find it difficult to work in very far. Signals for a tug will be relayed by St. Christobal Signal Station.

Entering and to an anchorage.-Give the coast a berth of about 3 miles until nearing the entrance, and then shape the course to pass about 1 mile northward of Morro Castle. When Port San Juan Lighthouse on Morro Castle bears about south stand in for the entrance with Catano range lights (white structures) in line, bearing 188° true (S by W mag.) and keep close on the range until inside the entrance buoys.

Pass westward of black buoy No. 3 (occulting white) and steer 136° true (SE % S mag.) with Anegado Shoal range lights in line (red structures). When up to Can buoy No. 7(light close by) edge off to the southward and anchor about 400 yards southward of Puntilla Point, southward of the line of the Anegao Shoal range, in 27 to 30 feet of water.

To the docks.-Pass southward and eastward of can buoy No. 9 (light close by) and then haul northward between the lighthouse depot and the red buoys marking Punta Larga Shoal; this turn is sharp and difficult for large vessels. Follow the water front at a distance of about 250 yards to the desired pier.

To anchor in the channel leading toward the quarantine station.When abeam of Puntilla Point (lighthouse depot) steer 117° true (SE by E 14 E mag.) and select anchorage in the channel as marked by the buoys. The depths are 23 to 25 feet until up to Largo Shoal buoy No. 4, and thence shoals gradually to about 17 feet off the quarantine station

From the entrance to San Juan Harbor the coast has a general easterly trend for 13 miles to Point Vacia Talega and a general east northeasterly direction for 17 miles to Cape San Juan. It is indented by a number of coves, none of which afford an anchorage, and is a sand beach with the exception of bluffs at Cape San Juan, Luquillo, and Point Vacia Talega. The beach is fringed with coral reefs and breakers, inclosing bare rocks, to a distance varying from 1/2 to 1 mile in places. The lowland, extending inland 2 to 4 miles to the foothills of the Luqillo Mountains, does not show well from seaward, and the coast appears bold.

The principal towns and villages between San Juan and Fajardo are Rio Piedras, Carolina, and Canvanas, 3 miles inland; Loiza, at the mouth of the Loiza River; Rio Grande and Mameyes, 2 miles inland, and Luquillo, at the mouth of Luquillo River. These towns are connected by a good road, and have communication by telegraph and telephone. There is a railroad from San Juan to Rio Piedras and Carolina and between Mameyes and Fajardo.

Luquilio Mountains occupy the northeast part of the island, and are the great prominent feature in clear weather for this part of the coast. They are three high closely connected peaks, the highest of which is Yunque Peak, 3,485 feet, and lie 5 miles inland and 10 miles from the eastern end of the island.

Point Cangrejos, 711⁄2 miles eastward of San Juan, is low and has a scattering grove of cocoanut trees. A reef extends 3 mile northward and nearly 5% mile northwestward from the point. There are several bare, rocky islets near the edge of the reef, which are prominent in approaching from eastward. Reefs extend from these islets

to San Juan Island, a distance of 51⁄2 miles, and lie from 12 to 1 mile offshore.

Point Vacia Talega is 17 miles westward of Cape San Juan and 13 miles eastward of San Juan Harbor. There are low bluffs at the water, from which the land rises gradually to a brush-covered ridge, 40 to 60 feet high, and then drops suddenly to low land behind it. This feature shows from both eastward and westward, and is distinctive..

Carolina, the most important town between San Juan and Fajardo, is 2 miles westward of Canovanas. It is the eastern terminus of the railroad from San Juan.

Loiza River, 134 miles eastward of Point Vacia Talega, shows as a wide gap in the trees. Loiza is a post village on the eastern side of the river near its mouth. Canovanas is an important town on Loiza River 3 miles above Loiza.

Point Uvero, 22 miles westward of Point Miquillo, shows from westward only. It then appears low and sandy at the end, backed by extensive groves of cocoanut trees which extend westward to the Loiza River.

Rio Grande empties at the head of the deep bight on the west side of Point Miquillo. The river is small, but is navigable for small craft for 3 miles to the town of Rio Grande. It can be entered only with a smooth sea.

Point Miquillo, 1 mile westward of Point Picua and 10 miles westward of Cape San Juan, is marked at its end by a small cluster of cocoanut trees; the rest of the point is covered with brush. A least depth of 7 fathoms, with a possibility of less, was found about 15% miles northward of Point Miquillo, and 15 to 20 fathoms a little farther northward.

Comezon Cove, between Point Miquillo and Point Picua, is about 1 mile long and 3/4 mile wide at the entrance, narrowing to its head. There are reefs across the entrance and in the cove.

Point Picua, 3 miles westward of Point Embarcaderos, is covered by an extensive grove of cocoanut trees. Reefs, bare at low water, extend 3⁄4 mile off the point.

A rock, with a least depth of 15 feet, lies 1.6 miles 29° true (NE by N mag.) from Point Picua and is marked on its north side by a whistling buoy. For a distance of about 1/2 mile westward of the rock there are scattered rocks with 334 to 6 fathoms of water over them, but the general depth of the surrounding water is 9 to 15 fathoms. The rock breaks in a moderate swell.

