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ara, which gives name to a tribe, lay near to the northern Bautisus, and eastward from its source; on the Olanmuren river, therefore, and probably in Koshotey. Rhosoche lay much farther east in the same latitude. I know not where to seek it. Paliana and Abragana were both on the banks of the northern Bautifus and in Koshotey. Togara and Daxata were both in the middle of the province Shienfi, and probably near the Hoa-ho; for all these places were in a fouth-east line towards the bend of the Bautisus, and towards Sera, the metropolis. Orofana lay near the fource of the fouthern Bautisus, or the Haramuren. Ottorakorra along the course of the fame river near its easterly bend, and to the north of the district to which and to whose inhabitants it gives its name. Solana was more eastward: I know not where.

Sera, the capital, was at some distance from the south bend of the Bautifus. If Ptolemæus means, by this fouth ἑκτροπς, the contiguous river Hoa-ho, this Sera can be no other than Singan-fu, which is at some distance from its fouthern evolution:-but, if he knew of the bow of the Hoang-ho, it must be placed more eastward at Honan. The first seems to be more probable, as Ptolemæus appears ignorant of the eastern course of the river, and may well have mistaken a part of the Hoa-bo for a continuation of his Bautifus; and also as Singan-fu is named as a former metropolis of the north-west parts of China. Sera was the easternmost refort of the merchants; and beyond it Prolemans knows nothing.

Historical Account of Sculpture. From Falconer's chronological I ables; beginning with the reign of Solomon, and ending with the Death of Alexander the Great.

ALL the ancient writers have agreed in dividing it into two periods, the latter of which begins with the age of Phidias. Strabo ascertains these ages very exactly, tho'rather foreign to his subject; for, in describing the temples of Ephefus, there are some which he calls ancient, and in these were ἀρχαία ξόανα antique wooden figures. In the other temples, built, δὲ τοῖς ὑσερον, in after-times, he tranfgresses from his usual form, and describes three ftatues in particular, which were probably of the age of Phidius and Scopas. Pliny and Paufanias abound in examples of this divifion of the periods. The former, when discoursing of Myron, fays, "capillum non emendatius fecisse quam rudis antiquitas inftituiffet." This "rudis antiquitas" means what is termed the age of Dædalus and his scholars, who improved but little on the models brought from Egypt. However, as we have fome dates in Pliny, which fix the progreffion of this art with tolerable accuracy, we shall briefly touch on the hiftory of this period from the earliest times; though the vague, and nearly fabulous relations, of Dædalus form fome embarrafsment in fixing the commencement of this æra. Diodorus Siculus and Paufanias agree in supposing there was an artist of that name who worked for Minos in Crete, and built a labyrinth at Gnoffus, of which no veftige was left in the time of Augustus. Homer, in his 18th Iliad, does mention a Δαίδαλος, who formed

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formed a dance for Ariadne; but, as he uses the fame word, a few lines after, adjectively, to signify artificially made, he might mean by the former no more than what the word imports, an ingenious artist. Euftathius interprets Homer as meaning that Dædalus only invented the dance itself, and not that he worked it in either wood, stone, or metal.

The statues of Dædalus, mentioned by Pausanius, were all of wood, and resembled, as we may suppose, the Egyptian; for Philoftratus says, that the statue of Memnon was formed with the feet joined together, and the arms resting on the feat, after the manner of cutting figures in the age of Dedalus. Such was probably the figure of Minerva in Troy, mentioned in the 6th Iliad, which seems to have been in a fitting posture. We have no remains of these rude ages; but the forms of the Juno of Samos, carved by Smilis of Ægina, faid to be contemporary with Dædalus, and that of the Diana of Ephefus, by the hand of Endæus, or Endyus, a pupil of Dædalus, are preserved on the medals of their respective cities. These representations gave a very unfavourable idea of the Dædalean age; yet we have no reason to doubt their authenticity, for the artists of polished times would never have disgraced their coinage with fuch uncouth figures, had they not been exact resemblances of objects made venerable by fuperftition. Some more of these wooden statues are described as exifting at Thebes, Lehaden, Delos, and Crete, to the reign of Hadrian. They were nearly destroyed by age; and yet Paufanius, fired by

religious and antiquarian enthufiasin, could find in them something divine; but what it was he does not explain. Some other of these statues were plated with gold, and their faces painted red, viz. two of Bacchus, in the forum of Corinth; which gives us but an indifferent idea of the taste of that period. The Venus of Delos had only a head and arms, with a quadrangular basis instead of feet; which shews that these sculptors had improved but little on the rude ages of Greece, when unhewn fiones, or at best cut intoa quadrangular form, were the only emblems of their divinities. Yet even these figures, I think, were not introduced into European Greece till after the days of Homer. The name of Dædalus was, we know, given to artists long after the Athenian Dædalus is supposed to have flourished. Paufanias himself mentions one of Sicyon of that name, which he seems to confound with the Dædalus mentioned by Homer. Dipenus and Scyllus, according to Pliny, were the founders of the school of sculpture in Sicyon, and were the first who were celebrated for carving in marble. They flourished, says the fame author, in the 50th Olympiad, which is very probable: for at that period, the states of Greece were beginning to cultivate their talents, and to settle a form of government. Pausanius, by a strange anachronism of above 400 years, says, that Dipœnus and Scyllis were the fons of that very Dædalus who lived fo long in Crete. Pliny indeed says, they were Cretans by birth, but that they settled at Sicyon. Is it not then more likely that they were instructed long after by DaHh 3

dalus

dalus Sicyonius, and that the iden-
tity of names was the fource of the

error?

