HENRIETTA ANNA OF ENGLAND, duchess of Orleans, daughter of the succeeding and of Charles I. of England, born in Exeter, June 16, 1644, died at St. Cloud, June 29, 1670. When her mother left England, she was confided to the care of Lady Morton, who succeeded in bringing her safely to France. There she was educated as a private person rather than a princess, making a very indifferent figure at the French court. Young Louis XIV. declined her hand, under pretence that she was too young (he would not say too poor and ugly) for him. A few years afterward she had become the most fascinating princess in Europe. On the restoration of her brother Charles II. to the throne of England, she repaired to his court, and in March, 1661, was married to Philip, duke of Orleans, the youngest brother of Louis XIV. She now became the centre of attraction in the French court, and even inspired the king with something more than brotherly affection. Though this does not seem to have overstepped the limits of propriety, it brought about an estrangement between Henrietta and her husband, which was embittered by her subsequent intrigue with the count of Guiche. În 1670, when Louis XIV. was anxious to win Charles II. over to a friendly neutrality, if not to an alliance, he sent Henrietta to England, and she fulfilled her mission to his entire satisfaction. On her return to St. Cloud she died suddenly in great suffering, after drinking a cup of chicory water. It was then rumored that she had been poisoned; and a favorite of her husband, the chevalier of Lorraine, who had been exiled at her request, was pointed out as the promoter, if not the direct author of the crime. Her funeral oration was delivered by Bossuet, and her biography was written by Mme. de Lafayette. HENRIETTA MARIA OF FRANCE, queen of England, born in Paris, Nov. 25, 1609, died Sept. 10, 1669. She was the youngest child of Henry IV. of France by his second wife, Maria de' Medici, and had much of her father's wit and courage, joined to some youthful beauty. James I. demanded her hand for his son Charles, and the marriage ceremony took place by proxy at Paris a few days after Charles's accession to the throne, May 21, 1625. Henrietta, welcomed with great kindness by her husband, became obnoxious to the English nation by her undisguised partiality for the Catholic faith. She was moreover charged by the king's opponents with being the adviser of his arbitrary policy, and the enemy of English liberties. Her unpopularity was increased by her participation in the strife between Charles and the parliament. In 1643 she repaired to Holland, and procured money and troops which she undertook to bring to England. Notwithstanding a violent storm, which drove her fleet toward the continent, she finally succeeded in landing her forces at Burlington, and, after escaping many dangers, joined her husband at Oxford. In 1644, a few days after being delivered of Henrietta Anna, her last child, at Exeter, she narrowly escaped

being taken prisoner by Essex, and went to Falmouth, whence she sailed to France on board of a Dutch ship. Her health had been seriously impaired, and after the death of her husband was never entirely restored. She also suffered from the civil troubles of France, and led a sad life until Charles II. was recalled to England in 1660. She paid him a visit with her daughter Henrietta Anna, but soon returned to France, where she continued in retirement at her house in Colombes, near Paris. She died suddenly, and her remains were buried in the abbey of St. Denis, with the exception of her heart, which was intrusted to the nuns of St. Marie de Chaillot. Bossuet delivered a funeral oration in her honor. The private correspondence of Henrietta and Charles I. during the civil war was published in 1857, edited by Mrs. Green.

HENRIQUEL-DUPONT, LOUIS PIERRE, a French engraver, born in Paris, June 13, 1797. After attending for several years the school of Pierre Guérin, the painter, he took to engraving under the direction of Bervic. His works number about 70, the principal of which are a full length portrait of a lady and her daughter after Vandyke (1822); Gustavus Vasa, after Hersent (1831), the more valuable since the original painting was destroyed in 1848 at the palais royal; a full length portrait of Louis Phillippe, after Gérard (1837); "Lord Strafford on his Way to the Scaffold," after Delaroche (1840); “Christ the Consoler," after Scheffer (1841); portrait of Peter the Great of Russia, after Delaroche (1842); the " "Hemicycle" of the palais des beaux arts, after Delaroche's fresco (1852); the "Virgin and Child," after Raphael (1855); the "Enshrouding of Our Saviour," after Delaroche (1855); and "Moses on the Nile," after the same (1858). He is now engaged in engraving, on large plates, the "St. Catharine" of Correggio, and the "Disciples at Emmaus" of Paul Veronese. He is also a skilful draughtsman, and his exquisite crayon portraits are much sought after by amateurs.

