2,592 were slaves. It has a nearly level surface, is well timbered, and has a fertile soil, suitable for grain, grass, and the vine. The productions in 1850 were 562,280 bushels of Indian corn, 70,553 of oats, 5,212 bales of cotton, 65,720 lbs. of tobacco, and 66,898 of butter. There were 30 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 9 churches, and 800 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Lexington. IV. A N.W. co. of Ky., separated from Ind. on the N. by the Ohio river, and drained also by Green river; area, 725 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 12,171, of whom 4,397 were slaves. It abounds in coal, has a hilly surface, and is fertile in grain and tobacco. The productions in 1850 were 926,865 bushels of Indian corn, 71,618 of oats, 4,292,960 lbs. of tobacco, and 16,259 of wool. There were 4 saw mills, 2 newspaper offices, 15 churches, and 511 pupils attending public schools. A railroad has been projected to pass through this county, connecting Nashville, Tenn., with a point on the Ohio opposite Evansville, Ind.; and another to run from the town of Henderson to the junction of the Ohio and Cumberland rivers. Value of real estate in 1855, $2,507,559. Capital, Henderson. V. A W. co. of Ill., bordering on Iowa, bounded W. by the Mississippi, and drained by Henderson river and other streams; area, 390 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 7,128. It has a diversified surface, occupied by fertile prairies and tracts of timber. The productions in 1850 were 352,840 bushels of Indian corn, 121,775 of wheat, 52,622 of oats, and 2,813 tons of hay. There were 4 grist mills, 6 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 7 churches, and 500 pupils attending public schools. Coal and limestone are found. The Peoria, Oquawka, and E. Burlington railroad passes through the county. Capital, Oquawka.

HENDRICKS, a central co. of Ind., drained by Whitelick and Eel rivers; area, 389 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 14,083. It has a level and well timbered surface, and a fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 775,539 bushels of Indian corn, 80,814 of wheat, 75,154 of oats, and 4,934 tons of hay. There were 20 grist mills, 36 saw mills, 11 tanneries, 1 newspaper office, 33 churches, and 3,176 pupils attending public schools. The Terre Haute and Richmond railroad passes through the county. Capital, Danville.

HENFREY, ARTHUR, an English botanist, born about 1800, studied at St. Bartholomew's hospital to prepare himself for the medical profession. As early as 1844 he published his work on "Anatomical Manipulations," in which he had been assisted by Mr. Tulk. He afterward devoted himself exclusively to botany, and published in 1847 his "Outlines of Structural and Physiological Botany," subsequently the "Rudiments of Botany," and in 1852 "The Vegetation of Europe," a condensed view of the botany of Europe. In 1857 appeared his principal work, "An Elementary Course of Botany, Structural, Physiological, and Systematic, with a Brief Outline of the Geographical

and Geological Distribution of the Plants.” The "Micrographic Dictionary," which he edited in concert with Dr. Griffith, and to which he contributed all the articles on vegetable physiology, was also completed in 1857. Mr. Henfrey is an active contributor to scientific periodicals, has translated many botanical works from the German, and constructed the maps and wrote the letterpress on the geographical distribution of plants in Johnston's "Physical Atlas." He is examiner in natural science to the royal military academy and to the society of arts, is a fellow of the royal and Linnæan societies, and in 1854 succeeded Edward Forbes as professor of botany at King's college, London.

HENGIST, in English history, the name of a Jutish prince, founder of the kingdom of Kent, who is said to have died about 488, but whose very existence is doubted by recent historians. He was a reputed descendant of Woden, and in company with his brother Horsa, having sailed on a marauding expedition with some 300 men in 3 vessels, landed in 449 on the British coast at Ebbsfleet, near Richborough, in the isle of Thanet. Finding the British chieftains in need of assistance against the Picts and Scots, the Saxons agreed to assist in repelling the northern invaders, and, having been reënforced by 1,300 of their countrymen, they defeated them with such slaughter as effectually put a stop to their incursions, and the Britons hoped thenceforth to enjoy peace under the protection of the valiant Saxons. Hengist and his brother, however, perceiving the feebleness of their employers, forthwith sent envoys to their native country, who returned shortly with an army of 5,000 men. They brought with them also the princess Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, who acted as cup-bearer at a feast given by her father to Vortigern, the principal British king. Vortigern became enamored of the Saxon beauty, and demanded her in marriage, to which Hengist consented. The Britons, alarmed at all these proceedings, intimated to their auxiliaries that the time was now arrived for their departure. Hengist and Horsa upon this threw off the mask, allied themselves with the northern tribes whom they had lately repelled, and made war upon the Britons, spreading havoc and desolation, according to the venerable Bede, from the "East sea to the West." The Britons formed a more vigorous system of defence, and, having deposed Vortigern, marched under the leadership of his son Vortimer. Hengist and Horsa were defeated in 3 battles, Horsa was slain in action at Eaglesford, now Aylesford (455), and Hengist then withdrew to his native country. The death of Vortimer was the signal for Hengist's return. His forces were much augmented, but it is related that he had recourse to perfidy in order to obtain a footing. He is represented as soliciting a treaty of peace with his son-in-law Vortigern, who had been restored to power among the Britons. latter, trusting in the honor of the Saxon, invited his people to a great feast at Stonehenge,

