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and 95°, with an annual mean of 78.5°; and at Port au Prince the extremes are 63° a 104°, with a mean of 81°. The maximum occurs in August and September, but the summer heats are much tempered by the sea breezes which refresh the evenings. Hayti has on several occasions suffered from earthquakes; the most disastrous on record are those of 1564, 1684, 1691, 1751, 1770, 1842, &c. By that of 1751 Port au Prince was destroyed, and the coast for 60 m. submerged; and by that of 1842 many towns were overturned and thousands of lives lost. Vegetation is chiefly of a tropical character, and wholly such except where elevation has a controlling influence. The mountains are clothed with majestic forests of pine, mahogany, fustic, satin wood, and lignum vitæ; also the roble or oak, the wax palm, divi-divi, and numerous other cabinet woods. The richest of flowering plants abound; and the usual tropical esculents, grains, and fruits, including plantains, bananas, yams, batatas, maize, millet, oranges, pineapples, cherimoyas, sapodillas, with melons, grapes, &c., are grown everywhere. The staples of cultivation are coffee, cacao, sugar, indigo, cotton, and tobacco, but of these the production for export has greatly decreased since colonial times, owing more however to the diversion than to the cessation of labor under the new system, and the export of natural products has in a measure taken the place of cultivated staples. The W. or French section has always been the best cultivated and most valuable part of the island, as it is the most populous. The native quadrupeds are small, the largest not bigger than a rabbit; but the animals introduced from Europe, and now in a wild state, have thriven prodigiously, large numbers of cattle and hogs now roaming freely in the savannas and in the mountain forests. Birds are not numerous; still large numbers of pigeons are annually taken and used as food, and ducks and other water fowl frequent the marshy places. Insects, many of them venomous or annoying, abound. The lakes and rivers contain caymans and alligators; in the surrounding seas whales are frequently taken; and turtles, lobsters, and crabs abound on the coasts. -HAYTI, the celebrated negro republic, occupies the W. portion of the island, and is divided from the Dominican republic on the E. by an irregular line drawn from the mouth of the river Anses-à-Pitre or Pedernales on the S. coast to that of the river Massacre, which flows into the bay of Manzanilla, on the N. coast. Its territory, corresponding to that of the ancient French colony, extends between lat. 17° 55' and 19° 55′ N. and long. 71° 52′ and 74° 38′ W., and, including the islands of Tortuga, Gonaive, &c., contains 10,091 sq. m., divided into 6 departments, subdivided into arrondissements and communes; the population is variously estimated at 550,000 to 572,000. The chief towns are Port au Prince, Cape Haytien, Gonaives, Cayes, Jacmel, and Jeremie. Port au Prince, or Port Republicain, is the cap

ital and principal seaport; it is situated at the head of the bay of Gonaive, and has about 25,000 inhabitants. Gonaives, 65 m. N. W., is situated at the N. E. extremity of the same bay. Cape Haytien, or Cape Français, is the principal port on the N. coast. Jacmel and Cayes are the chief ports on the S., and Jeremie on the N. shore of the S. W. peninsula; and on the same peninsu'a are found Bainet, St. Louis, and Tiburon, the last at the extreme S. W. of the island, and, facing on the bay of Gonaive, the ports of Goave and Bon. San Nicolas is situated at the extremity of a deep bay formed by the cape of the same name and the mainland of the N. W. peninsula. The country, as observed in the preceding description, is mountainous, interspersed with rich fertile plains and valleys, is well watered, and yields spontaneously numerous valuable products, as timber, cabinet woods, and dye stuffs. Agriculture, however. on which it must greatly depend for prosperity, is in a very primitive condition, and is prosecuted without vigor. In colonial times, when the soil was cultivated by forced labor, this same country produced for export 5 or 6 times the amounts now exported. From this diminution of exports, however, it must not be inferred that industry has ceased. The labor once expended on plantations has in a great measure been transferred to the forests, as is evident from the substitution of natural for cultivated staples in the list of exports; and it is also certain that most of the articles of consumption, once enumerated among the imports, are now produced from the soil, though they do not appear among the commercial exchanges. The annual value of exports is stated at $5,000,000 or $6,000,000, and the total commerce at $9,000,000 or $10,000,000. The exports for the year 1789 were valued at $27,828,000, consisting principally of sugar, coffee, and cotton. Sugar is no longer exported, and the quantity of coffee exported scarcely exceeds a third, and of cotton a tenth of the export of the year named. Logwood, mahogany, and other woods, on the contrary, are more largely exported, and also cacao, the cultivation of which is on the increase. The imports at the present day consist principally of manufactured goods, no manufactures being carried on by the inhabitants. The principal commercial transactions are with the United States, England, France, and Bremen. In 1857-'8 the United States exported to Hayti merchandise to the value of $2,227,609, and imported therefrom to the value of $2,185,562.-The government of the republic is based on the constitution of 1843; the sovereign power is recognized to be in the people, and is exercised through an elected president. The legislature, or national assembly, consists of a chamber of commons and a senate, the former composed of one or more representatives from each commune, elected for 3 years, and the latter of 6 members from each department, elected for 6 years. The judicial power is vested in a high court of cassation, being the highest tribunal of appeals,