HENRY, the name of 10 counties in the United States. I. A S. co. of Va., bordering on N. C., and drained by Smith's river, a tributary of the Dan; area, 358 sq. m.; pop. i . in 1850, 8,872, of whom 3,340 were slaves. It has a hilly surface. The productions in 1850 were 232,311 bushels of Indian corn, 29,704 of wheat, and 1,013,079 lbs. of tobacco. There were 6 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 22 tobacco factories, 13 churches, and 1,391 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,631907, showing an increase of 70 per cent. since 1850. Capital, Martinsville. II. A central co. of Ga., bounded N. E. by South river, a branch of the Ocmulgee, and drained by Cotton river; area, 594 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 10,398, of whom 3,265 were slaves. The surface is diversified and well wooded, and the soil is of middling quality. The productions in 1850 were 514,796 bushels of Indian corn, 88,897 of oats, 106,905 of sweet potatoes, and 9,352 bales of cotton. There were 12 grist mills, 7 saw

mills, 1 cotton factory, 1 tannery, 40 churches, and 350 pupils attending public schools. Iron, quartz, and a small quantity of gold are found. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,631,754. The Macon and Western railroad passes through the W. part of the county. Capital, McDonough. III. A S. E. co. of Ala., bounded S. by Florida, and separated from Georgia on the E. by the Chattahoochee river; area, 975 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 9,019, of whom 2,242 were slaves. It has a diversified surface, and a light, sandy, but very fertile soil, drained by many small streams, and in some parts overgrown with pine forests. The productions in 1850 were 277,356 bushels of Indian corn, 93,340 of sweet potatoes, 878 hogsheads of sugar, 63,191 lbs. of rice, and 5,235 bales of cotton. There were 25 grist mills, 70 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 26 churches, and 526 pupils attending public schools. The Chattahoochee is navigable by steamboats on the E. border of the county. Capital, Abbeville. IV. A N. W. co. of Tenn., bordering on Kentucky, bounded E. partly by Tennessee river and partly by the Big Sandy; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 18,233, of whom 4,821 were slaves. The surface is level and the soil rich. The productions in 1850 were 893,328 bushels of Indian corn, 141,056 of oats, 54,550 of sweet potatoes, and 2,029,132 lbs. of tobacco. There were 3 grist mills, 9 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 70 churches, and 1,500 pupils attending public schools. Several railroads have been projected to connect Paris, the capital, with Nashville, Memphis, Hickman, Ky., and Louisville. V. A N. co. of Ky., bounded N. E. by the Kentucky river, which is here navigable by steamboats; area, 260 sq, m.; pop. in 1850, 11,442, of whom 3,013 were slaves. It has an undulating surface, partly covered with forests, and a fertile soil of limestone formation. The productions in 1850 were 964,372 bushels of İndian corn, 38,844 of wheat, 109,208 of oats, 1,057,273 lbs. of tobacco, and 39,963 of wool. There were 12 grist mills, 10 saw mills, 26 churches, and, 885 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1855, $3,309,832. The Louisville and Frankfort railroad passes through the S. W. part of the county. Capital, Newcastle. Drennon Springs, on the Kentucky river, are noted as a fashionable resort. VI. A N. W. co. of Ohio, traversed by Maumee river and drained by several of its branches; area, 410 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 8,435. It has a level surface and a rich soil. The productions in 1850 were 76,415 bushels of Indian corn, 19,250 of wheat, 14,893 of oats, and 1,498 tons of hay. There were 1 grist mill, 8 saw mills, 1 woollen factory, 4 churches, and 1,564 pupils attending public schools. Pork is one of the chief staples. The Wabash and Erie canal, and the Toledo, Wabash, and Western railroad pass through Napoleon, the capital. VII. An E. co. of Ind., having a level or rolling surface, originally covered with dense forests; area, 385 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 17,605. The soil is fertile and watered by several small VOL. IX.-6