The

where, on a signal from Hengist, a fearful massacre took place. The life of Vortigern was spared; but the result was the speedy conquest of the whole southern country. Meanwhile, Ambrosius, a Briton of Roman descent, endeavored to reunite his countrymen. Hengist received large reenforcements, under the command of another brother named Octa, and of Ebissa the son of Octa, who occupied Northumberland. He remained himself in the south, completing his conquests in a great battle at Crayford, in 457. The Britons filed in terror to London, having lost the flower of their warriors in this defeat, and abandoned Kent. The kingdom which bore this name under Hengist is said to have consisted of the county so called, Middlesex, Essex, Sussex, and part of Surrey, though Sharon Turner restricts it to Kent proper. The victor established his court at Canterbury, and reigned about 30 years. The Britons meanwhile had made several desperate exertions to expel him. Their last effort (473) was conclusive of their destinies, as, suffering a more signal defeat than ever, they are declared to have fled from the Saxons as from fire. The romantic character of the British tradition of these two princes has been fully established by modern historians; and Lappenberg has shown in his "History of England" that the AngloSaxon stories on the subject are also purely mythical.

HENGSTENBERG, ERNST WILHELM, a German theologian, born in Fröndenberg, Westphalia, Oct. 20, 1802. He studied philology, especially the oriental languages, at Bonn, where he belonged to an association of liberal and progressive students. In 1823 he went as a private tutor to Basel. In 1824 he became Privatdocent of theology at the university of Berlin, and soon gained the reputation of being one of the ablest representatives of the orthodox theology in Germany. In 1826 he became extraordinary professor, and in 1828 ordinary professor of Old Testament exegesis at the same university. He soon acquired a commanding influence in the church by the publication or the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung (1827), which marks a turning point in the history of the German Protestant church. It was started as the common organ of the evangelical party in the church and the conservative aristocratic party in the state. Among its founders and contributors were a large number of the most celebrated names in Germany, including Otto and Ludwig von Gerlach, Neander, Tholuck, Lange, Huber, Stahl, Vilmar, and Leo. Hengstenberg, however, soon fell out with the theologians who were attached more to evangelical-biblical than orthodox Lutheran principles, and his journal became more and more the organ of a high church Lutheran party. He opposed the revolutions of 1848 and 1849; and after the success of the counter-revolution in Prussia in 1849, he was believed to rule, by his influence, in union with Stahl and Gerlach, both church and state. This influence ceased

when, in Nov. 1858, the prince regent appointed a new ministry. The policy of the new minister of public worship, Bethmann Hollweg, was considered by Hengstenberg as so disastrous to the best interests of the church, that he spoke of a secession of the whole Lutheran party from the state church as perhaps soon to become a necessity. The order of freemasons, although the prince of Prussia was known to be one of its chief patrons, was denounced by him in a series of severe articles as deistic and infidel. Hengstenberg's first work was a translation of the "Metaphysics" of Aristotle (1824). All his succeeding works were devoted to the interpretation of the Bible, and to the defence of its genuineness, integrity, inspiration, and divine authority, against the attacks of modern critical and sceptical schools. Most of them have been translated into English, and are published in Clark's "Foreign Theological Library." The most celebrated among them is his Christologie des Alten Testaments (Berlin, 1829-35; 2d ed. 1854-5; translated by Dr. R. Keith, 3 vols. 8vo., Alexandria, 1836-'9), containing a ful! exposition of all the Messianic prophecies. His Commentar über die Psalmen is regarded as a masterpiece of orthodox exegetical theology. It was translated into English, and furnished the groundwork for the more condensed commentary of Dr. Alexander of Princeton on the same book. His other works are: Beiträge zur Einleitung ins Alte Testament (3 vols., 183119); Die Bücher Mosis und Agypten (1841; English translation by R. D. C. Robbins, Andover, 1843); Die wichtigsten und schwierigsten Abschnitte des Pentateuchs (1842); Commen tar über die Offenbarung Johannis (2 vols., 1850), which has been received with much less favor than his works on the Old Testament. He regards the millennium as something past, and dates it from the downfall of German heathenism to modern infidelity and revolutions.