with superior courts in the capitals of departments, and subsidiary and primary courts in the arrondissements and communes. The laws are founded on the civil code of France. The whole powers of the government, however, have usually been concentrated in the hands of the executive, their separation into the constitutional branches having been virtually nominal; and during the reign of Faustin I., the constitution was so modified as to meet the change from the democratic to the imperial form. The public revenue is derived chiefly from customs, navigation dues, monopolies, &c., and averages about $1,000,000 a year. The expenditures exceed this amount, and hence the public debt has been constantly increasing. The force of the Haytian army is stated at 30,000, but not more than 12,000 to 15,000 are considered as effective. The people profess the Roman Catholic religion, and are under the authority of the bishop of Arcadopolis. In every commune a school on the Lancastrian system is or by law ought to be maintained. In 1854 there were in the country 62 such schools, in which from 9,000 to 10,000 scholars were under instruction. There were also 4 colleges.-Hayti was discovered by Columbus in Jan. 1493, and here at Isabella on the N. shore was founded the first Spanish colony in the new world. St. Domingo was settled in 1496. For nearly half a century these settlements received much attention and rose to great prosperity; but as other parts of America were discovered, the population was drawn off, and the natives having been extirpated, the island again became almost a waste. The buccaneers now settled on the island of Tortuga, opposite Cape Français, and also on the N. W. coast, and placed themselves under the protectorate of the French king, who sent them out a governor. In 1697 the inhabitants had greatly multiplied, and, the Spaniards being unable to cope with France, the W. portion of the island was ceded in full to that power. Cultivation was now rapidly extended, and French Hayti soon became the most valuable of all the foreign possessions in the west, and toward the end of the 18th century supplied Europe with one half the sugar consumed by its people. In the mean time the E. or Spanish portion made little or no progress. In 1790 the population of the W. colony numbered about 500,000, of which number 38,360 were of European origin and 28,370 free people of color, the remainder being negro slaves. The free people of color were mostly mulattoes, and some of them had received a liberal education in France and possessed large estates. Still they were excluded from all political privileges, and were not eligible to positions of authority or trust. The great revolution in France was heartily responded to by the whites of St. Domingo, who sent deputies to the national assembly at Paris, and proclaimed the adhesion of the colony to the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity then in vogue in the mother country. The application of those principles it was intended should be confined exclusively to the whites.