However celebrated these artists were for marble sculpture, yet the most noted performances from their hands were cut in ebenus, a fort of Jignum vitæ, with pieces of ivory interspersed; a practice much improved afterwards. Tectæus and Angelion were the scholars of Dipænus; they carved the Apollo at Delos, and Callon, their pupil, the 1tatue of Minerva Sthenias, in the citadel of Athens, about the 63d Olympiad. The other memorable pupils of this fohool were Theocles and Doriclydas, both Lacedemonians, whose works were to be • feen, as Paufanius informs us, in his time at Elis.

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The school of Chios, formed by Malas about the fame time with that of Sicyon, or probably before, • was still more noted. Bupalus and Authermus carved well in the 60th Olympiad; fome of whose works had a place in the palace of Auguftus Cæfar. Yet even in this period are uncertain whether the Greeks knew the art of cafting statues in metal. The oldest brass ftatue known in Greece was one of Jupiter, in the Chalciæcos and Laconia, in which the limbs had been feparately formed, and then nailed together; yet this imperfect eflay was afcribed to Learchus, a scholar of Dipœnus, who must have lived about the 53d or 54th Olympiad. So little was this art known in the school of Sicyon, when it was celebrated for marble sculpture. About the 63d Olympiad, we find the name of Rhecus and Theodorus, both of Samos, the Jame who built the temple of Juno,

in the reign of Polycrates, and practifed the art of cafting statues with fuccefs.

Sicyon and Chios divide this period Hence, I think, the schools of into two parts. The Dædalean, 50th Olympiad; the middle age, or barbarous age, ceases in the which gave better forms to the hulith, nor an exact representation of man figure, but not the last po. the minuter parts, may be extended to the 83d Olympiad; when the great genius of Phidias broke out at once in full luftre in the Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva at Athens. Paufanias has described the former of these with great accuracy; and Livy the hiftorian, with a fublimity of expreffion altist, points out in a few words, its most equal to the ideas of the areffect on the beholder.. Paulus Æmilius, says that invaluable writer, travelling through Greece, entered the temple to survey the coloffal flatue; when Jovem velut præfentem intuens, motus animo eft. It is generally known that this figure was composed of ivory, and ornamented with gold, a practice of great antiquity in the East; but few confider the difficulty of executing a grand idea with fo minute materials. If any other graces were still wanting in fculpture, the skill of Praxiteles and Lyfippusgave those finished touches which produced fublimity in small figures without diminishing their elegance. Such was sculpture in the days of Alexander. fpecimens of this æra are most probably even now to be seen at Rome and Florence, viz. the Medicean Venus, the Hercules Farnese, and the Beviderian Apollo. The great

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to you concerning my taking the seals from the chancellor, of which you must needs have heard all the passages, as he would not fuffer it to be done so privately as I intended it. The truth is, his behaviour and humour was growne so infupportabe to myself, and to all the world elfe, that I could not longer endure it; and it was impoffible for me to live with it, and doe those things with the parliament which must be done, or the government will be loft. When I have a better opportunity for it, you shall know many particulars

that have inclined me to this re

folution, which already feems to be well liked in the world, and to have given a real and visible amendment to my affairs. This is an argument too big for a letter; fo I add but this word to it, to affure you, that your former friendship to the chancellor shall not doe you any prejudice with me, and that I have not in the leaft degree diminished that value and kindness I ever had for you; which I thought fit to say to you upon this occafion, because it is very poffible malicious people may fuggeft the contrary to you.

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MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

On the Influence of Cold upon the Health of the Inhabitants of London. From the Philofophical Iransactions.

THE extraordinary mildness of last January, compared with the unusual severity of the January preceding, affords a peculiarly favourable opportunity of observing the effect of each of these seasons contrafted with each other. For of these two fucceffive winters, one has been the coldest, and the other the warmeft, of which any regular account has ever been kept in this country. Nor is this by any means an idle speculation, or matter of mere curiofity; for one of the first steps towards preferving the health of our fellow-creatures, is to point out the fources from which diseases are to be apprehended. And what may make the present inquiry more particularly useful, is that the refult, as I hope clearly to make appear by the following statements, is entirely contrary to the prejudices usually entertained upon this fubject.

During last January, nothing was more common than to hear expref-, fions of the unfeasonableness of the weather; and fears least the want of the usual degree of cold, should be productive of putrid diseases, and I know not what other causes of mortality. On the other hand, " a

bracing cold," and "a clear froft," are familiar in the mouth of every Englishman; and what heis taught to with for, as among the greatest promoters of health and vigour.

Whatever deference be due to received opinions, it appears to me however from the strongest evidence, that the prejudices of the world are upon this point at least unfounded. The average degrees of heat upon Fahrenheit's thermometer kept in London during the month of January 1795, was 23° in the morning, and 29°.4 in the afternoon. The average in January 1796, was 43°.5 in the morning, and 50°. I in the afternoon. A difference of above twenty degrees! And if we turn our attention from the comparative coldness of these months, to the correfponding healthiness of each, collected from the weekly bills of mortality, we shall find the result no less remarkable. For in five weeks between the 31st of December 1794 and the 3d of February 1795, the whole number of burials amounted to 2823; and in an equal period of five weeks between the 30th of December 1795 and the 2d of February 1796, to 1471. So that the excess of the mortality in January 1795 above that of January 1796, was not less than of 1352 persons. A number fufficient surely to awaken

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