nese or Chino-Himalaic name was sam ngo 3, 2, with or without definitives or connectives. When East Himalaic separated from Chinese the compound was in use, for Mon-nam preserves sam, whereas the Tibeto-Burman name is identical with the contracted and comparatively modern Chinese ngo. In other places I have remarked that the labial unit was characteristic of the older Asiatic numeral system. It is still found, not only in Draviro-Australian and the Mon-Anam branch of Himalaic, but in Scythic, vaik, bat, bit, bis, mis, (variable to bir, per),-Indo-European, we.na, oino-s, u.nu-s, o.ne,-Caucasion ar &c.(=war,)-Euskarian bat,-Semito-African, wal, war wan, mosi, wot &c. * I have already considered the question whether the labial initial in this almost universal form of the unit is radical or merely prefixual and concluded it to be the latter. f We have seen (p. 91) that in the archaic Himalayo-Polynesian numeral system the labial was the common definitive preposed or prefixed, and the labial numeral element of Mou-Anam appears to be a remnant of a similar system. To the proto-Scythic stage of the Mid-Asian languages-from which all the great outlying families, American, Himalayo-Polynesian, Draviro-Australian, Indo-European, and Caucaso-African have been derived-this widely prevalent form of the unit is to be referred. The Sechuana and the Papuan mo-e.si are really identical in origin, although we can no longer hold that Africa communicated the numeral to the Eastern Islands. Both the western and the eastern negroes brought it, with most of their other * "The root appears to have had originally an initial y or v." Smith's Lat. Dict. + Whether the primary Chino-Himalaic and Dravirian unit were mok, mot, pak, pat, &c.—or mo-ka, mo-to &c.,-or mo-ka, mo-ta &c.,-the oldest extant forms present us with the labial initial and a final k, t, s, r, n, probably variations of one original sound. The labial and aspirate initials are so unstable, that, to account for the variation of bat to at or ta, and of bis to is or si, it is not necessary to assume that the original form was ba.ta, bi.si. Thus the Mon-Anam mot, mat corresponds with the Dravirian vodda 1, pada, bad &c. 10, as well as with the Chinese pak, pat in 8 and 100. So also the bar, mar, bagu of 2 ( bok, bhag in 7) whether it be radically bar, or ba-ra, or ba-ra, corresponds with the Dravarian i.r,e.r, and with the Scytho-African mal, mala, bari, biri, vidi &c. Ultimately it is identical with the unit,-2 in the primary numeral system being 1, 1. In Zimbian "the labial prefixual element has generally the form mo. The same combination is found in other formations, and whether both the definitives are to be considered as being primarily a def. compound used as the numeral, or a merely servile function is to be ascribed to the postfix or prefix, must be doubtful in most cases, the relative position of the principal and accessory definitives having varied even in the same forma. common possessions in phonology, structure and roots, from the central ethnological province of Asia, where vestiges of a similar form of language are preserved in the prefixual Yeniseian and in the still more agglutinative and agglomerative N. E. Group. tion. If the original form of the Semitic unit were wa-hi,wa-kha &c., it would follow that all the Semito-Libyan forms of the sibilant, aspirate, dental and guttural definitive and unit might at one time prefix the labial. But in the archaic non-concreted condition of the glossary it is clear that each definitive had a separate currency and was capable of being used as the unit. The combinations indicated special distinctions, sexual &c. The replacement of s, t, by r or l, found in the Arabic ordinal 1, takes place in the Zimbian cardinal 1. This tends to the conclusion that wa, war, wat, wah, wak or pak, bas, mos &c. are all variations of one archaic term, whether simple or compound. A similar range of variation occurs in those forms of the Scythic unit which have the labial prefix. From the general structural analogies of Semitic in its most archaic stage and of Zimbian in its existing one, it is probable that in mo-si, mo-ri, as in the Semitic wa-hi, wa-li, the labial was primarily accessary. In form it corresponds with the Egyptian uo of uo-two-t. [See App. 1, One B]. The following are examples of the Zimbian term,—mo-ja Suaheli, u-mure (contracted) Ki-Kamba, mo-dya Makua, yi-mo, lu-mo Mudjana, (probably contracted terms with substantive prefixes, similar to those taken in other Zimbian languages when the numerals are used as qualitives), mo-yi, mo-ji Makonde, mo-si Takwani, po-si Masena, Sofala, mo esi Sechuana, mo-si Benguera, Kongo, Kambinda, mo-shi Angola, i-mo Mundjola. Yoruba, which in one dialect uses the Zimbiau labial prefix with its numerals, has the same form of the unit in 9 (1 from 10), ma-i-so." Erhn. I. P. I. App. to c. IV, sec. 6. THE NATURAL SELECTION OF HUMAN RACES. Darwin is doing for zoology what Lyell has done for geology. He multiplies and intensifies by time the infinitesimal changes that take place under the observation of a life; and he finds that this enables him to dispense with those hypothetical interferences ab extra with the constant-and Divine-course of nature, which play the same part in some European cosmogonies, that the frolics of gods and giants and the motions of earth-sustaining tortoises and snakes, do in those of the East. He appears to have some hesitation in submitting