fought contest.

New Zealand and Australia have undertaken to provide warships as a contribution to the British fleet. In Australia and in other colonies a scheme of military defense has been worked out jointly by the home and colonial authorities. A recent British poet has described Great Britain as a lion, and the self-governing colonies as full-grown cubs, ready to come at the lion's call to his assistance:

"The Lion stands by his shore alone

And sends, to the bounds of Earth and Sea,
First low notes of the thunder to be.

Then East and West, through the vastness grim,
The Whelps of the Lion answer him."

IMPORTANT DATES

1820. Death of George III.

1829. Catholic Emancipation Act passed.

1832. First Parliamentary Reform Act.

1833. Slavery abolished throughout the British colonies.

1837. Accession of Queen Victoria.

1846. The Corn Laws repealed and Free Trade established.

1867. Second Parliamentary Reform Act.

1868. Gladstone for the first time Prime Minister.

1869. Protestant church in Ireland disestablished.

1884. Third Parliamentary Reform Act.

1886. Gladstone adopts cause of Home Rule; split in the Liberal party. 1898. Death of Gladstone.

1901. Death of Queen Victoria.

1903. Irish land question settled.

TOPICS AND REFERENCES

Suggestive Topics. (1) Which contributed more to the advancement of the people, the gradual reforms of Great Britain or the revolutions of France? (2) How do you account for the conservative character of the English people? (3) Was it just to exclude Protestant dissenters, Catholics, and Jews from Parliament while taxing them? (4) Do the same reasons apply to the unrepresented towns and classes before the reform of Parliament? (5) What changes did the parliamentary reform acts make in the political control of Great Britain? (6) Which party profited most by the Reform Act of 1832? (7) Compare the abolition of slavery in the

British Empire with that in the United States. (8) Was the adoption of Free Trade a wise or an unwise step for Great Britain? (9) Why have other countries not followed Great Britain's lead in this matter? (10) Which seems to you the greater statesman, Gladstone or Disraeli? Why? (11) If you were English, would you be a Conservative, a Liberal, or a Liberal-Unionist? Why? (12) What arguments may be urged for giving Home Rule to Ireland? (13) What arguments may be urged for not doing so? (14) Is the Cabinet system of Great Britain, or the Presidential system of the United States, the better form of government? Give your reasons. (15) Why did Great Britain win in the contests for colonial empire? (16) Compare the government of Canada with that of the United States. (17) By what right did Great Britain gain Australia? (18) Is the federal government of Canada or of Australia the better form?" Why? (19) Compare the treatment of the Boers by Great Britain after the Boer War with the treatment of the Southern states by our Federal Government following the Civil War. (20) Ought the British to withdraw from Egypt? (21) Is the British rule over India good or bad for India? Why? (22) Is the connection of the colonies with Great Britain good or bad for the colonies? For Great Britain? Give your reasons.

Search Topics. (1) O'CONNELL AND CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, I, ch. xii; Lawless, Ireland, 377-389. - (2) THE OLD PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM. Hazen, Europe Since 1815, 409415; Ilbert, Parliament, 33-47; May, Constitutional History of England, I, ch. vi (first half); Beard, Introduction to English Historians, 538-548. (3) PARLIAMENTARY REFORM OF 1832. Hazen, 428-438; Montague, English Constitutional History, 206-208; Beard, Introduction, 549-565; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 239-245; Cheyney, Readings in English History, 679-690. (4) ABOLITION OF SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE. McCarthy, Epoch of Reform, ch. vii; Walpole, History of England from 1815, III, 388-414. (5) IRISH FAMINE OF 1845. Lawless, Ireland, 396-402; McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, I, 278–282; Kendall, Source Book of English History, 414-418. (6) EVILS OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM. Cheyney, Industrial and Social History, 235-239, 244-252; Cheyney, Readings, 690-697; Kendall, Source Book, 401-406; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 282-285. — (7) REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, I, 222-233; McCarthy, Life of Peel, ch. xiii; Cheyney, Readings, 708-715; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 286–289. (8) ENGLISH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, II, 190-219, 224-228; Rhodes, History of the United States, III, 502-538; Cheyney, Readings, 729-735; Harding, Select Orations Illustrating American History, 392-413. (9) GLADSTONE'S PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, I, 425-433; Russell, Gladstone; Morley, Gladstone, Bk. II, ch. vi.

