second series of "Parisian Sights" (1856); "Kiana, a Tradition of Hawaii" (1857); and "Confessions of an Inquirer, in three Parts. Part I.: Heart Experience" Boston, (1857). JARVIS, ABRAHAM, D.D., bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in the diocese of Connecticut, born in Norwalk, May 5, 1739, died May 3, 1813. He was graduated at Yale college in 1761, and commenced the preparatory studies for orders, officiating meanwhile as lay reader. In the autumn of 1763 he sailed for England, arriving in London in Jan. 1764. Here he was ordained deacon in February, and priest a few weeks later. He left England in April, and returning home was settled as rector of Christ's church, Middletown, Conn. On the death of Bishop Seabury, he was unanimously elected his successor, and in Oct. 1797, was consecrated at New Haven by Bishops White, Provoost, and Bass. In 1796 the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Yale college.

JARDIN, KAREL DU. See DUJARDIN, KAREL. JAROSLAV (Russian, Yaroslavl), a government of European Russia, bounded by Novgorod, Vologda, Kostroma, Vladimir, and Tver, and traversed by the Volga, between lat. 56° and 59° N., and long. 37° and 42° E.; pop. about 1,000,000. The surface is generally flat, and in various places marshy. There are several lakes, the largest of which is near the town of Rostov, in the S. E. part. The principal rivers beside the Volga are the Mologa, Sheksna, and Kotorosl. The soil, though almost everywhere arable, is not very fertile; the chief productions are grains, hemp, flax, fruits, and vegetables. The air is pure, but the winters are long and severe. The rivers yield fish abundantly, which form the principal article of export. The manufacture of woollens, linen, and other goods is carried on with some activity. The government is divided into 10 circles.-JAROSLAV, the capital, is situated at the junction of the Kotorosl with the Volga, about 160 m. N. E. from Moscow; pop. about 30,000. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop, and is tolerably well built, though mostly of wood, but is badly paved. It contains a great number of churches, the spires of which give the city a striking appearance at a distance. There are various schools, among others a lyceum richly endowed by Prince Demidoff, and possessed of valuable scientific collections. The principal manufactures consist of woollens, silk and cotton goods, leather, and tin ware; the trade in these and in grains is active. The city is one of the most ancient in Russia, and was once one of the most important, being the capital of the great principality of its name. It was partly destroyed by a conflagration in 1737.-Another old town of the same name, properly Jaroslaw, is situated on the San, in Austrian Galicia, circle of Przemysl; pop. about 7,000.

SAMUEL FARMAR, D.D., LL.D., an American clergyman, son of the preceding, born in Middletown, Conn., Jan. 20, 1786, died March 26, 1851. He was graduated at Yale college in 1805, was admitted to deacon's orders in the Protestant Episcopal church in March, 1810, and in April, 1811, was ordained to the priesthood. He then took charge of St. Michael's church, Bloomingdale, N. Y., and in 1813 became rector of St. James's church, which was near by, holding the associate rectorship of those parishes until May, 1819. In this year he held the post of professor of biblical criticism in the general theological seminary of the Episcopal church. The university of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1819. The next year he was chosen rector of St. Paul's church, Boston, where he remained for the following 6 years. In 1826 he resigned his parish, and went to Europe for the purpose of pursuing a special course of study connected with ecclesiastical history. He spent the following 9 years in visiting the principal great European libraries, and in researches in his favorite branch of learning, 6 years being passed in Italy. Returning to the United States in 1835, he filled for two years the professorship of oriental literature in Washington (now Trinity) college, Hartford. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1837 by this institution, and the same year he was elected rector of Christ's church, Middletown. In 1838 he was appointed by the general convention historiographer of the church. At Easter, 1842, he resigned his rectorship, and thenceforward devoted himself to his historical studies. Beside contributions to the "Church Review," sermons, and occasional addresses, Dr. Jarvis was the author of a "Discourse on the Religion of the Indian Tribes of North America" (8vo., New York, 1820); "Chronological Introduction to the History of the Church" (8vo., New York and London, 1844); "Reply to Dr. Milner's End of Controversy" (12mo., New York, 1847); and the "Church of the Redeemed, or the His