The mulattoes, however, demanded their extension to the free people of color, that is, to themselves. Their demand was rejected with contempt and indignation. A mulatto named Lacomb was hanged for presenting to the legislature of the colony a petition asking for his class the rights of citizenship; and a white planter, M. Beaudière, was torn to pieces by a mob for offering a similar petition on behalf of the mulattoes. Some of the leading mulattoes now resolved to resort to arms. One of the most distinguished of them, Vincent Ogé, who had been educated in Paris and associated there on terms of equality with Lafayette, Brissot, Grégoire, and other eminent men, raised an insurrection with about 300 followers in Oct. 1790. He was defeated, captured, and with his brother broken on the wheel in the most cruel manner; 21 of his followers were hanged. When the news of these executions reached Paris, much indig nation was expressed against the colonists, and by the influence of the friends of the blacks, the famous society of Les amis des noirs, the national assembly, May 15, 1791, passed a decree declaring that the people of color born of free parents were entitled to all the privileges of French citizens. This decree did not touch slavery or meddle with the slaves, but it excited to the highest pitch the jealousies and apprehensions of the planters, who forced the governor of the colony to suspend its operation until they could appeal to the home government. This refusal of the rights granted to them by express law caused much commotion among the mulattoes, and civil war between them and the whites appeared inevitable, when a third party, little considered by either of the others, unexpectedly interfered. The slaves on the plantations rose in insurrection, Aug. 25, 1791. The whites in alarm consented (Sept. 11) to admit the mulattoes to the civil rights granted them by law, and for a time there seemed some prospect of the restoration of peace. But on Sept. 24 the national assembly at Paris, moved by the remonstrances which had been received from the whites of St. Domingo, repealed the decree of May 15. When the news of this repeal arrived, the mulattoes flew to arms, and the civil war continued with increased ferocity on all sides for several years. Commissioners were repeatedly sent from France, but could effect nothing. The whites themselves were divided into hostile factions, royalist and republican, the French part of the island was invaded by the Spaniards and by the English, and the insurgent blacks and mulattoes under able chiefs held strong positions in the mountains and defied all efforts to subdue them. The French commissioners, involved in difficulties on every hand, at length decided to conciliate the blacks, and in Aug. 1793 proclaimed universal freedom, in apprehension of an English invasion, which took place in the following month. In Feb. 1794, the national convention at Paris confirmed this act of the commissioners, and formally guarantied the freedom of all the inhabitants of the

French colony. Meantime the English conquered the whole western coast of the island, took the capital, Port au Prince, and besieged the governor, Gen. Laveaux, in Port de Paix, the last stronghold of the French, who were reduced to extremities by famine and disease. At this juncture the blacks, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, relying on the proclamation of emancipation, came to the aid of the French governor. The siege of Port de Paix was raised, the Spaniards driven back, and after a long contest, during which Toussaint was appointed by the French authorities commander-in-chief of the army, the English in 1797 were expelled from the island, the whole of which, by the treaty with Spain concluded at Basel, July 22, 1795, now belonged to France. Under the energetic administration of Toussaint L'Overture, who was now virtually governor of the whole island, peace was restored, commerce and agriculture revived, the whites were protected and their estates restored to them, and a constitution for the colony adopted, acknowledging the authority of France, but making no distinction between the citizens on account of race or color. In 1801, however, Napoleon Bonaparte, then first consul, resolved to restore slavery in St. Domingo. The French legislature at Paris decreed its restoration by a vote of 212 to 65. An expedition, consisting of 56 ships of war and 30,000 veteran soldiers under Gen. Leclerc, was sent to enforce this decree. The army landed at Samana in Feb. 1802, the campaign was commenced, and fought with various success until May 1, when a truce was concluded. During this cessation of arms, Toussaint L'Overture was himself taken prisoner and conveyed to France, where he died in April, 1803. Indignant at this act, the negroes rallied and immediately renewed hostilities; the command devolved on Dessalines, who prosecuted the war with vigor and success; and the yellow fever, having broken out in the French army, became a more fearful and fatal antagonist than the marshalled negroes. In the midst of this calamity Leclerc died, and was succeeded in command by Gen. Rochambeau. The first act of this general was the renewal of the armistice, but it proved of no advantage to him; the blacks continued to receive reënforcements and the fever raged violently, and to add to his embarrassment an English fleet appeared off the coast. When the period for which the armistice had been proclaimed expired, his army was reduced to a mere handful of men, powerless for either offence or defence, and was soon after driven into Cape Haytien, where on Nov. 30, 1803, the French general capitulated to the commander of the English squadron. On Jan. 1, 1804, the Haytiens formally asserted their independence; and Dessalines, who had conducted the war to its close, was appointed governor for life. Not content, however, with the simple title allotted to his station, and in imitation of Bonaparte, who had 6 months before grasped the imperial sceptre of France, Des