(10) DISRAELI. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, I, 256–266; Froude, Disraeli, 236-262; Bryce, Studies in Contemporary Biography ("Beaconsfield"). (11) PARNELL AND IRISH LAND QUESTIONS. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, III, 63-70; Johnston and Spencer, Ireland's Story, 324-338; O'Brien, Life of Charles Stewart Parnell; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 296–300. — (12) THE HOME RULE MOVEMENT. Hazen, 497-509; Encyclopedia Britannica, IX, 579-580; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 300-305; O'Brien, Parnell. - (13) DEVELOPMENT OF CANADA. Hazen, 523-530; Encyclopedia Britannica, V, 158-164; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 316-322; Bourinot, Canada Under British Rule.(14) CONSTITUTION OF CANADA. Encyclopedia Britannica, V, 165; Courtney, Working Constitution of the United Kingdom, Pt. III, ch. iii. (15) DEVELOPMENT OF AUSTRALIA. Encyclopedia Britannica, II, 558–565; Jenks, History of the Australasian Colonies. — (16) CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA. Hazen, 530-534; Beard, Introduction, 645-662; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 472–474. — (17) THE CABINET SYSTEM. Bagehot, English Constitution (2d ed.), ch. ii; Montague, 163-172; Robinson and Beard, Readings, II, 258-266. (18) THE MUTINY IN INDIA. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, II, chs. xxxii-xxxv; Beard, Introduction, 638– 644. — (19) THE BOER WAR. Hazen, 536-545; Encyclopedia Britannica, XXVII, 199-208; Conan Doyie, The War in South Africa, chs. ii, iv; De Wet, Three Years' War; R binson and Beard, Readings, II, 331-336. — (20) PRIVATE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF QUEEN VICTORIA. Lee, Queen Victoria, ch. xlix.

General Reading. — Justin McCarthy, History of Our Own Times (5 vols.), covers the whole reign of Queen Victoria. Spencer Walpole, A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815 (6 vols.), covers the period to 1856. Herbert Paul, A History of Modern England (5 vols.), deals with the period from 1846 to 1895. Morley's Life of Gladstone (3 vols.) is an admirable work. The Dictionary of National Biography should be consulted for special biographies.

CHAPTER XXXIV

THE EASTERN QUESTION AND THE PARTITION OF

AFRICA

A. ARMED PEACE AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS

821. In

armaments

THE Franco-Prussian War ended in the annexation of AlsaceLorraine to the newly founded German Empire (§ 776). This spoliation of France by Germany marked the abandonment of the idea of a "community of Europe," which crease of underlay the system of Metternich. It marked also the complete triumph of the idea of national separatism. Intense rivalries then prevailed for a generation among the states of Europe, the natural consequence of Bismarck's high-handed policy of "blood and iron," and of reliance upon armed force. France passionately desired a "war of revenge" that should recover for her the lost French provinces. To that end she strained every nerve to increase her army, her navy, and her defenses. Germany was obliged to follow suit to retain what she had won. In the race of armaments, France was easily outstripped. Her population in the last quarter of the nineteenth century increased only one million, while that of the German Empire increased fifteen millions. Other Powers, in self-defense, were obliged to follow courses similar to those pursued by Germany and France. By the close of the century Europe thus presented the aspect of "an armed camp." France had a war strength of 2,500,000 men, Germany of 3,000,000, and Russia of 3,500,000, in addition to powerful navies. Rapidfire guns, smokeless powder, powerful explosive shells, and Lavisse, Genrepeating rifles of long range increased the terrors of war. eral View, "Formerly," says the historian Lavisse, "peace wore only demi-armor. To-day it is armed from head to foot.

167-168