JARVES, JAMES JACKSON, an American author, born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 20, 1818. He received his early education in Boston, but on account of weakness of his eyes abandoned his college studies. In 1838, in consequence of ill health, he sailed for the Sandwich islands, and resided for several years in Honolulu, where he published the first newspaper ever printed there, called the "Polynesian." During his residence in the Sandwich islands, he travelled extensively in California, Mexico, and Central America. After his return to the United States he published a "History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands" (8vo., Boston, 1843); "Scenes and Scenery of the Sandwich Islands" (12mo., 1844); and "Scenes and Scenery in California" (1844). For several years past he has resided in Europe, chiefly in Florence, devoted to the study of art, and engaged in making a collection of pictures to form the nucleus of an American gallery. During this period he has published "Parisian Sights and French Principles," &c. (12mo., New York, 1855); "Art Hints" (8vo., London, and 12mo., New York, 1855); "Italian Sights and Papal Principles," &c. (1856); a

tory of the Mediatorial Kingdom" (8vo., vol. i., Boston, 1850). This last work was interrupted by the author's death.

JASHER, BOOK OF, a work cited in Joshua x. 13 and 2 Sam. i. 18, but no longer extant. Theodoret supposed the whole book of Joshua to be an extract from it; Jerome and some other authors, that it was identical with the book of Genesis; Bishop Lowth, from the poetical character of the citations from it, that it was a collection of national songs; others, that it included the whole Pentateuch, that it was a treatise on archery, and that it contained a series of biographies of just men. De Wette derives an argument in favor of the late composition of the book of Joshua, from its citing the book of Jasher, which points to the time of David. Dr. Donaldson regards the Old Testament as a careless elaboration of materials taken from the dismembered book of Jasher, which he attempts to restore to their original order. One reason of the interest connected with the book is that it is referred to (Josh. x. 13) as the authority for the standing still of the sun and moon. (See Donaldson, Jasher, Fragmenta Archetypa Carminum Hebraicorum in Masorethico Veteris Testamenti Textu passim Tessellata, 1854.)-A treatise on Jewish laws written by Rabbi Tham in the 13th century, and printed at Cracow in 1617, bears the title of "Book of Jasher." Another medieval work in Hebrew (Naples, 1625) bears the same title, and claims to have been discovered at the destruction of Jerusalem in possession of a concealed old man, and to have been brought thence to Spain, and preserved at Seville. In 1751 a Bristol type-founder, named Jacob Ilive, published a forgery entitled the "Book of Jasher, with Testimonies and Notes Explanatory of the Text; to which is prefixed Various Readings; translated into English by Alcuin of Britain, who went a pilgrimage into the Holy Land." This clumsy fraud was revived at Bristol, 1827; at London, 1833, edited by C. R. Bond; and at New York, 1840, edited by M. M. Noah.

JASMIN, JACQUES, a French provincial poet, often called the barber poet and the last of the troubadours, born in Agen, March 6, 1798. He was the child of a hunchbacked tailor and a lame mother, from whom he inherited little beside poverty, and the prediction, founded on the experience of many generations, that the Jasmins must inevitably die in the alms house. His childhood, the events of which are described in his piece entitled Mous soubenis ("My Souvenirs"), was one of privation and hunger; but these he might have endured with cheerfulness, of which he possessed an unfailing supply, had he not been tormented with an eager thirst for education, which the limited means of his parents did not admit of his receiving. At about the age of 12, however, he gained admittance into a priests' seminary, where for 2 years he made rapid progress in his studies. At the end of that period an act of youthful indiscretion caused his dismissal in disgrace, and a few