HENKE, ADOLF CHRISTIAN HEINRICH, a German professor of medicine, born in Brunswick, April 12, 1775, died there, Aug. 8, 1843. For some time he practised his profession in his native city; in 1816 he became professor of physi ology, pathology, and medical jurisprudence at Erlangen, and in 1818 of therapeutics and clinique. He was chiefly distinguished by his contributions to the science of medical jurisprudence. His Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin passed through 12 editions from 1812 to 1851. His Zeitschrift für Staats-Arzneikunde has been continued since his death, and since 1850 by Behrends. Among his other principal works are: Handbuch zur Erkenntniss und Heilung der Kinderkrankheiten (Frankf., 1809; 4th ed. 1837), and Darstellung der Verbündeten gegen Napoleon in den Jahren 1813-'15 (4 vols., 1814-'16).-HERMANN WILHELM EDUARD, brother of the preceding, born in Brunswick, Sept. 28, 1783, has been since 1833 professor of jurisprudence at Halle. Among his principal works is his Handbuch des Criminalrechts und der Criminalpolitik (4 vols., Berlin, 1823-'8).

HENKLE, MOSES MONTGOMERY, an American clergyman, born in Virginia, March 23, 1798. In 1819 he entered the ministry, and became a missionary to the Wyandot Indians. In 1822 he conducted a religious magazine, and has often since been connected with the press. He was elected joint editor of the church paper at Nashville, Tenn., in 1845, and in 1847 established the "Southern Ladies' Companion," and edited it for 8 years. He has published a volume of masonic addresses (1848); "Primary Platform of Methodism" (1851); " Analysis of Church Government" (1852); "Life of Bishop Bascom" (1853); “Primitive Episcopacy" (1856).

HENLE, FRIEDRICH GUSTAV JAKOB, or according to some authorities, JULIUS, a German physiologist and anatomist, born in Fürth, Franconia, July 9, 1809. He studied medicine at Heidelberg and at Bonn, receiving his degree of doctor in the latter place in 1832, and subsequently went to Berlin, where, through the recommendation of Johann Müller, he was appointed assistant at the anatomical museum. În 1834 he became prosector to the medical faculty of the university, an office recently vacated by Müller; but having been convicted of affiliating with the secret societies of the students called the Burschenschaften, he was imprisoned, and, though soon after pardoned and released, was not able until 1837 to establish himself in the university as a private tutor. For 3 years he gave instructions in pathology and in microscopic anatomy, the latter a branch of science which he was the first to develop; and in 1840 he accepted the professorship of anatomy and zoology in the university of Zürich. Previous to this he had been a contributor to the "Annual Reports" of Canstatt, and had published Ueber Schleim- und Eiterbildung (Berlin, 1838); Vergleichende Anatomie des Kehlkopfes (Leipsic, 1839), describing the development of the larynx in animals, from man down to the lowest types of creation; and Pathologische Untersuchungen (Berlin, 1840), a series of observations on the nervous system, the periodical nature of certain maladies, miasma, &c. While at Zürich he aided Pfeuffer in establishing the Journal de médecine rationelle. Between 1844 and 1852 he filled the chair of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and anthropology at Heidelberg, his lectures on the latter branch having attracted many pupils from all departments of the university. Within this period appeared his Handbuch der rationellen Pathologie, his most important contribution to science. Since 1852 he has been professor of anatomy and director of the anatomical institute at Göttingen. Belonging to the so called physiological school in pathology, he has defined his scientific position in an able review of former medical theories and methods, in which he also urges a systematic arrangement of the physiological facts which recent observations upon the body in disease have evolved. His employment of the achromatic microscope for anatomical purposes opened a wide and interesting

field of observation to scientific men. Among his remaining works are: Handbuch der allgemeinen Anatomie (Berlin, 1841), Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen (3 vols., Brunswick, 1855), &c., the latter work ranking next in importance to his treatise on pathology.

