long other jumping rodents, often called jerboas. Among them is the jumping hare of S. Africa (pedetes Cafer, Illig.), with molars without roots, long ears, 5 toes on the fore feet and 4 on the hind, with long claws; the posterior limbs and tail are long, the latter tufted. It moves by great leaps, and sleeps by day; it is as large as a rabbit, of a fawn color, with the end of the tail black. In North America is the jumping mouse (jaculus Hudsonius, Zimm.), about 10 inches long, of which the tail is more than half; the color is red-brown, darker on the back, the sides and under parts white. It is found as far north as the Great Slave lake. The molars are; the hand has 4 fingers with a rudimentary thumb, hind feet 5-toed, hind legs and tail very long, the latter thinly haired; the upper incisors grooved longitudinally in front. For full details on this genus, see vol. viii. of the reports of the Pacific railroad survey.

JERDAN, WILLIAM, a British journalist, born at Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotland, April 16, 1782. He acquired a tolerable education at various public and private schools, and, after being unsuccessfully engaged as a merchant's clerk and as a student of law, succeeded in 1805 in getting employment in the staff of the "Aurora" newspaper. During the next 12 years he was actively employed by a number of metropolitan and provincial journals, and for several years edited the "Sun." In July, 1817, 6 months after the establishment by Mr. Colburn of the "Literary Gazette," Mr. Jerdan became its editor, and ultimately sole proprietor, a position which he occupied until 1850, when pecuniary embarrassments led to his withdrawal. Under his control the "Gazette" acquired a reputation for the impartiality and intelligence of its literary criticisms. After his retirement he received from the administration of the earl of Aberdeen a pension of £100 in acknowledgment of his literary services, and a large subscription was raised for him. He is the author of the biographies in Fisher's "National Portrait Gallery," and in 1852-3 published his "Autobiography," in 4 vols., an interesting record of his literary, political, and social reminiscences during a period of nearly 50 years. Mr. Jerdan was instrumental in developing the poetical genius and critital abilities of Miss Landon, for many years his collaborator in the "Literary Gazette."

JEREMIAH (raised up by God), the 2d of the great Hebrew prophets, son of Hilkiah, one of the priests of Anathoth, prophesied under the reigns of Josiah, Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, and Zedekiah, and after the conquest of Jerusalem by the Babylonians, from about 628 to 570 B. C. He was but a youth when he received the divine appointment in his native city. The persecutions of his townsmen drove him to Jerusalem, where, in spite of opposition and imprisonment, he remained true to his mission, keeping firmly in view the religious and political rectitude of the state. After the death of Josiah he was assailed by priests and prophets, and saved his life only to be cast into prison,

where he wrote some of his predictions, which were read to the assembled people by Baruch, but burned by King Jehoiakim. After the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar he was spared by the conqueror in consideration of his having advocated voluntary submission to the rule of Babylon, and he went first to Mizpah, and afterward to Egypt. There are various traditions concerning his last years and his death. A grotto is still pointed out at Jerusalem where he is said to have composed his Lamentations, and his grave is shown at Cairo. His extant writings, all of which are of a plaintive character, embrace the book containing his prophecies, and, according to general belief, the metrical book of Lamentations. An elegy on the death of King Josiah, ascribed to him, is lost. Among the more recent commentators on Jeremiah are Hitzig (Leipsic, 1841), Umbreit (Heidelberg, 1843), and Neumann (Leipsic, 1856). There is an English translation and commentary by Blayney (Oxford, 1784; new ed., Edinburgh, 1810), and by Prof. G. R. Noyes, D.D. (Boston, 1837).