streams. The productions in 1850 were 940,042 bushels of Indian corn, 129,303 of wheat, 90,685 of oats, 57,336 lbs. of wool, and 7,334 tons of hay. There were 10 grist mills, 27 saw mills, 1 newspaper office, 44 churches, and 3,846 pupils attending public schools. The Indiana central and the Cincinnati and Chicago railroads pass through the county. Capital, Newcastle. VIII. A N. W. co. of Ill., bounded N. W. by Rock river, and drained also by its affluents, Green and Edwards rivers; area, 830 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 9,218. It has an undulating surface, diversified with forests and fertile prairies, and contains good building stone and coal. The productions in 1850 were 203,820 bushels of Indian corn, 61,108 of wheat, 43,534 of oats, 10,762 lbs. of wool, and 51,285 of butter. There were 2 grist inills, 3 saw mills, and 500 pupils attending public schools. The Chicago and Rock Island and the Chicago and Burlington railroads pass through the county. Capital, Cambridge. IX. A W. co. of Mo., drained by Grand river, an affluent of the Osage; area, 750 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 6,642, of whom 1,076 were slaves. It has a diversified surface, abounds in coal, timber, and water power, is mostly fertile, and is well adapted to stock raising. The productions in 1850 were 184,650 bushels of Indian corn, 5,684 of wheat, 58,257 of oats, 13,689 lbs. of wool, and 892 tons of hay. There were 2 grist mills, 3 saw mills, 2 churches, and 332 pupils attending public schools. The county was formerly called Rives. Capital, Clinton. X. A S. E. co. of Iowa, traversed by Shunk river, an affluent of the Mississippi; area, 432 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 15,395. The surface is undulating and diversified by prairies and timber land. Coal and limestone are abundant, and the soil is of excellent quality. The productions in 1856 were 1,133,667 bushels of Indian corn, 174,242 of wheat, 205,835 of oats, 48,796 of potatoes, 8,511 tons of hay, and 184,864 lbs. of butter. The Burlington and Missouri river railroad passes through Mount Pleasant, the capital.

HENRY, the name of several sovereigns of England, France, and Germany.

I. ENGLAND.

HENRY I., the 3d English monarch of the Norman line, and first prince of that line born in England, son of William I. and Matilda of Flanders, born in Selby, Yorkshire, in 1068, two years after the conquest, died near Rouen, Dec. 1, 1135. His career until he became king presents few facts of importance. William I., who died when Henry was 19 years old, gave him £5,000 in silver, and predicted that he would become master of both England and Normandy. He purchased the district of Cotentin from his brother Robert, and compromised with his brother William II. his claims on his mother's lands. Robert imprisoned him, believing that he had entered into an engagement with William to effect his ruin, but released him on the intercession of the Norman nobility. When William attacked Robert, Henry sided with the

latter, showing great energy and courage, and putting the traitor Conan of Rouen to death, with circumstances of extreme cruelty. His brothers becoming reconciled on terms that neglected his interests, he went to Mont St. Michel, where they besieged him, and compelled him to give up all his possessions, on condition of being allowed to depart in safety. For some years he lived in seclusion, when the people of Domfront, one of Robert's strongest places, called him to rule over them. He made other acquisitions at Robert's expense, became reconciled with William, and went to England. On Aug. 2, 1100, he was hunting in the New forest, when William was there slain; and, riding immediately to Winchester, he claimed and obtained the crown, to the prejudice of Robert, who was then in the Holy Land, a leader in the first crusade. Three days later his coronation took place. He owed his success in part to his boldness, and in part to his liberal promises and concessions. He conciliated the clergy, inviting Anselm back to England. He promised to remedy abuses and to maintain the old Anglo-Saxon laws and usages, the charter he granted becoming the basis of all subsequent reforms. He conciliated the Saxon portion of his subjects by marrying Matilda of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret, and niece of Edgar Atheling; but the Normans were enraged by this marriage. Robert returned from the East, and sought to recover England, which he invaded; but the brothers were reconciled, and the elder released the younger from an oath which he had taken with reference to the crown, Henry ceding all his Norman possessions to Robert, save Domfront, and giving him a pension of 3,000 marks. This was the work of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, who threatened Robert with excommunication. Henry violating his word respecting the safety of Robert's adherents, the latter returned to England, but was induced to depart again. Henry having obtained some triumphs over the aristocracy, the war between the brothers was renewed, and the king conquered Normandy, at Tinchebrai (1106). Robert was imprisoned, first at Falaise, and then at Cardiff, for 28 years; but his son William was humanely treated. Henry was involved in war with Louis VI., and with some of his own vassals. Peace was made with France in 1113, and tranquillity was maintained for some years. The question of investiture led to trouble with Rome, which was aggravated by the papal claim to send legates to England. In consequence of the continued troubles in Normandy, and the renewal of the war with the French king, Henry passed much of his time in France, to the discontent of the English. In 1114 he married his daughter Matilda to Henry V., emperor of Germany. The victory of Brenneville decided the war with France favorably for Henry (1118), and peace was made, so that in 1120 his power was established. The same year his son William was lost while sailing from France to England, and the king never recover