HENLEY, JOHN, an English clergyman, better known as "Orator Henley," born in Melton Mowbray, Aug. 3, 1692, died Oct. 14, 1756. He was a son of the vicar of his native place, entered St. John's college, Cambridge, at the age of 17, and while an undergraduate addressed to the "Spectator" two letters of indifferent wit which were published in numbers 396 and 518. On leaving the university he taught school with reputation at Melton, and having taken orders was made assistant curate of the same parish. Soon afterward he resigned this position and went to London, where he was chosen assistant preacher at Ormond street and Bloomsbury chapels. In 1723 he obtained the living of Chelmondiston, Suffolk, with the privilege of non-residence; but reports having been spread damaging to his reputation, the bishop ordered him to remove to his parish, whereupon he resigned the living. He now rented a building in Newport market, and fitted it up as a place of worship. "The Oratory," as he called it, was opened in 1726, and for about 30 years he continued to lecture twice a week to large audiences, composed mainly of the lowest classes of the people. All except those who rented seats were charged a shilling for admittance. He endeavored to found a new sect to be called Henleyarians, and drew up a form of prayer under the title of the "Primitive Liturgy," discarding the Nicene and Athanasian creeds. He also conceived the idea of connecting with his system an enlarged course of liberal education under a corps of competent professors, of whom he should be the president, but the scheme was not carried out. For some time he edited a weekly journal of nonsense called the "Hyp-Doctor," designed to ridicule the arguments of the "Craftsman," for which he received from Sir Robert Walpole £100 a year. When this gratuity was withdrawn, he became so violent an opponent of government that in 1746 some adherents of the ministry broke up one of his Sunday evening meetings by force and caused him to be arrested, but he was soon set at liberty. He used to put forth the most preposterous announcements in order to attract hearers. On one occasion he advertised to teach shoemakers a short way of making shoes, which was by cutting off the tops of ready-made boots. He interlarded his orations with satire, invective, and buffoonery, and accompanied them with all the extravagances of a theatrical delivery

Tuning his voice and balancing his hands;

his object being, as he said, to keep the congregation awake. He delighted in the title of restorer of ancient eloquence," and Pope thus apostrophized him in the "Dunciad:"

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O great restorer of the good old stage,
Preacher at once and zany of thy age!
O worthy thou of Egypt's wise abodes,

A decent priest where monkeys were the gods! Notwithstanding this character by which he is now almost exclusively known, Henley was a man of learning and a diligent student. He wrote a poem entitled "Esther," which is said to contain fine passages; a "Compleat Linguist, or an Universal Grammar of all the Considerable Tongues in Being" (8vo., London, 1719-21); a "History of Sweden;" a number of pamphlets, various controversial pieces, and the "Oratory Transactions," published in numbers. HENNA, a pigment obtained from a shrub of the genus Lawsonia (Willdenow), belonging to the natural order lythracea, found in Asia and Africa, of easy culture and propagation. The genus consists of but two species, L. spinosa and L. inermis. The latter is termed in Arabia the henna plant, and bears abundantly corymbose, white, and very fragrant flowers; the leaves are smooth, opposite, oval, and lanceolate. It is much cultivated in Egypt, and is exported from thence to Persia and the Indies. The pigment is yellow, and is obtained by powdering the dried leaves, and making them into a paste with hot water. It is used by women to color their nails and the ends of their fingers, and men frequently dye their beards with it, changing the yellow color to black by the subsequent application of indigo. The yellow color on the nails of some of the Egyptian mummies has by some been supposed to be derived from henna.

HENNEPIN, an E. co. of Minn., bounded E. by the Mississippi, N. by Crow river, and S. W. by the Minnesota or St. Peter's; pop. in 1857, 13,064. It has an undulating surface, covered with good timber, and contains Minnetanka lake. It was named in honor of the French missionary and explorer of this region, Louis Hennepin. Capital, Minneapolis.