JEREMIE, SIR JOHN, an English colonial judge, born in Guernsey, Aug. 19, 1795, died in Port Lago, Sierra Leone, April 23, 1841. Having completed his education at Dijon in France, he studied law, and commenced its practice in his native island. In Oct. 1824, he was appointed chief justice of St. Lucia, West Indies, and in 1832 was made procureur and advocate-general of Mauritius. The inhabitants of the colony, having been accustomed to see the office filled by a member of their own community, were so hostile to him, that the governor ordered him to leave the island and return to England. But on his arrival in London the home government sent him back with a force adequate to uphold his authority, and he maintained his position there, in defiance of public opinion, till 1835. In 1836 he was promoted to the rank of puisne judge of the supreme court of Ceylon, which office he held for 4 years. He had been in early life an opponent of negro emancipation, but his observation of slavery in the West Indies had made him a zealous abolitionist; and in 1840, from a desire to aid in ameliorating the condition of the Africans, he became governor of Sierra Leone and its dependencies, receiving at the same time the honor of knighthood. He was the author of "Four Essays on Colonial Slavery" (London, 1831).

JERICHAU, A., a Danish sculptor, born in Copenhagen in 1815. After a partial education in his art at home, he repaired in 1839 to Rome, where he received the instructions of his countryman Thorwaldsen, and where he now resides. His chief works are the "Marriage of Alexander and Roxana," a bass-relief, in one of the royal palaces in Copenhagen; a colossal group of Hercules and Hebe; a fine statue in marble of Penelope; "A Hunter devoured by a Lioness whose Whelps he has stolen;" and an "Ascension." He belongs to the classical school, and aims at purity of form and force of expression. His wife, ELISABETH (BAUMANN),

born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1820, a pupil of the academy at Düsseldorf, has gained considerable eminence as a painter of genre.

JERICHO, a flourishing commercial city of ancient Palestine, in the vale of the Jordan, on the W. side of that river, near its entrance into the Dead sea. It was one of the oldest and richest cities of Canaan, surrounded by groves of palms and balsam trees. It was conquered and destroyed by Joshua on his entrance into the promised land, and a curse pronounced upon whomsoever should rebuild it, its territory being allotted to the tribe of Benjamin. It was however restored, became the centre of the trade between Arabia and Palestine, was fortified by King Ahab, and became the seat of a school of prophets. Mark Antony presented its plain of palm trees to Cleopatra. It was embellished by Herod the Great, who built there one of his residences; under Vespasian it was destroyed, and under Hadrian rebuilt; it was overthrown during the Mohammedan conquest, revived under the Saracens, and completely destroyed during the crusades. The village of Richa, which occupies its site, consists only of a few huts and a Saracenic tower.

JERICHO, ROSE OF (anastatica Hierochuntina, Linn.), a climbing shrub, with a fragrant, singularly shaped, greenish yellow blossom. According to a legend, it grew in the desert in the places which the Virgin Mary touched on her flight into Egypt. When dried, its leaves and blossoms fold together upward, but open again when placed in water, and this process can be many times repeated; whence its generic name, from Gr. avaσraois, resurrection. It is fabled to blossom only on the great festivals, especially on Christmas. It is indigenous in Egypt and Palestine, and was probably brought to Europe by the crusaders.

JEROBOAM I., founder of the kingdom of Israel, son of Nebat, of the tribe of Ephraim, became king in 975, died in 954 B. C. He was selected by Solomon to be a superintendent of the public works which he was carrying on at Jerusalem. Informed by the prophet Ahijah that he was to rule the 10 tribes which should revolt from the house of David, he immediately engaged in plots against Solomon, and fled to the court of Shishak, king of Egypt, to escape punishment. On the death of Solomon, he returned from Egypt, headed the deputation of the chiefs of tribes which met Rehoboam at Shechem and whose demands were rejected, and was then elected by 10 of the tribes to reign over them, with the title of king of Israel, Judah and Benjamin alone remaining to Rehoboam. He resided at Shechem, which he fortified, built temples at Dan and Bethel, where golden calves were made the symbols of the Divinity, to which his subjects might resort rather than to Jerusalem, and was generally successful in his wars against Judah, though he was defeated in a great battle by Abijah. The leading aim of his government was to raise a barrier against any reunion of the tribes.