Point Embarcaderos, nearly 1 mile northwestward of Luquillo, is not easily distinguished, except from westward. There is a square brick stack a little westward of the point. Small craft can anchor inside the reef on the west side of the point, but no directions can be given for strangers. The depths 5% mile off the point are 634 to 10 fathoms. The mouth of Mameyes River is closed by sand dunes.

Luquillo is a post village on the beach 414 miles westward of Point San Diego. The nearest boat landing is on the west side of Point Embarcaderos. Just eastward of Luquillo is a small knoll about 56 feet high, at the western end of which is a prominent reddish bluff.

Point San Diego, 111⁄2 miles westward of Cape San Juan, is a sharply projecting point, with several knolls and bare bluffs on its eastern side, and a lagoon westward of the knolls. The depths 5% mile off the point are 634 to 10 fathoms.

Yegua Cove, between Cape San Juan and Point San Diego, is about 34 mile in extent, and is obstructed by reefs.

Cape San Juan (see fig. 2), the northeast point of Porto Rico, is a hill 220 feet high, on the summit of which is Cape San Juan lighthouse, a cylindrical tower in front of a rectangular dwelling. The light is a group flashing white (two flashes every 20 seconds). From the lighthouse the cape slopes northward for 3 mile, and terminates at the sea in bluffs about 100 feet high. The north side of the cape is steep-to, but eastward of the lighthouse the 5-fathom curve is about 1/4 mile from shore.

CORDILLERAS REEFS, AND REEFS AND ISLANDS EASTWARD TO CULEBRA.

These are a chain of small islands and bare rocks which extend in an east-southeast direction from about 3/4 mile off Cape San Juan to Southwest Cay, a distance of about 17 miles, and form the north side of Vieques Sound. The chain is practically steep-to on the north and south sides, especially eastward of Hermanos Passage; westward of Hermanos Passage all dangers will be avoided by giving the islets and bare rocks a berth of 1/2 mile when northward or southward of them. The navigable passages through the chain are, San Juan, Cucaracha, Hermanos, and Barriles, and the passages between the cays from Cactus Cay to Culebra Island.

Las Cucarachas, the westernmost of Cordilleras Reefs, lie a little over 34 mile north-northeastward from Cape San Juan, and are a small group of rocks about 15 feet high. They are marked by an unwatched light exhibited from a grey cylindrical concrete tower and showing a flashing white light every 10 seconds. A rock awash at high water lies 300 yards northwestward of them, and a shoal with 22 to 26 feet of water extends 5% mile 304° true (NW 5% W mag.) from the rock awash. A ridge with depths of 32 to 41 feet extends west-northwesterly from the shoal to a distance of 214 miles. Lying about 3 mile southward of this ridge, and extending westward of it to a position 2 miles northward of Point Embarcaderos, is another ridge with least depths of 634 to 8 fathoms. The course to or from San Juan Passage leads over this ridge, on which there is usually a heavy swell. With a very heavy swell, the sea has been known to break on these ridges.

San Juan Passage, between Cape San Juan and Las Cucarachas, is nearly 34 mile wide, and is one of the principal channels leading into Vieques Sound. The depths in the passage are 8 to 11 fathoms, and in the western approach 634 to 8 fathoms. Sailing directions through the passage are given on page 70.

Cucaracha Passage, between Las Cucarachas and Los Farallones, is a little over 11⁄2 mile wide. It may be used by vessels of any draft, and is the best passage for sailing vessels to enter the northwest end of Vieques Sound with the usual easterly trade winds. The best depths in the passage (7 to 8 fathoms) are found on its eastern side for a distance of 3% mile westward of Los Farallones. On the west

side the 6-fathom curve is found about 1/4 mile east-southeastward from Las Cucarachas, shoaling thence to 22 feet about 125 yards from them. A 188° true (S by W mag.) course passing 1/4 mile westward of Los Farallones, or a 218° true (SW 14 S mag.) course for Cape San Juan lighthouse, will lead through Cucaracha Passage in a least depth of about 712 fathoms.

Los Farallones, lying 5% mile eastward of Las Cucarachas and 12 mile northwestward of Icacos Cay, is a group of rugged bare rocks about 30 feet high. There is deep water close to the north and west sides of the rocks, but a shoal, with a number of bare rocks on it, extends to Icacos Cay. A reef, on which the sea always breaks, lies 1/4 mile southward of Los Farallones; it extends nearly 3% mile westward from the northwest end of Icacos Cay, and the western end of the reef should be given a berth of over 300 yards.

Icacos Cay, the largest one of the chain, lies 114 miles eastward of Cape San Juan. It is 3/4 mile long, 3% mile wide, hummocky in appearance, with a greatest elevation of about 40 feet, and covered with a scrubby growth.