HENNEPIN, LOUIS, a Franciscan (Recollect) missionary and explorer of the Mississippi river, born at Ath, Belgium, about 1640, died in Holland subsequent to 1699. After his entrance into the Franciscan order, his roving disposition was gratified by a tour through Germany and Italy, at the close of which he was settled for a year as preacher at Hal in Belgium. His superiors then sent him to Artois, whence, after begging at Calais and Dunkirk, where he acquired a taste for the sea by loitering whole days around sailors' eating houses, he journeyed to Holland, and for 8 months had charge of a hospital at Maestricht. At the battle of Senef, between the prince of Condé and William of Orange, in 1674, he was present as regimental chaplain. The next year he was ordered to Canada, and embarked at La Rochelle in company with Bishop Laval, whose favor he managed to secure on the voyage, and with the sieur de la Salle. He preached for a while at Quebec, but his love of adventure seems to have been stronger than his taste for the ministry. In 1676 he went to the Indian mission at Fort Frontenac,

whence he visited the Five Nations and the Dutch settlement at Albany. In 1678, having returned to Quebec, he was attached to La Salle's expedition, and, in company with the chevalier de Tonty and the sieur de la Motte, was ordered to sail from Fort Frontenac to Niagara, and there construct a vessel for navigating the lakes above the falls. This accomplished, La Salle joined the party, and on Aug. 7, 1679, the adventurers began their voyage on Lake Erie. They passed through Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, to the mouth of the St. Joseph's river, ascended this in canoes to the portage, carried their frail barks 5 or 6 miles by land to the Kankakee, and floated down this stream and the Iroquois to the Illinois, on the banks of which they built Fort Crèvecœur near the present site of Peoria. After a delay of two months at this place, La Salle returned to Fort Frontenac for supplies, charging Father Hennepin with a voyage of discovery to the sources of the Mississippi, which had never been explored above the mouth of the Wisconsin. Accompanied by Picard du Gay and Michel Ako, he set out in a canoe, Feb. 29, 1680, followed the Illinois to its mouth, and ascended the Mississippi to the falls of St. Anthony, which he was the first European to see, and which he named in honor of his patron saint. This was on April 30. Arriving at the mouth of the St. Francis river, in what is now the state of Minnesota, he travelled by land about 180 miles along its banks, naming it in honor of the founder of his order, and visited the Sioux Indians, whom he mentions by the names Issati and Nadouessioux. He staid with them three months, being according to his own account held in captivity, and then, meeting a party of Frenchmen who had come into the country by way of Lake Superior, returned with them to Canada, descending the Mississippi to the Wisconsin, and passing up that river and down the Fox, and so through Green bay to Lake Michigan. From Quebec he sailed for France, where he published in 1683 his Description de la Louisiane, nouvellement découverte au sud-ouest de la Nouvelle-France, &c. (12mo., Paris), containing the fullest published account of La Salle's first expedition, a history of his second voyage, and of Hennepin's own explorations, with a description of the upper Mississippi. Notwithstanding the writer's vanity and fondness for exaggeration, the work is valuable. Hennepin was now appointed guardian of a convent at Renty in Artois; but refusing to return to America in obedience to his ecclesiastical superiors, he was compelled to leave France, and entered the service of William III. of England. He put off his clerical dress in Holland about 1697, but to the end of his life seems to have written himself: "Recollect missionary and apostolic notary." In 1697, 10 years after La Salle's death, Hennepin published his extraordinary Nouvelle découverte d'un très-grand pays situé dans l'Amérique entre le Nouveau Mexique et la Mer Glaciale, &c, (12mo.,

Utrecht), reprinted the next year under the title, Nouveau voyage dans un pays plus grand que l'Europe, &c. In this work, which embodies his Description de la Louisiane, written anew and enlarged, he claims to have descended to the mouth of the Mississippi, and to have been the first European who floated on that river. He gives a description of the scenery, Indian tribes, and distances along the route, with a minuteness which easily gained him credit for veracity, and explained his long silence on this important point by saying that he feared the enmity of La Salle, who had ordered him to follow a different course, and who prided himself upon his own claims as the first who descended the Mississippi to the gulf of Mexico. Notwithstanding the utter impossibility of reconciling the dates given in Hennepin's narrative, the story obtained general credence until its falseness was exposed by Mr. Jared Sparks. (See "Life of La Salle," by Sparks, in the "Library of American Biography.") Hennepin "is now remembered," says Bancroft, "not merely as a light-hearted, ambitious, daring discoverer, but also as a boastful liar."

