BY STEPHEN HALEY ALLEN FORMERLY A JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF KANSAS. Author of THE EVOLUTION OF GOVERNMENTS AND LAWS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS Sales Agents for the Author CONTENTS SOVEREIGN STATES-Early Conceptions of Sovereignty and International Relations. Modern Conception of the Na- tion. Want of Binding Law and Supervising Force over INTERNATIONAL LAW-Dawn of International Law. Ambas- tion of Submarine Cables. Repression of the African Slave Trade. International Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs. Repression of the Trade in White Women. International Institute of Agriculture. The COMMON PROPERTY OF ALL NATIONS-The Sea. Interna- tional Rules for Preventing Collisions at Sea. Safety of Life at Sea. Entry in port of destination. Piracy. As- sistance and Salvage at Sea. Fisheries. Telegraphs: Cable and Radio. Bed of the Sea and Ocean Products 356594 THE HAGUE CONFERENCES-Pacific Settlement of Interna- tional Disputes. Forcible Collection of Contract Debts. Declaration of War. Laws and Customs of War on Land. Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons. Laws and Customs of War on the Sea. Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities. Conversion of Merchant Ships into War- ships. Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines. Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War. Adapta- tion to Naval War of the Principles of the Geneva Con- vention. Right of Capture in Naval War. Rights and Duties of Neutrals in Naval War. Declaration of Lon- OTHER RECENT GENERAL WELFARE CONVENTIONS-Conven- tions of the Central American States. Repression of the Circulation of Obscene Publications. International Am- erican Conferences. Pecuniary Claims Convention. Literary and Artistic Copyright. Protection of Trade- marks. Inventions, Patents, Designs, and Industrial Models. Industrial Property Convention. International INTRODUCTORY The relations of nations and of people to each other are determined by the sum total of human progress and of the ideals which lead men to happier lives and more useful activities. In the march of civilization law-makers of necessity follow rather than lead. The great inventions which arouse the imagination are the pioneers. The mariner's compass pointed the way over the unknown seas and gave assurance that whatever course was taken might be retraced. To it and the spirit of adventure it aroused the world owes the conversion of the ocean from an impassable barrier, separating the continents into different worlds, to a great universal thoroughfare connecting every port of every land with every other port. Following the discovery of America and the settlement of Europeans along its coasts came colonial problems to the statesmen of Europe and the necessity of changing their theories of rulership by arbitrary force for a system affording the people of the colonies some measure of liberty in the regulation of their affairs. With no means of communication between the two continents but sailing vessels, there was such partial isolation as induced the growth of new customs, modes of life and ideas of social relations. In time these became so distinct and firmly established that the colonists would not submit to the ill-advised measures of the governments of the parent countries. The result was political separation and the organization in the western hemisphere of republican governments now numbering twenty-one. Political separation has not been followed by isolation. Soon after it took place the relatively small and slow sailing vessels which had brought settlers by tens and by hundreds were supplemented by the great steamships transporting them swiftly and safely by thousands. With the aid of the steamengines in use during the nineteenth century for the first time in the history of the world, Europe and America were drawn closer and closer together, till the manufacturing and commer |