Ratones Cay, 250 yards eastward of Icacos, is 250 by 400 yards in extent, and about 60 feet high. There are a number of bare rocks off its north side, and a reef awash between it and Icacos. A reef awash extends 400 yards southwestward from Ratones to a bare rock about 10 feet high. There is a channel 400 yards wide, with depths of 16 to 20 feet, between Ratones Cay and the bare rocks northwestward of Lobos Cay.

Lobos Cay, 12 mile east-southeastward from Ratones, is 350 by 650 yards in extent, and 25 to 30 feet high. Off its north side are several high bare rocks and islets, the highest 75 or 80 feet. From Lobos to Diablo Cay, a distance of 24 miles, there is a chain of numerous bare rocks and islets, some of them as much as 30 feet high.

Diablo Cay, 24 miles east-southeastward from Lobos Cay, is 650 yards long and generally low, but there is a grassy hummock about 40 feet high on its eastern end; there are white beaches on its north and south side. There are numerous bare rocks close to the north side of the cay and extending westward to Lobos Cay; also for a distance of 5% mile eastward of it. The easternmost rock is detached, about 30 feet high, and a good mark. A single line of soundings through the gap between this rock and Hermanos Reef gave a depth of 534 fathoms, but numerous light patches were seen giving it a dangerous appearance.

Hermanos Reef, 13% to 23% miles east-southeastward from Diablo Cay, is four small bare rocks-the western one about 2 feet high, the eastern one about 6 feet high, and two rocks, close together, and 4 or 5 feet high, nearly midway between the end rocks.

Hermanos Passage is 2 miles wide between the bare rocks of Hermanos and Barriles reefs. With care it is considered safe for vessels of 24 feet or less draft, but vessels rarely have occasion to use it. The deepest part of the passage is between 12 and 1 mile eastward of Hermanos Reef east rock. There are two ridges across the passage about 4 mile apart. Depths of 51/2 to 7 fathoms were found on them in the deepest part of the passage, and spots with less depths, as follows: The 5-fathom curve is 3% mile east-southeastward from Hermanos Reef east rock; a depth of 28 feet was found 7% mile, and

18 feet at 12 mile, 284° true (WNW 12 W mag.) from Barriles Reef west rock. Outer Piraguas Rock bearing 203° true (SSW 1/2 W mag.), passing 114 miles westward of Barriles Reef west rock and 34 mile eastward of Hermanos Reef east rock, will lead through Hermanos Passage in a depth of 33 feet.

Barriles Reef is 13% miles long east and west, and is a chain of about fifteen bare rocks, mostly 2 to 4 feet high. There is a rock about 10 feet high near the middle of the reef, and another about 15 feet high at the eastern end of the bare rocks. The easternmost rock is awash, and lies 1/4 mile eastward of the bare rocks.

Barriles Passage is 2 miles wide between the easternmost rock (awash) of Barriles Reef and Cactus Cay, and may be used by vessels of any draft, the deepest water favoring the eastern side. The eastern part of the passage, between 14 and 14 miles westward of Cactus Cay, has depths of 8 to 9 fathoms; a depth of 31 feet was found 400 yards westward from Pillar Rock, Cactus Cay. On the west side, depths of 52 and 61⁄2 fathoms were found between 650 yards and 34 mile eastward of the rock awash (eastern end of Barriles Reef), and a depth of 28 feet was found 650 yards southeastward from it.

CULEBRA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS.

Culebra Island, 16 miles eastward of Porto Rico, is about 6 miles in length east and west. Its greatest width of 3 miles is found near the eastern end, but to the northwest it terminates in a point. It is of moderate elevation, broken and ragged, the hills are generally covered by a scrubby growth 20 to 30 feet high, and near the center Mount Resaca rises to a height of 650 feet. Dolphin Head, 550 feet high, a conspicuous hill, comparatively steep-to on its southeastern face, lies about midway between Mount Resaca and Point Negra. The northern shore is bold and steep-to, the 20 fathom curve lying approximately parallel to it at a distance of 12 miles. A coral ledge with 512 to 9 fathoms of water on it extends westward from Northeast Cay to within 12 miles of Northwest Point. Within this coral ledge the water again deepens to 12 and 13 fathoms. Great Harbor and Mangrove Harbor indent the southeastern side of the island. (Fig. 1.)

The

In 1920 Culebra Island had a population of 704. The principal product of the island is cattle. Vegetables and some tropical fruits are grown only in sufficient quantities for local consumption. rainy season lasts from June to October, but the rainfall is not as heavy as in Porto Rico. There are no fresh-water streams, and rain water stored in cisterns forms the principal water supply. There is no fresh water available for vessels.

The principal harbor is Great Harbor, one of the most secure in the Leeward Islands.

The Washer lies nearly 2 miles northwestward from Northwest Point, and is two small rocks about 200 yards apart-the northwestone about 2 feet high, the southeast one awash at high water. Washer Passage, between Fungy Bowl and The Washer, is clear and has depths of 12 to 14 fathoms.

Fungy Bowl is a prominent, bare, round, whitish rock, 145 feet high, with rugged perpendicular sides, lying 5% mile south-southeastward from The Washer. The channel between Fungy Bowl and The