months later he was apprenticed to a barber and hair dresser in Agen. At about 18 years of age he was married and set up in business for himself. His leisure hours now, as during his apprenticeship, were devoted to the acquisition of knowledge; and from reading plays and romances he took to verse writing, which so alarmed his young wife that she persistently removed his pens and paper, and placed other obstacles in his path to authorship, in the belief that a close attention to his business was the best means of preserving the family from its hereditary misfortune. Jasmin obeyed the hint so far as to stick to his calling, which he has steadily practised down to the present time. No discouragement, however, could induce him to give up his passion for reading and writing verses; and gradually his rural songs, written in the langue d'Oc, the tongue of the southern troubadours, and still the language of the peasantry of southern France, found warm admirers among his friends and neighbors. In 1825 he ventured upon the publication of a burlesque poem, Lou chalibari ("The Charivari "), in which he showed himself a master of easy and natural versification, and of the idiom of his language. During the next 10 years he produced a variety of pieces, many of which were suggested by political events, and local tradition or romance, including his "Ode to Charity" (1830), "The Third of May" (1830), Soubenis (1832), and "Stanzas to the Scattered Remains of the Polish Nation" (1833). These were collected in 1835 and published in 2 vols. under the title of Las papillotos de Jasmin ("The Curl Papers of Jasmin"), in appropriate reference to the calling of the poet. His next piece, L'abuglo de Castel-Cuillé ("The Blind Girl of Castel Cuillé"), founded on a pathetic peasant legend of Guienne, is perhaps the most popular of all he has written, and has been frequently recited by the author in public or private assemblies. During a visit to Paris, the only one he ever made, he repeated the recitation of it 26 times in 15 days, on the last occasion in presence of Louis Philippe and the royal family at Neuilly. The poem is familiar to English readers through the translation by Longfellow. Françonette, produced in 1840, is his longest and most ambitious piece. Among his remaining works are a second series of the Papillotes (1843), Lous dus frays bessous (“The Two Twin Brothers," 1847), Maltro l'innoucento_(“Mad Martha"), and many minor pieces. The lan guage in which these works are written, though called a patois, is really an ancient and independent idiom, differing in but few respects from the language once common to the whole south of France, and at the present day is the vernacular tongue of a considerable portion of the French population. The fact, however, that it is not the French of the metropolis, and that all Jasmin's works have to be translated inte ordinary French to be intelligible to two thirds of the people, has detracted from the popularity which he would otherwise have enjoyed. In

the south of France, and particularly in Guienne and Gascony, not the slightest doubt is entertained that the "barber poet," as he is affectionately called, is one of the most illustrious names in literary history; and Jasmin himself, with a frankness quite unaffected, told Mr. Reach, who records the conversation in his book entitled "Claret and Olives, from the Garonne to the Rhone," that "God only made four Frenchmen poets, and their names are Corneille, La Fontaine, Béranger, and Jasmin." Jasmin is received upon his annual tours through the southern provinces with fêtes, banquets, and a variety of ovations, and his public recitations of his poems are attended by enthusiastic multitudes. He devotes to public charitable uses the large sums he frequently receives on these occasions, relying chiefly on his business for a support. It was doubtless in grateful remembrance of this trait that his professional brethren in Paris honored him during his visit to that city with a grand banquet. In personal appearance he is well built, with a massive head, piercing black eyes, and swarthy features, which would be heavy but for the over varying expressions which continually play over them. In his shop in Agen, on the front of which is a large sign, inscribed Jasmin, perruquier coiffeur de jeunes gens, he is generally to be found busily practising his trade. Testimonials of every description, awarded by cities, and persons distinguished in literature or public life, are scattered about in profusion, and the poet wears at his button hole the red ribbon of the cross of the legion of honor, and signs himself Jasmin, coiffur, de las académios d'Agen et de Bordéou. JASMINE, a flowering plant of several species, belonging to the natural order jasminacea. The common jasmine (jasminum officinale, Linn.) is an elegant, deciduous, climbing shrub, with white flowers of exquisite odor. It has long been cultivated in the garden, but the time of its introduction as well as its native country is unknown. In 1597 Gerarde mentions it as in common use in England for covering arbors. The name of jasmine is derived from another species, the J. Sambac, which is the yasmyn of the Arabs. This species is an evergreen shrub, and is held in high esteem both in the East and West Indies. At one time the only specimen known in Europe grew in the garden of the grand duke of Tuscany at Pisa, where, according to Evelyn, the plant was put under guard so that no cuttings might be purloined. A specimen was sent to Miller in 1730, by which means the species was restored to cultivation in England, having been previously lost from the Hampton Court garden, where it grew at the end of the 17th century. It is now a common greenhouse shrub; and a variety of it is known with double flowers. The Italian jasmine (J. humile) has yellow blossoms, which are also very odoriferous; in Madeira, where it grows wild, it is an erect shrub from 3 to 4 feet high, and flowers from June to September. It derives its trivial name from being annually imported with dwarf VOL. IX.-47