HENNINGSEN, CHARLES FREDERIC, an English author and soldier, of Scandinavian extraction, born in 1815. In 1834 he entered as a volunteer the service of Don Carlos, the claimant of the Spanish throne. The war was then at its height, and young Henningsen speedily rose to be captain of Zumalacarregui's body guard. On the conclusion of the convention negotiated by Lord Eliot and Col. Gurwood, he returned to England. He subsequently went back to Spain with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and served with the Carlist forces in many engagements. He was attached to the expedition which marched on Madrid from Aragon, and after the battle of Villas de los Navarros, he was raised to the rank of colonel, and placed in command of the cavalry. When within 3 miles of Madrid, he was at tacked by the queen's horse in great force, but finally succeeded in breaking the ranks of the enemy. A few days afterward he was taken prisoner, and released on parole not to serve again during the war. He next served in the Russian army in Circassia, on which territory he drew up an important military report. On his return to England, he wrote his "Revelations of Russia," translated into French by Cyprien Robert and published in Paris (3 vols., 1845). Now known by his writings as an anticzarist, he was welcomed by the insurrectionary leaders of Hungary, when the crisis in that country was approaching. A plan of campaign proposed by Henningsen was so highly approved of, especially by Gen. Guyon, that he was to be appointed military and civil commander of the fortress of Comorn. When the struggle was over, he visited. Kossuth, then detained at Kutaieh, in Asia Minor. He next visited Italy, making the overland journey from Constantinople, passing through Albania, and crossing the Adriatic, under circumstances of great peril,

Henningsen reached the United States shortly after Kossuth, and remained here as a representative of Hungarian interests. When the contest in Nicaragua began to assume serious proportions, he was invited to join the forces of Gen. Walker; and having consented to do so on certain conditions, he was immediately on his arrival in that country appointed major-general. He remained with the army from Oct. 1856, until its surrender to Commander Davis, U. S. N., in May, 1857. He was second in command at the battle of the Transit, Nov. 11, and in the 3 days' combat at Masaya. Having thrown himself into Granada with 416 persons, 140 of whom were women, children, and wounded, he was surrounded by 2,800 troops of San Salvador and Guatemala, afterward increased to 4,000. Burning the city, he fought his way to the lake with a loss of 230 killed, wounded, or carried off by cholera; and there being joined by a reënforcement of 130 men, he routed the allies, inflicting on them an enormous loss. He commanded at the battle of Obraje, and was second in command at the 3d and 4th battles of San Jorge. He directed the defence of Rivas, March 23 and April 11, when the allies who penetrated into the town were all killed or captured. Gen. Henningsen is now a citizen of the United States, and is married to a niece of the late John Macpherson Berrien, for many years U. S. senator from Georgia. His speciality in arms is artillery, but he has also given great attention to the improvement of small arms, having in fact superintended the construction of the first Minié rifles ever made in the United States. He is the author of "Twelve Months' Campaign with Zumalacarregui; "The White Slave," a novel; "Eastern Europe;" "Sixty Years Hence," a novel of Russian life; "Analogies and Contrasts;" and various other works, all published in London.

HENRICO, a S. E. co. of Va., bounded S. W. by James river, and N. E. by the Chickahominy; area, 291 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 43,572, of whom 16,109 were slaves. The surface is diversified with hills of no great height; bituminous coal abounds in the W. part, but most of the soil is light and poor. The productions in 1850 were 266,011 bushels of Indian corn, 113,044 of wheat, 83,832 of oats, 2,196 tons of hay, 338 bales of cotton, 66,615 lbs. of butter, 400 of tobacco, and 3,615 of wool. There were 10 grist mills, 5 saw mills, 32 tobacco factories, 1 iron foundery, 4 machine shops, 1 paper mill, 1 woollen factory, 4 coal mines, 15 newspaper offices, 44 churches, 859 pupils attending public schools, and 1.123 attending other schools and academies. The James river and Kanawha canal has its E. terminus in this county, and 4 railroads, viz., the Virginia central, the Richmond and Danville, the Richmond, Frederic, and Potomac, and the Richmond and Petersburg, radiate from Richmond, the capital of the state and county. Value of real estate in 1856, $7,294,729, showing an increase of 71 per cent, since 1850.