salines assumed (Oct. 8, 1804) the title of Jacques I., emperor of Hayti; but his reign was troublous and brief, and terminated in a military conspiracy on Oct. 17, 1806. Hayti was now divided among several chieftains, the principal of whom were Christophe in the northwest and Pétion in the south-west. The E. part of the island was repossessed by Spain. În 1807 Christophe was appointed chief magistrate for life; but in 1811, having become dissatisfied with his present honors, he changed his title to that of king, calling himself Henri I., and had the kingly office made hereditary in his family. Pétion continued to act as president of the south-west until May, 1818, when he died, universally lamented by his people. On the other hand, Christophe by his arbitrary acts provoked the vengeance of his subjects, and shot himself during a revolt against his authority in Oct. 1820; and having ruled as a despot, his memory was as universally execrated as that of his republican compeer was beloved. Boyer, who had succeeded Pétion in power, now united all the governments of the west, and ruled over the whole Haytien territory. The retrocession of the eastern colony had been made at the instigation of the English government; but it was never fully acquiesced in by the inhabitants, and its possession by Spain had since been rather nominal than real. The proximity of a free republic, separated only by a conventional line, was also fraught with danger, and encouragement to revolt was not otherwise wanting. At length the people determined to be as free and independent as their neighbors, and on Nov. 30, 1821, threw off the Spanish yoke and declared their country a republic. Profiting by the dissensions that followed, Boyer, the Haytien president, now invaded the disturbed country, and in 1822 united the whole island under his government. Hitherto France had not acknowledged the independence of its former colony; but in 1825 the recognition was agreed to, on the condition that Hayti should pay 150,000,000 (subsequently reduced to 90,000,000) francs, as an indemnity for the losses of the French colonists during the revolution. Boyer retained the presidency until 1842, when a revolution broke out against his power and compelled him to flee; and soon after the inhabitants of the east rose against the Haytiens, overpowered them, and in 1844 (Feb. 2) formed themselves into an independent state under the style of the Dominican republic. The presidency of Hayti fell to Herrard Rivière, who marched with an army of 20,000 men against the revolted province, but was soon (April 9) compelled to retire within his own borders. His disgraceful retreat was avenged by a decree of banishment. His successor, Guerrier, died in less than a year after his elevation to power; he was succeeded by Pierrot, but the election of this patriot was scarcely completed before he became disgusted with the demoralized condition of the government and retired into private life; and his successor, Gen. Riché, died before

he had fairly entered upon his duties. In 1847 Faustin Soulouque was inducted into power. The new president, following up the policy of his predecessors, which had been interrupted by so many casualties, renewed the attempt to subjugate the eastern republic, and actually carried into its territory an army of 5,000 men. He was opposed by Santana with only 400 men, and signally defeated at Las Carreras on the river Ocoa, April 21, 1849. On his return to the capital he not only managed by his natural cunning to evade the consequence of his failure, but succeeded in concentrating in his own hands the whole power and patronage of the government, and so dispensed it as to attach to himself a strong party, by means of which he was soon after enabled to assume the imperial dignity. On Aug. 26 of the same year he ascended the throne with the title of Faustin I., and caused the constitution to be altered to meet the changed circumstances of affairs; and to consolidate his power, he surrounded himself by a court composed of princes of the blood, dukes, counts, barons, &c., and established two orders of knighthood, that of St. Faustin and the legion of honor. He was subsequently crowned with great pomp. His policy, thus supported by his nobles, became despotic, and his habits too expensive for the condition of the country. His robberies from the public treasury were also large, and the proceeds were sent out of the country for security against future reclamations. At length, however, the burden became intolerable, and in the height of his power his career was arrested. In Jan. 1859, a revolt was raised by one of his own generals, Fabre Geffrard, who was instantly supported by the whole population. Finding that not even his own sites and soldiers were base enough to do him further service, the guilty emperor sought refuge on board an English ship, and sailed for Jamaica. The republic was again proclaimed, and Geffrard assumed the chief authority, with the title of president. In Sept. 1859, a band of conspirators attempted his assassination, but succeeded only in murdering his daughter, who was shot through a window of her father's house. The guilty parties were soon apprehended and executed. Since the defeat of Soulouque by the Dominicans, a truce has existed between the two governments which possess this island; it is now probable that a permanent peace may be established. Hayti was the aboriginal name of the island, and signifies mountainous; it was restored, after a disuse for 300 years, by Dessalines. (See DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.)