JEROME, a saint and doctor of the Latin church, born in Stridonium, on the confines of Pannonia and Dalmatia, about 342, died Sept. 30, 420. He was the son of wealthy Christian parents, who gave him a good education. About 363 he went to Rome, and studied for several years under the grammarian and commentator Donatus and the rhetorician Victorinus, displaying great aptitude for learning. He received baptism here, but his thoughts were bent more upon secular than religious aims. He pleaded at the bar for a while, and then sought to improve his mind by travel, visiting the chief cities of Gaul, passing, it has been supposed, into Britain, and studying for some time at Aquileia. At Treves, about 370, he resolved to devote himself to God, and took a vow of perpetual continence. Wishing for a complete retirement in some distant country, he attached himself after his return to Rome to the eastern priest Evagrius, and, in company with 3 other persons of similar dispositions, followed him to Antioch, where he heard the lectures of Apollinaris, who had not then promulgated his heresy. From Antioch he withdrew in 372 to a desert on the borders of Syria and Arabia, where he spent 4 years in the exercises of a cenobitical life, dividing his time between the severest practices of self-mortification and the study of Hebrew and the classics. Two of his companions died here; Heliodorus, the third, returned to the West; and Jerome himself, broken in health by his penances, returned to Antioch in 376. Paulinus, Meletius, and Vitalis each claimed to be bishop of this see. Jerome, having consulted Pope Damasus, acknowledged the first, and was ordained priest by him in the following year. Distressed by the doctrinal controversies of the Arians and Sabellians, he left Antioch for Palestine, visiting all the holy places, but making Bethlehem his usual residence. About 380 he went to Constantinople, where he studied the Holy Scriptures under St. Gregory Nazianzen. In 381 he returned to Palestine, and the same year accompanied Paulinus and St. Epiphanius to the council held at Rome concerning the schism of Antioch. He remained at Rome as secretary to Pope Damasus, and at the same time directed the studies and devotions of a number of noble ladies. His severity in reproving the reigning vices of the day raised him up many enemies, whose persecutions after the death of Damasus drove him back to the East in 385. He visited Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria in Egypt, and finally retired to Bethle hem, where St. Paula, who had followed him from Rome, built for him a monastery, and put under his charge a community of nuns which she had also founded. St. Jerome added to his monastery an asylum for the entertainment of pilgrims. In 417, after the council of Diospolis, the Pelagians sent to Bethlehem troops of armed men, who killed a deacon, assaulted the monks and nuns, and reduced the convents to ashes. Jerome barely escaped by flight.-The writings of St. Jerome comprise a "Dialogue against the

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Luciferians;" a work against Helvidius "On the Perpetual Virginity of the Blessed Virgin Mary;" 2 books on virginity against Jovinian; Apology to Pammachius," and a reply to Vigilantius, both on the same subject; a controversy on Origenism, with his friend Rufinus, who had translated some of Origen's works; and 2 books against Pelagianism. The dispute on the doctrines of Origen led to a quarrel with Rufinus, but the two friends were afterward reconciled. St. Jerome owes his eminence among the fathers of the church chiefly to his Latin version of the Scriptures, which is the basis of the present Vulgate. (See BIBLE, vol. iii. p. 232.) "Nothing," says Alban Butler, "has rendered St. Jerome so famous as his critical labors on the Holy Scriptures. For this the church acknowledges him to have been raised by God through a special providence, and particularly assisted from above, and she styles him the greatest of all her doctors in expounding the divine oracles." The principal editions of St. Jerome's works are the editio princeps (fol., Rome, 1467), containing only a few minor treatises and letters; the Tractatus et Epistolæ (2 vols. fol., Rome, 1468); an edition by Erasmus (9 vols. fol., Basel, 1516), the first complete collection; that of the Benedictines (5 vols., Paris, 1693-1706); and the excellent edition of Vallarsi (11 vols. fol., Verona, 1734-'42).