ed from the shock. Queen Matilda had died in 1118, and Henry now married Adelicia, daughter of the count of Louvain; no children followed from this union. New difficulties on the continent caused Henry to return there in 1123; success again attended his labors, and peace was restored. The death of his nephew William, in 1128, relieved him from an active enemy. His daughter Matilda returned to England on the emperor's death, and in 1126 her father prevailed on a numerous assemblage of the clergy and laity to engage that, in the event of his death without male issue, she should be recognized as queen and duchess. In 1127 Matilda was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou, and the quarrels between them caused the king much annoyance. The Welsh had given him much trouble throughout his reign, and he was about to attempt their conquest, when he died. His death was attributed to surfeit, caused by over indulgence in his favorite dish, lampreys. He was surnamed Beauclerc, because of his fondness for literature.

HENRY II., founder of the Plantagenet dynasty, grandson of the preceding,, and son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and the empress Matilda, born in Le Mans in March, 1133, died at the castle of Chinon, July 6, 1189. On the death of Henry I., his nephew Stephen, count of Blois, usurped the thrones of England and Normandy. A long series of contests followed, in the latter part of which Prince Henry much distinguished himself. These were terminated by an arrangement in 1153, by which it was settled that Henry should succeed to the English throne on Stephen's death, which event took place Oct. 25, 1154. Henry had become duke of Normandy in 1150, and count of Anjou and Maine in 1151; and by marrying Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine, who had been divorced from Louis VII. of France, he obtained, in 1152, possession of nearly the whole of southern France. He was his wife's junior by 12 years. They were crowned at Westminster, Dec. 19, 1154. Henry's continental possessions comprised more than a third of France, including Normandy, Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Poitou, Guienne, and other provinces; and in a few years he made himself master of Brittany. He brought to the throne a high reputation for talent and courage, which his actions showed to be well founded. He restored the coinage, revoked improper grants, dismissed mercenaries, suppressed lawlessness, and destroyed many of those feudal castles which had been erected in Stephen's reign. But for his troubles with the church, he would have been the greatest of English monarchs, as he was one of the ablest of their number. These disputes began in 1162. Henry had resolved to curb the clergy, and made Thomas à Becket, upon whom he thought he could rely for assistance, archbishop of Canterbury, he having held the chancellorship since 1158. But Becket not only became the most austere of churchmen, after having led an easy life, but also the most vehement champion of

the independence of his order. He placed himself in direct opposition to the king; and when, in 1164, the latter began the work of reform, he found in the archbishop his most determined opponent. A cleric having been guilty of rape and murder, a dispute as to the mode of his trial took place between the king and Becket; and Henry resolved to have the question brought to a settlement, to determine the extent of the privileges of the clergy. An assembly of prelates having failed to satisfy him, he called a meeting of the nobles and chief clergy, at Clarendon, Jan. 25, 1164, in which the famous "constitutions of Clarendon" were adopted unanimously. By these it was enacted that clerks charged with crime should be tried in the civil courts; that no appeals in spiritual causes should be carried beyond the king without his consent; that if, in any lawsuit between a clergyman and a layman concerning a tenant, it was disputed whether the land were a lay or an ecclesiastical fee, this should be decided by the verdict of 12 lawful men, and if found to be a lay fee, the cause should be determined by the civil courts; that laics should not be accused in spiritual courts, except by legal and reputable witnesses; that no chief tenant of the crown should be excommunicated, nor his lands be put under an interdict, except with the king's consent; that no person, particulary no clergyman, should leave the kingdom without that consent; that the civil courts should decide all suits concerning the advowson and presentation of churches; that the churches belonging to the king's fee should not be granted in perpetuity without his consent; that the revenues of vacant sees should belong to the king, that the election to such sees should be held by the king's consent and in his chapel, and that the bishop elect should do homage to the crown; that goods forfeited to the king should not be protected in churches or churchyards; and that archbishops, bishops, and other spiritual dignitaries, should be regarded as barons of the realm, possessing the privileges and subject to the burdens belonging to that rank, and bound to attend the king in his great councils, and assist at all trials. The power of excommunication was lessened, the clerical privileges respecting the collection of debts were annulled, and the sons of villeins forbidden to be ordained clerks without the consent of their lords. Becket at first refused his assent to these measures, but at last he swore to their observance. He broke his faith with the king when the pope annulled the constitutions. The quarrel lasted for 7 years, when Becket was killed by 4 Norman barons. During the quarrel, Becket was banished, the king of France began hostilities with England, and the war lasted 3 years. The death of Becket annoyed Henry, as he feared the pope would carry out his threat of excommunication; but his negotiators succeed in confining the papal anathemas to those who had committed the crime. In 1171 Henry undertook the conquest of Ireland, which country had been given to him by a papal bull in