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HAYWARD, ABRAHAM, an English writer and translator, born about 1800. His works are: "Statutes founded on the Common Law Reports" (London, 1832); a prose translation of Goethe's "Faust" (1833-'47); translation of Savigny's "Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence" (1839); "Law regarding Marriage with the Sister of a Deceased Wife" (1846); "Juridical Tracts" (1856); "Biographical and Critical Essays" (1858).

HAYWOOD. I. A W. co. of N. C., bordering on Tenn., and watered by Big Pigeon river; area, about 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 7,074, of whom 418 were slaves. It lies between the Blue Ridge and Iron mountain, and has a rough surface with fertile river bottoms. The produc tions in 1850 were 278,221 bushels of Indian corn, 40,805 of oats, 12,704 of wheat, 8,550 lbs. of tobacco, and 55,405 of butter. There were 10 grist mills, 5 saw mills, 26 churches, and 824 pupils attending public schools. The county was divided in 1850 to form Jackson. Capital, Waynesville. II. A W. co. of Tenn., drained by the Hatchee and the S. fork of Forked Deer river; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 17,259, of whom 8,498 were slaves. It has an even surface, and a fertile, well cultivated soil. The productions in 1850 were 754,510 bushels of Indian corn, 20,967 of wheat, 67,275 of oats, 67,971 of sweet potatoes, 15,967 bales of cotton, and 121,475 lbs. of butter. There were 12 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 24 churches, and 270 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Brownsville.

HAZARD, a game at dice, which requires much calculation, and at which any number of persons may play. The person who takes the box and dice throws a chance for the company, or a main, which must be not less than 4 nor more than 9. He must therefore keep throwing till he brings 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. The term nick is applied to the company's chance whenever 7 or 8 is twice thrown in succession, or whenever 7 or 8 is followed by 11 or 12; it is also applied whenever any number, which is not that of the company's chance, is followed by the same number directly afterward. The person who throws, or the caster, wins his stakes whenever he throws a nick. Whoever chooses to lay some money with the caster puts it upon the table within a circle reserved for that purpose. Next, after having obtained the consent of the caster, he knocks the box upon the table at the money of the person with whom he wishes to bet, or mentions his name. It is optional with the person who bets with the caster to bar any throw which he may cast, provided neither of the dice is seen; if one die should be discovered, the caster must throw the other to it, unless the throw is barred in proper time. The person who throws a succession of mains undoubtedly wins; but his success is only a matter of chance, whereas he who secures the best odds by calculation succeeds by his powers of mathematical application. This game has been called the "arithmetic of dice."

HAZEL, a small bush, which grows in neglected thickets, producing catkins and small fertile flowers upon the same branches, succeeded by a sweet-kernelled nut. There are two species common to the northern United States, the common or wild hazel and the rostrate or beaked hazel. (See FILBERT.)

HAZLITT, WILLIAM, an English author, born in Maidstone, April 10, 1778, died in London, Sept. 18, 1830. His father, a Unitarian clergyman who was settled for a short time in the