orange trees from Genoa into England. The revolute-flowered jasmine (J. revolutum, Ker) is a native of Hindostan and of Nepaul, having shining leaves and bright yellow flowers. It was introduced into England in 1812, and was at first treated there as a greenhouse plant, but has since been considered in that country as a wall shrub, where it attains the height of 15 feet. It is said to grow finely and blossom freely in any kind of soil. The sweetest scented sort is the J. odoratissimum, from Madeira, having yellow flowers. The Azorean jasmine (J. Azoricum) has climbing stems, which also twine; the leaves are trifoliate, and the flowers are white. A species from the Cape of Good Hope is known as the glaucous jasmine (J. glaucum), with lanceolate leaves like those of the common privet, and with white flowers larger than those of the common jasmine, which they otherwise resemble. These last 3 are considered to be only half hardy even in England. The blossoms of the chumbelee (J. grandiflorum) are strung upon threads and worn among the hair by the native women of those parts of the East Indies where it is found indigenous. The jasmines are all twining or rambling shrubs, with simple or else compound, mostly evergreen leaves, and with white or yellow highly scented flowers. They are readily propagated from cuttings, and may be trained to walls or grown in pots, the latter method being proper in our northern states. The jasmines are chiefly inhabitants of tropical India, abounding in all parts of the country. Only a single species is mentioned as belonging to South America, but an allied genus, Bolivaria, represents them in at least 3 species on that continent. A fine East Indian shrub belonging to the same natural order is the nyctanthes arbor tristis, whose shortlived blossoms of a few hours' duration scent the garden at night only, with an exquisite perfume.-The genuine oil of jasmine of the shops is obtained from the common jasmine and the great-flowered jasmine, but a similar perfume is derived from the Sambac. In India the root of J. angustifolium, which is extremely bitter, is used as an external application to cases of ringworm. Some other species with bitter leaves have been considered as stomachics or as affording agreeable cephalic medicines. JASON. See ARGONAUTS.

JASPER, a variety of the quartz family occurring in the form of rocky masses, which often make up the greater portion of hills of considerable size. It is of various shades of red, yellow, brown, and green, the colors sometimes arranged in stripes, when it is called ribbon jasper. The hues are derived mostly from iron in different degrees of oxidation, and the stripes are sometimes found to be the marks of former stratification of the rock, which are retained in the metamorphic product, and sometimes presented in a brecciated appearance resulting from the forcible breaking up of the strata. From the extreme hardness of the stone and its susceptibility of taking a high polish, it is much

used for ornamental purposes, having similar applications to porphyry. Bloodstone or heliotrope is a deep green variety of jasper with blood-red spots. Lydian stone or touchstone is a velvet-black, flinty variety, used for testing the purity of alloys of gold. The alloy is rubbed upon the stone so as to leave upon it a metallic streak, and the quality is estimated by the color produced on applying nitric acid. (See GOLD.) The fitness of the stone for this use arises from its easily abrading the metal, not being itself affected by the acid, and presenting a dark smooth ground best adapted for exhibiting shades of color. Mr. Atkinson, in his work on "Oriental and Western Siberia" (1858), speaks of the jasper in the upper valleys of the Ural, and found himself some beautiful specimens of it in a ravine on the banks of the river Irtish, some of the rocks there being jasper of a dark reddish brown and others of a deep purple. He observed blocks of a beautiful dark green jasper on the banks of the Mein, in the neighborhood of the Tcherney (Black) Beryl, and in several other localities; also jasper of a deep red color in the valley of the Eremil. The principal deposit of jasper is the gorge of the Korgon. The labor of cutting out the large blocks is enormous; the workmen drill holes 5 inches apart the whole length of the block, and to the depth required; into these they drive dry birch-wood pins, which they keep wet till they swell and burst off the mass. The workmen arrive at the Korgon in May, and remain there until September, when they return to their homes, some of which are at a distance of 400 to 500 m. Small stone huts are built against the precipices at the bottom of the ravine, where they live, stowed away in filth and wretchedness, feeding upon black bread and salt, and receiving their poor pittance of 62 cts. a month. Several cases of this jasper were exhibited in the London crystal palace in 1851, and a medal was awarded to them.