JEROME OF PRAGUE, & Bohemian religious reformer, born in Prague about 1378, burned at Constance, May 30, 1416. His family name was Faulfisch. After graduating at Prague he visited the universities of Cologne, Heidelberg, Paris, and Oxford, at which last he is said to have imbibed liberal doctrines while copying the works of Wycliffe. Returning to Paris, he distinguished himself by preaching boldly in favor of reforms in the church, defending his views with great ability in a disputation held with Gerson, chancellor of the university. His extensive learning, and especially his acquaintance with scholastic logic, gained for him a high reputation, and vast audiences wherever he lectured. He was employed by Ladislas II. of Poland to organize the university of Cracow, and received marks of honor and respect from several monarchs. About 1402 Jerome began to secretly disseminate the doctrines of Wycliffe in Bohemia, and in 1408 he openly identified his views with those of Huss. In the political and religious tumult which followed the first debates and interdicts of this time, Jerome distinguished himself by bold and sometimes rash attacks on the church, which soon involved him in difficulties. At Vienna he was imprisoned, and only released through the earnest entreaty of his Bohemian friends. When Huss was imprisoned in Constance in 1415, Jerome went thither in accordance with a previous promise to defend him before the council. On arriving he was alarmed at the rumor that Huss would only be tried to be executed, and he accordingly fled to Überlingen, whence he intimated his willingness to appear before the council if a safe

conduct were furnished him. An equivocal answer being given, he prepared to return to Prague, but was arrested by order of the prince of Sulzbach, and delivered over by him to the council, May 23, 1415. He was several times brought to trial, but his learning and well practised power of debate enabled him to answer all arguments urged against him. But on his third examination, Sept. 11, 1415, he made a qualified recantation of his views as to the sacrament. After being imprisoned for several months, he was again brought before the council, May 26, 1416, and solemnly retracted his late admission of error. This hastened his condemnation, and on May 30 he was burned at the stake, meeting his fate with courage. His life has been written by Heller (Tübingen, 1835), and by Becker (Nördlingen, 1858).

JERROLD, DOUGLAS WILLIAM, an English author, born in London, Jan. 3, 1803, died there, June 8, 1857. His father was manager of a theatre in Sheerness, Kent, but Jerrold himself manifested from boyhood a dislike for the stage, and being attracted to the sea, obtained in 1813 a commission as midshipman. The hard life in the service, and the position of "something between a gentleman and a footboy," did not suit him; and when paid off, Oct. 21, 1815, he did not attempt to reënter the navy. His father had been ruined as manager, and the family went to London, where in 1816 the boy was apprenticed to a printer, and devoted his leisure to study and reading. His first literary effort was a comedy, "More Frightened than Hurt," written when only 15 years old; it was sent to a London theatre, where it remained unread for two years, but met with great success when brought out at Sadler's Wells in 1821. During this time he published some lyrics in "Arliss's Magazine," became intimate with Laman Blanchard, his fellow workman, and appears to have steadily qualified himself for the duties of journalism. Having had an order to see the new opera of Der Freischütz, Jerrold, much excited by its wild, romantic spirit, passed the night in writing a criticism on it, and in the morning dropped it into the editor's box of the newspaper ("The Monitor") for which he worked as printer. It attracted much attention, and when Jerrold announced himself as its author he was at once engaged as a writer for the paper. The success of his comedy procured him orders for much dramatic work, and the year 1825 found him married and writing for a weekly salary farces, show pieces, and squibs of every kind for the Coburg theatre. In 1829, having quarrelled with the manager of this establishment, on account of a play, "Black-Eyed Susan," just writ ten, as usual to order, Jerrold left his situation, and went with the MS. to Mr. Elliston at the Surrey theatre. It had a run of over 300 nights, and brought in many thousands for the manager, though the author only received about £70. The reputation which he acquired was, however, a partial equivalent for the money which he should have had. In 1830 the success

