised in limited quantities, the principal breadstuffs being wheat for the wealthy classes, and maize for the poor. Lupines and chestnuts serve as a cheap substitute for grain, the potato having as yet been but partially introduced. Vegetables of all sorts are grown in great abundance, especially lettuce, asparagus, endive, artichokes, turnips, carrots, onions, garlic, melons, cucumbers, and tomatoes. The most luscious fruits grow with very little care, such as oranges, lemons, citrons, shaddocks, figs, almonds, carob beans, and dates. The sugar cane is cultivated in the southern portion of the peninsula and in Sicily, but its product is not equal to that of the cane of the West Indies. The cotton plant thrives well in Sicily, the annual product of which is from 1,750,000 to 2,000,000 lbs., all of which is spun and manufactured in the kingdom. Hemp and flax are grown everywhere in sufficient quantities for domestic consumption. The olive tree grows almost everywhere in Italy, and the oil obtained from its fruit is one of the principal articles of export. The tobacco culture is of no great importance. Saffron, safflower, and capers are exported. One of the principal products is silk, the export of which exceeds in value that of all other articles. Wine is produced in great quantities, but almost exclusively for home consump tion. The grape is not as carefully cultivated as in other European countries, and it is probebly in consequence of this that the wine has a somewhat acid earthy taste, which renders it unpalatable to foreigners. In the southern portion of the peninsula some qualities are produced equalling in body and flavor the most fiery Spanish and Greek wines.-The animal king dom is not represented by many species in Italy. The domestic animals common to all Europe, including horses, cattle, sheep, swine, goats, asses, and mules, are likewise raised in Italy. Animal food being not as extensively used as in more northern countries, but little care is taken of the improvement of breeds. Swine are principally raised in Parma and the N. E. provinces of the Papal States, where the manufacture of sausages is carried on upon a large scale. The dairy products of Parma, especially cheese, are largely exported to foreign countries. The coast fishery employs a great amount of tonnage and capital. Tunny and anchovies are caught in immense numbers, and the latter exported to all parts of the world. Oysters are obtained from beds in the Adriatic, but are poor in quality. The sea furnishes also a great variety of smaller shell fish, which are used as food by the lower classes, or as delicacies by the wealthy.-The inhabitants of Italy are a mixture of many different races

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