JASPER, the name of 7 counties in the United States. I. A central co. of Ga., bounded W. by the Ocmulgee river; area, 480 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 9,968, of whom 6,084 were slaves. The surface is uneven and the soil moderately fertile. The productions in 1850 were 460,680 bushels of Indian corn, 62,898 of oats, 78,734 of sweet potatoes, 9,899 bales of cotton, and 3,420 lbs. of rice. There were 5 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 27 churches, and 213 pupils attending public schools. Gold, iron, granite, jasper, and garnets are found in the county. Value of land in 1856, $1,568,605. Organized in 1807, and named in honor of Sergeant Jasper. Capital, Monticello. II. A S. E. co. of Miss., drained by Tallahoma river; area, 650 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,184, of whom 1,887 were slaves. The surface is uneven and the soil fertile. The productions in 1858 were 209,691 bushels of Indian corn, 78,945 of sweet potatoes, 39,110 lbs. of rice, and 1,442 bales of cotton. There were 8 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 1 newspaper office, 14 churches, and 339 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Paulding.

III. A S. E. co. of Texas, bounded W. by the Neches river, which is here navigable by steamboats, and drained by Angelina river; area, 918 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 3,269, of whom 1,198 were slaves. The surface is undulating and hilly and well timbered. The soil is thin, but in the neighborhood of the streams very fertile; a large part of it is devoted to pasturage. The productions in 1850 were 44,498 bushels of Indian corn, 15,745 of sweet potatoes, and 359 bales of cotton. There were 6 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 1 church, and 140 pupils attending public schools. Value of land in 1858, $273,920. Capital, Jasper. IV. A N. W. co. of Ind., bordering on Ill., bounded N. by Kankakee river; area, 984 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 3,540. The surface is mostly a level prairie, diversified with tracts of timber, and composed partly of the Kankakee marshes or wet prairies, The soil is suitable for pasturage. The produc tions in 1850 were 250,895 bushels of Indian corn, 9,051 of wheat, 27,376 of oats, 3,822 tons of hay, and 10,811 lbs. of wool. There were 3 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 1 church, and 238 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Rensselaer. V. A S. E. co. of Ill., intersected by Embarras river; area, 484 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 6,842. It has a level and in some places marshy sur face, about of which is occupied by prairies. Much of the soil is fertile. The productions in 1850 were 132,585 bushels of Indian corn, 3,540 of wheat, 19,620 of oats, and 4,369 lbs. of wool. There were 2 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 7 churches and 180 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Newton. VI. A S. W. co. of Mo., bordering on Kansas, and drained by Spring river; area, 980 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 5,223, of whom 289 were slaves. It has an undulating surface and a good soil. The productions in 1850 were 275,116 bushels of Indian corn, 16,909 of wheat, 63,265 of oats, 201 tons of hay, and 11,775 lbs. of wool. There were 5 grist mills, 5 saw mills, 8 churches, and 369 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Carthage. VII. A central co. of Iowa, traversed by Skunk river and the N. fork of that stream; area, 720 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 9,195. It has an undulating surface, occupied in great part by fertile prairies, and thinly timbered. Coal is abundant. The productions in 1859 were 609,156 bushels of Indian corn, 16,991 of wheat, 10,199 of oats, 30,694 of potatoes, 18,672 lbs. of wool, 132,058 of butter, 8,545 tons of hay, and 18,713 galls. of molasses. Capital, Newton.

JASPER, WILLIAM, an American revolutionary soldier, born in South Carolina about 1750 killed at the assault on Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779. At the commencement of the revolutionary w he enlisted in the 2d S. C. regiment, in which he became a sergeant. Subsequently, in the attack upon Fort Moultrie by a British fleet, be distinguished himself by leaping through an enbrasure to the ground, under a shower of can non balls, and recovering the flag of South Caro lina, which had been shot off. On this occasion Gov. Rutledge presented him with his own