of a new play, "The Devil's Ducat," at the Adelphi theatre, introduced him to Drury Lane, where he produced "The Bride of Ludgate" and "The Rent Day;" the latter, founded upon two pictures by Wilkie, was also strikingly successful. At this time Jerrold began to number among his intimates many eminent writers, one of whom was William Godwin. From 1831 to 1836 he wrote "Nell Gwynne,' ," "The Housekeeper," "The Wedding Gown," and "Beau Nash," all of which were successful. In 1836 he undertook the management of the Strand theatre, with his brother-in-law, but ultimately failed in the speculation, and returned to literary pursuits. He had already produced many striking pieces in different magazines, "stories chiefly with the silken thread of philosophy woven through them." Those contributed to "Blackwood" and the "New Monthly" were republished in a volume under the title of "Men of Character." Jerrold was in Paris when "Punch" was started, in 1841, but on returning he became one of its most popular contributors. His "Q" papers, "Story of a Feather," and the "Caudle Lectures," made his name widely known. In 1843 he started the "Illuminated Magazine," discontinued after two years, and followed by his "Shilling Magazine," which was also a failure. More successful was his connection with "Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper," which at the time of his death had reached a circulation of 182,000 copies. Few men of letters were more celebrated than Jerrold for witty conversation or satirical retort, and the innumerable anecdotes of his personal peculiarities and conversation caused him to be better known to the public as an individual than almost any other contemporary writer. Notwithstanding the severity and harshness of much of his repartee, he is said by those who knew him best to have been a sensitive man, of kind feelings, fond of children, and devoted to his friends to such a degree that his most serious troubles arose from this source. See the "Life and Remains of Douglas Jerrold," and "Douglas Jerrold's Wit and Humor," both by his son, William Blanchard Jerrold (London, 1858).

JERSEY, a W. co. of Ill., bounded W. by Illinois river, and separated from Mo. on the S. by the Mississippi; area, 352 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 8,771. The surface is diversified with prairies and woodlands, and the soil is generally fertile. The productions in 1850 were 759,530 bushels of Indian corn, 154,127 of wheat, 96,753 of oats, and 11,631 lbs. of wool. There were 13 grist mills, 6 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 10 churches, and 963 pupils attending public schools. The St. Louis, Alton, and Chicago railroad passes through Jerseyville, the capital. JERSEY, the largest and most important of the Channel islands, lying in the English channel, and belonging to Great Britain. It is about 12 m. long from E. to W., and 7 m. wide, and contains an area of about 40,000 acres; pop. in 1851, 57,155. The coast is indented with numerous excellent harbors, and save toward the

S. is in general bold and precipitous. The surface is an alternation of wooded hills and fertile valleys. The highlands in the N. consist chiefly of granite, and the reddish white sienitic granite which forms the cliffs on the N. coast is quarried extensively for exportation. In the S. schist is found overlying the granite formation. The island contains neither limestone, chalk, marl, nor gravel. The climate is mild and healthful. Agriculture is still in a very defective state, in consequence of the minute subdivision of the soil, and the want of capital. The only manure used is vraic, a species of sea weed, which is gathered at certain seasons, and applied to the soil either in its natural state or after being burned. An excellent breed of cows, small sturdy horses, sheep chiefly of the Southdown stock, and a few varieties of feathered game are the most important animal productions. Nearly all forest trees common to this latitude are found to thrive; wheat, potatoes, parsnips, and lucern are cultivated, and much attention is devoted to apple orchards, for which the soil and climate are particulary favorable; as many as 30,000 hhds. of cider have been made in good years. One of the most remarkable products of Jersey is its Chaumontelle pears, a single one of which frequently weighs a pound. The most important manufactures are shoes and hosiery; ships are also built. The chief exports are cattle, potatoes, and oysters, great quantities of which are taken off the coast; the principal imports are woollens, hardware, soap, glass, earthenware, and coal. The oyster trade employs about 3,000 persons and 400 or 500 vessels. The principal beds are on the E. side of the island, the best being nearer to the French coast than to Jersey. By the terms of a convention between Great Britain and France in Aug. 1839, the oyster fisheries are to be free to boats of both nations except within 3 m. of shore. Between the months of February and May about £5,000 worth of oysters are sent from the Jersey beds to England, where most of them are deposited in "parks" along the coast of Essex and the Thames, to be withdrawn according to the demand of the London market. The harbor of Gorey on the E. shore of the island is the principal rendezvous for the vessels.-Jersey has a legislature of its own, called the "states," or insular parliament. It consists of the governor and the baily of the royal court, who are appointed by the crown; the 12 judges of the royal court, who are chosen for life by the rate payers; the rectors of parishes, who are appointed to their livings by the governor; and 12 constables (one from each parish), elected for 3 years by the inhabitants. The vicomte, or high sheriff, and the two dénonciateurs, or under sheriffs, occupy seats as officers of the assembly. The crown officers may take part in the debates, but not vote. The governor in special cases may confirm or annul the decrees of the states. The royal court is the supreme tribunal in civil and criminal cases; appeal lies from it to the sovereign in council. The language of the up