his own species to the genesis which he ascribes to its lower fellow creatures. And yet man more even than his congeners illustrates the law of "natural selection." Whether, with American ethnologists, we hold Australians, Papuans, Hottentots, to be so many distinct species of the genus man, or consider them to be simple varieties, it is clear that the higher, and therefore stronger, races of mankind are gradually extirpating the lower. The globe is a Procrustean bed for the animal life on it. Nature is only enabled to make room for a few lives by the constant destruction of the many, and she sweeps away races as well as generations. In the lapse of time the weaker individuals and varieties perish before the stronger. The higher development of sentiment which we find in man expedites, in place of retarding, the process of extermination. The "natural man "has an antipathy to alien forms of his own race. The Andaman negro has no respect for the leading race and murders an Arian as naturally as a pig; and the uneducated European more than reciprocates the feeling of repugnance. He has more toleration for a baboon than a Tasmanian, for a poodle than a little blackamoor. His feeling towards the inferior tribes of his own species has even less humanity in it than that with which he regards the lower ani mals, for it has a strong ingredient of contempt and dislike, which any assertion of right on their part, in opposition to his will, rouses into ruthless hatred. Shooting black fellows" is the instinct of almost every Australian settler in the bush except the best educated, and nothing but the law prevents the Natives being hunted down like kangaroos. In Van Dieman's land, where the race was still more degraded, Europeans, educated and noneducated, combined to extirpate them as vermin, and the Government sanctioned the battue. The paper in another page shews that the United States Government is utterly powerless to arrest the operation of the grand law of "natural selection," and that the Indians will soon be numbered with the other extinct animals of the New World. The same The lower varieties of mankind that still survive are marked for a rapid destruction, because there is no longer room for them. The century has come in which their territories being wanted by a stronger race, are taken by it, and, as it cannot utilise the prior occupants, they must depart from this world for ever. doom must, of necessity, have frequently overtaken prior and still lower varieties of man. Hence it is that the hiatus between him and the nearest akin of the Bimana widens as the race advances. Link after link of the long chain of varieties disappears. In the great book of geology most of the leaves are zoologically blank, the written ones are tattered, and a large proportion of them, including most of those containing the records of the human era, cannot be turned over by us, because they lie beneath the floor of the ocean or buried under lakes. NIV. OF THE INDIANS OF AMERICA, In the early settlement of New England, where the Indian race was quite numerous and warlike, the language of the Massachusetts tribes was mastered by the celebrated John Eliot, usually called the Apostle to the Indians. He was born in England in the year 1604, and gradu ated at Cambridge University; soon after which he emigrated to Massachusetts in the year 1631, and in the year following was settled as the minister of the town of Roxbury, adjoining the present city of Boston. Roxbury as well as the adjoining towns was then full of Indians; but now the same town, then all a wilderness and peopled by savages, is a city with of 20,000 inhabitants and one of the most beautiful in New England, as well as distinguished for the intelligence, the cultivation, and the moral and religious character of the people. In 1646 Eliot commenced preaching, with great zeal, to the Indian tribes around him, having previously mastered their language, into which he afterwards translated the whole Bible. Copies of this translation are now rare, and to be found only in a few public libraries or those of antiquarians. The people of the Atlantic States know as much about the Malay language as they do about the Indian. Besides the translation of the Bible, Eliot published an Indian Grammar and various religious books for the use of Indians. There were at that time about 20 different tribes within the limits of the English settlers, among whom he extended his labors as far as he was able, and then incited others to do the same. At the time of his death in 1690, he had the pleasure of seeing twenty four ordained Indian ministers of the Gospel, who were ornaments to their sacred profession. All of the languages of these 20 tribes were so much alike, that he who understood one, could easily understand all. At the end of his Grammar, the first ever made of an Indian language, he recorded this memorable sentence: "Prayer and pains, through faith in Jesus Christ, can do any thing. If any thing else was published on the Indian languages in the early history of the Colonies, I am ignorant of it. A School was established at Hanover, New Hampshire, by a christian and philanthropic individual of the name of Moore, after whom the School was called, to this day bearing the name of Moore's Indian Charity School. A considerable part of the fund was obtained from benevolent individuals in Scotland. The design was the education of Indian youth, who then were found in |