sword, and offered him a lieutenant's commission; this, however, Jasper, who could scarcely read or write, refused, saying: "I am not fit to keep officers' company; I am but a sergeant." His commander, Col. Moultrie, appreciating his bravery and coolness, gave him a roving commission to scour the country with a few men, and surprise and capture the enemy's outposts. His achievements in this capacity seem to belong to romance rather than history, and in boldness equal any recorded in the revolutionary annals of the southern states. Prominent among them was the rescue by himself and a single comrade of some American captives from a party of British soldiers, whom he overpowered and made prisoners. At the assault upon Savannah he was in the column which under D'Estaing and Lincoln attacked the Spring Hill redoubt, and received his death wound while fastening to the parapet the standard which had been presented to his regiment by Mrs. Elliott. His hold, however, never relaxed, and he bore the colors to a place of safety before he died. His last words were: "Tell Mrs. Elliott I lost my life supporting the colors she presented to our regiment." A county of Georgia and a square in Savannah have been named after him. JASSY, the capital of Moldavia, in European Turkey, on the Baglui, a tributary of the Pruth, lat. 47° 8' N., long. 27° 30' E.; pop. about 60,000. It is built partly on a hill and partly in a valley; and as many of the houses are surrounded by gardens, it covers a comparatively large space. It has few spacious streets, but a great number of churches and convents, among which the metropolitan church of St. Nicholas and the church of Three Saints are particularly remarkable. There are also several palaces belonging to distinguished boyar families, and in the vicinity of the city the princely summer residence Copola attracts the attention of travellers. There are various schools, a large bazaar, and public baths. The trade of the city is in great part in the hands of the Jews, who form a considerable part of the population. The manufactures are unimportant. Jassy is the Jassiorum Municipium of the Romans, so called from the Jassii, a people of Dacia. Trajan built here a residence, which was destroyed by fire in the last century. Conflagrations frequently visit the city; one of the most disastrous happened in 1822. A peace was concluded here in 1792 between the Russians and Turks. In the wars of these nations, including the last, Jassy was often the headquarters of the contending armies. JAUBERT, PIERRE AMÉDÉE ÉMILIEN PROBE, chevalier, a French orientalist, born in Aix, June, 3, 1779, died in Paris, Jan. 28, 1847. A graduate of the school for the oriental languages, he was in 1798 appointed assistant interpreter in the French expedition to Egypt, was of great service to Bonaparte in his intercourse with the people of Syria, and accompanied him on his return to France. After the 18th Brumaire he was appointed secretary interpreter of the government, and professor of

the Turkish language in the oriental school in Paris. In 1802 he accompanied Col. Sebastiani in his mission to Egypt, Syria, and the Ionian islands. Attached in 1804 to the embassy of Gen. Brune at Constantinople, he aided in obtaining the acknowledgment by the Porte of Napoleon as emperor of the French. In 1805 he started on a mission to Persia, was stopped on his way by the pasha of Bayazid, who wanted to appropriate the splendid presents sent to the shah, and was for nearly 4 months incarcerated in a cistern. Released from his prison by the death of his persecutor, he reached the residence of Futteh Ali Shah, who received him with distinction. On his return, Napoleon granted him a pension and several offices and honorary rewards, and finally appointed him chargé d'affaires to Constantinople. In 1818 he travelled again through the East, and brought to France a herd of those Thibetan goats whose hair is used in the manufacture of shawls. For the rest of his life he was exclusively engaged in his duties as a professor and translator of the oriental languages. He was made a member of the academy of inscriptions in 1830, and under Louis Philippe was promoted to a peerage, to the professorship of the Persian language at the college of France, and the directorship of the oriental school. The most important of his publications are: Voyage en Arménie et en Perse (8vo., Paris, 1821); Éléments de la grammaire Turque (4to., 1823); and a French translation of Edrisi's Arabian geography (2 vols. 4to., 1837-'41).

JAUNDICE (Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow), a disease known by the yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, the color of the skin sometimes becoming yellowish green or brown, the stools being usually whitish, and the course of the bile obstructed. Epidemics of jaundice have been observed, especially during and after military campaigns, during sieges, &c.; and the disease is sometimes endemic, as in damp localities exposed to high temperatures. The attack is usually preceded by symptoms of disorder of the liver and digestive organs, such as loss of appetite, irregular bowels, or constipation, colic pains, nausea, headache, languor; uneasiness in the region of the stomach and liver; thirst, unpleasant taste in the mouth, tongue loaded at the base; feeling of sinking, &c. Sooner or later the yellowness of surface appears; sometimes this is the first symptom, and it usually takes in order the eye, the face, neck, chest, and then the whole body. At first a light yellow, it deepens to a golden or orange hue, sometimes greenish. The color may appear in parts of the surface only, in a palsied side, the face, or a single eye; or while yellow in some parts, it may be green or almost black in others, constituting what is known as the black jaundice. The yellow tinge of visible obects, showing that the coloring matter has diffused itself through the humors of the eye, undoubtedly occurs, but is somewhat rare. The perspiration is yellowish. Fever, with quick