per classes is generally French, but the masses still speak a dialect of the old Norman and preserve a number of Norman feudal customs. Capital, St. Hélier.

JERSEY CITY, a city of Hudson co., N. J., situated on the W. bank of the Hudson, at its entrance into New York bay, opposite the city of New York, from which it is about one mile distant; pop. in 1850, 11,437; in 1854, 20,989; in 1860, about 30,000. Although the peninsula upon which it stands was granted by letters patent from Sir William Kieft, director-general of the Dutch West India company, in the year 1638, it was used for farming purposes solely for more than 150 years, and it was not until the beginning of the present century that it began to be settled. In 1802 the whole population of the place, then called Paulus Hook, consisted of 13 persons, occupying but one house and out buildings. Like Brooklyn and Williamsburg, it is an outgrowth of New York. In 1804 the "associates of the Jersey company" were chartered by the legislature of New Jersey, and laid out the whole of Paulus Hook into blocks and streets. In 1820 "the city of Jersey" was incorporated with a board of selectmen; in 1838 it was reincorporated as "Jersey City," with a mayor (who is elected annually) and common council. The city is well laid out, with broad right-angled streets and spacious public grounds. Many of the private residences in Washington, Essex, and other streets are equal to any in Fifth avenue, New York. It is lighted with gas, and supplied with pure water, which is pumped up from the Passaic river at Belleville, 4 miles above Newark, and conducted in pipes all over the city. The corporate limits of the city include an area of about 1,000 acres, with a water front of 8,000 feet. There are no striking public buildings save the spacious railroad depot recently erected. This is one of the most important railway stations in the United States, 106 freight and passenger trains arriving and departing daily. In and about this edifice are the termini of the New Jersey railroad and transportation line, connecting New York and Philadelphia; the Morris and Essex railroad, connecting New York with Hackettstown; the New York and

Erie railroad; the northern railroad, connecting Jersey City with Piermont; and the New Jersey central railroad, connecting New York with Easton, Penn. Jersey City is connected with New York by a ferry, the boats of which are very large, commodious, and lighted with gas. They ply between the two cities every few minutes throughout the day and night. The city is divided into 4 wards, each of which sends 4 aldermen to the common council, who are elected every two years. The principal business is manufacturing. The crucibles made here are used in the mints of Europe as well as of this country. The other manufactures consist chiefly of flint glass, pottery, soap, starch, cement, locomotives, machinery, cast steel, iron ware, and fireworks. Although not a port of entry, being included in the New York custom house district, it is one of the depots of the Cunard steamship line between the United States and Great Britain, as well as the starting point of the smaller steamships of this company, which ply between New York, Halifax, and the West India islands. It has a considerable fleet of schooners engaged in bay fishing, oystering, and the southern coasting trade. As the terminus of the Morris canal, it is also an extensive coal mart, as well as the depot of the pig iron made along the banks of the canal. The coal receipts in 1858 were 356,297 tons, and in 1859, 350,331 tons. It contains two banks of discount and a savings bank, and supports two daily newspapers. There are about 20 churches of the various denominations, and a good high school and common schools, under the control of a board of education. In the winter of 18367 the awful shipwrecks of the Bristol and Mexico on the Long island coast, in which so many lives were lost in consequence of the inefficiency of the New York pilots, caused congress to pass a law creating a rival pilot establishment, called the New Jersey pilot association, which has its head-quarters at Jersey City. The two pilot associations now rival each other in devotion to their profession, and complaints of negligence from shipmasters are very rare. The present force of the New Jersey association consists of 4 boats and 26 pilots.