1156, and in which a few of his subjects had for some years been waging successful war. He met with little resistance. He was now reconciled to the church, and Rome confirmed the grant of Ireland previously made, he having taken the most solemn of oaths that he was not guilty of Becket's murder. The troubles in his family, which clouded the latter portion of his life, now commenced. He had associated with him his eldest son, Henry, in the government of England, Normandy, Anjou, and other countries; Richard was made ruler of Guienne and Poitou; Geoffrey was to be duke of Brittany; and John was to receive Ireland. But from 1173 these sons gave him much vexation, being encouraged to rebel by their mother, who was enraged by Henry's conjugal infidelities, by the French king, who was the father-in-law of the eldest, and by the nobles in various parts of his dominions. Henry now did penance at the tomb of Becket, fasting and praying there, and submitting to flagellation at the hands of the monks. The Scots, having invaded England, were defeated, and the rebels, including his sons, returned to obedience.. The king of Scotland did homage to him, and surrendered portions of his dominion. In the interval of quiet that followed, Henry made several legal reforms. The disputes that broke out in his family were fatal to his peace. His sons quarrelled with him, and with each other. The eldest died in 1183, and Geoffrey was killed in 1186. In 1188 Richard rebelled, and was aided by France, though both Henry and the French king had taken the cross, intending to embark for Palestine. Henry was beaten, and submitted to the terms dictated by his enemies; but died of a fever, brought on by mental irritation.

HENRY III., son of John, king of England, and of Isabella of Angoulême, born Oct. 1, 1206, died at Westminster, Nov. 16, 1272. He became king Oct. 17, 1216, being then but 9 years old. The desperate state to which England had been reduced by the misgovernment of John makes the period of the accession of Henry III. the darkest one in English history; but, owing to the talents and wisdom of the earl of Pembroke, who was protector, the state of the country was rapidly improved. He confirmed Magna Charta, conciliated the discontented barons, defeated the French both by sea and land, and restored peace. Pembroke soon dying, power passed to the hands of the bishop of Winchester and Hubert de Burgh, the latter being justiciary, and having most weight in the government. They had not the influence of Pembroke, and could not control the barons. War was made with France, but it was found impossible to recover the French provinces lost by John. In 1231 the justiciary, who had received large gifts, and been made earl of Kent, was overthrown, and Winchester, an able but unprincipled man, monopolized power. He was a Poitevin, and many of his countrymen going over to England, they were intrusted with office, to the discontent of the English of all ranks, whom they op