United States during Hazlitt's childhood, sent him to the Unitarian college at Hackney to be educated for the ministry. But Hazlitt had a taste for moral and political philosophy and art, which he cultivated to the neglect of his the ological studies, and upon leaving college he determined to become a painter. He painted portraits with tolerable success, but finding he was not likely to reach the high standard which he had set for himself, he renounced the art and embarked in a literary career. In 1805 appeared his essay on "The Principles of Human Action" (8vo., London), which he always considered one of his best literary performances. Thenceforth his principal support was derived from his contributions to the periodicals and his occasional publications and lectures. He became a regular contributor to several London newspapers of political articles and theatrical and art criticisms, the latter of which, notwithstanding a frequent tendency to prejudice and paradox, are remarkable for a catholic appreciation of the subject, and for the earnestness, boldness, and enthusiasm with which they are written. These, with his criticisms on literature and literary men, constitute his chief claim to remembrance. Among his best known works are: Characters of Shakespeare's Plays" (8vo., London, 1817); "A View of the English Stage" (1818); "Lectures on the English Poets" (1818); "Lectures on the English Comic Writers" (1819); "Table Talk" (2 vols. 8vo., 1821); "Lectures on the Literature of the Elizabethan Age" (1821); "The Spirit of the Age" (1825), containing comments on the leading public characters of the day; an essay on the fine arts in the "Encyclopædia Britannica ;" and the "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte" (4 vols. 8vo., 1828), the last intended to be his chief work, and dictated by enthusiastic admiration of his subject. In 1836 appeared his "Literary Remains," with a notice of his life by his son, and thoughts on his genius and writings by Sir E. L. Bulwer and Sergeant Talfourd (2 vols. 8vo.). Hazlitt's free comments upon living authors made him many enemies, and his life seems to have been passed in ceaseless literary labors, although his receipts were frequently large. He was married in 1808, and divorced in 1823, and in the succeeding year was again married. He lived in London during the last 20 years of his life, in a house in Westminster once occupied by Milton.-WILLIAM, son of the preceding, born about 1810, chiefly known in the world of letters by editions of some of his father's works, an edition of the writings of De Foe (3 vols. 8vo., 1840), translations of Michelet's "Roman Republic," Guizot's "History of the English Revolution" (12mo., 1846) and "History of Civilization" (3 vols. 12mo., 1846), Thierry's "History of the Conquest of England by the Normans" (2 vols. 12mo., 1847), and Huc's "Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China" (1852); and an edition of Johnson's "Lives of the Poets," with additions, from the earliest period to the close of the last generation (4 vols. 12mo., 1854).

HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, a British author and statesman, born in Maidstone, Kent, in 1805. He was educated at Oxford, and after considerable experience in the public service was appointed in 1847 lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, an office which he held until Sept. 1854, when he succeeded the earl of Elgin as governor-general of Canada. As an author he has written learnedly on art, and has also edited, with notes and a preface, Kugler's "HandBook of Painting: the German, Flemish, Dutch, Spanish, and French Schools" (2 vols., 1854).

HEAD, SIR GEORGE, an English author, born near Rochester, Kent, in 1782, died in London, May 2, 1855. He was attached to the commissariat department of the British army during the war in the Peninsula, and was present at all the great battles; he also served in Nova Scotia and the Canadas. He wrote several works illustrating his experiences in the military service, of which that entitled "Forest Scenes and Incidents in the Wilds of North America" is the best known. He also published a "Home Tour," in 2 parts (reprinted as one work in 2 vols., 1840), and "Rome, a Tour of Many Days" (1849). He was a frequent contributor to the "Quarterly Review."-SIR FRANCIS BOND, brother of the preceding, and an English author, born near Rochester in 1793. While an officer in the engineers he received from a mining company an invitation to explore the gold and silver mines of South America, between Buenos Ayres and the Andes. He arrived in Buenos Ayres in 1825, and in a short time had completed the work, having crossed the pampas 4 times and the Andes twice, and ridden upward of 6,000 miles, most of the time unaccompanied. His "Rough Notes," published after his return to England, give a graphic description of his expedition. In Nov. 1835, he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, and held office during the insurrection of 1837, after which he returned home and published a narrative in which he justified the measures he had taken against the insurgents. As an author Sir Francis Head is widely known by his "Bubbles from the Brunnen of Nassau," "Life of Bruce, the African Traveller," "Fagot of French Sticks," and "Fortnight in Ireland." He is an amusing tourist, and records scenes and characters with a minuteness equally removed from tediousness or monotony. He enjoys a pension of £100 for his services to literature.

HEADLEY, JOEL TYLER, an American_author, born in Walton, Delaware co., N. Y., Dec. 30, 1814. He was graduated at Union college in 1839, studied at the Auburn theological seminary, was licensed to preach in New York, and was pastor for 2 years at Stockbridge, Mass. Obliged by the failure of his health to abandon his profession, he travelled in Europe in 1842-'3, and after his return published two volumes entitled "Letters from Italy," and "The Alps and the Rhine" (New York, 1845), which were received with favor. Applying himself to literature, he published Napoleon and his Mar

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