pressed and plundered. This evil was aggravated by the marriage of the king in 1236 with Eleanor of Provence, many of whose countrymen came to England, and shared in the king's bounty. An expedition into France, in 1242, terminated disastrously. The pope offering Henry the crown of Sicily for his son Edmund, the king was involved in debt by his endeavors to support the claim. The chief interest of his reign belongs to the disputes between the king and the barons. These came to a head in 1258, when Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, was chief of the baronial party, and held possession of the king's person. The "provisions of Oxford," enacted by the parliament which met there in 1258, provided for the election of knights of the shire, 4 from each, for 3 sessions of parliament in each year, and for the annual election of sheriffs. Measures hostile to the foreigners were also adopted. Government was now in the hands of the barons, who lost the popularity they once had enjoyed. Louis IX. of France made a treaty with Henry in 1259, on terms favorable to the latter. Circumstances enabling the king to renew the contest with the barons, war ensued, and the royalists were defeated at Lewes, May 13, 1264, Henry being taken prisoner. Prince Edward was compelled to make the treaty of Lewes with De Montfort, and himself to become a hostage. On Jan. 20, 1265, a new parliament assembled in London, called by De Montfort, to which were summoned two knights from each county, and two deputies from each of certain cities and boroughs, such deputies never having previously been summoned; and the writs were addressed, not to the sheriffs, but to the boroughs. This was the commencement of the house of commons. Prince Edward having escaped from Leicester, the royal party renewed the war, and Leicester was defeated and slain at Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265. The king's authority was reestablished, and tranquillity restored. Henry's reign lasted 56 years, the longest in English history except that of George III.

HENRY IV., founder of the royalty of the house of Lancaster, supposed to have been born in Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, April 4, 1366, died in Westminster, March 20, 1413. He was the eldest son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, 4th son of Edward III., and of Blanche, daughter and heiress of Henry Plantagenet, duke of Lancaster, great-grandson of Henry III. His first title was earl of Derby. At the age of 15 he married Mary Bohun, daughter of the earl of Hereford, who was descended from Edward I. In his youth Henry delighted in tournaments and adventures. In 1390 he went to the assistance of the Teutonic knights, serving in Prussia and Lithuania. He then went to Barbary. Returning to England for a season, he set out on a journey to Palestine in July, 1392. He travelled by the way of Dantzic, Königsberg, Vienna, Friuli, and Venice, sailing from the last named place for Rhodes, whence he returned to England in June, 1393, visiting

Venice, Milan, Piedmont, Savoy, and France. Richard II. made him duke of Hereford in 1397. In 1898 he brought an accusation of traitorous designs against the duke of Norfolk, who denied it, and appealed to the trial by battle. The arrangements for fighting were all completed, when the king put an end to the contest, banishing both parties, Norfolk for life, and Hereford for 10 years. Subsequently Hereford's term of exile was reduced to 6 years; but when, on his father's death, he became duke of Lancaster, Richard banished him for life, and seized his immense possessions. Lancaster resolved to return home, ostensibly to assert his claim to his property, but with the intention of obtaining the crown. This course was advised by his friends. He landed at Ravenspur, July 4, 1899, with a small force, the king being absent on an expedition in Ireland. Lancaster declared that his only object was to establish his right to his hereditary possessions; but he became immediately the chief of all the opposition that had been created by Richard's follies and crimes, and was joined by persons of all classes, from the Percys to the humblest commoners. Success followed all his movements; and when Richard returned he was unable to make any resistance, and became Lancaster's prisoner, resigning the crown, which parliament conferred upon the duke, who thus became Henry IV. The only person who objected was the bishop of Carlisle. The new king affected to trace his right to the crown to his descent from Edmund of Lancaster, who was reported to have been the elder brother of Edward I., but to have lost his inheritance from some personal deformity. This claim was not valid, and Henry had only such right as came from conquest and parliamentary election. This defect in his title led him to court the clergy, who were now troubled by the Lollards; and though his father had been the greatest patron and supporter of Wycliffe, Henry became the persecutor of the reformers. The statute de hæretico comburendo (for the burning of heretics) was adopted in 1401, and it was not allowed to remain a dead letter. Henry's reign was mostly passed amid conspiracies and civil and foreign war, and he spared few of his enemies. He found the Welsh his constant foes, and was more than once attacked by the Scots. The Percy broke with him in 1403, though they had been the chief instruments in his elevation; and the battle of Shrewsbury was fought July 21, 1403, and Henry Percy, called Hotspur, defeated and slain. Other attempts were made to depose him, but, though not without great difficulty, the king triumphed over his enemies, Glendower in Wales alone proving unconquerable, though much reduced. An English vessel took the ship on board of which Prince James, heir apparent of the Scotch crown, was proceeding to France, and the prince remained a captive for many years. The feeling between France and England during this reign was one of extreme bitterness, the cause