INDEX-DIGEST Covenants For cases in Dec. Dig. & Am.Dig. Key-No.Series & Indexes see same topic and KEY-NUMBER Palen's Sons v. Nelson & Caulkins, 221 N. Y. S. J N. Y. 1, modifying judgment 216 N. Y. S. 400, 217 App. Div. 630. 382. V. AMOUNT, RATE, AND ITEMS. 156 (N.Y.Sup.) Prevailing party held not entitled to term fee, where place of trial was changed before commencement of term (Civil Practice Act, § 1504, subd. M).-Ritter v. Brack, 221 N. Y. S. 503. 157 (N.Y.Sup.) Successful defendant, in two negligence actions tried together by one jury, but not consolidated, held entitled to trial costs in each case (Civil Practice Act, § 1504). -Ritter v. Brack, 221 N. Y. S. 503. 107 (N.Y.App.Div.) Interpretation of judicial opinion must consider arguments of counsel towards which opinion directed.-Galland v. Shubert Theatrical Co., 221 N. Y. S. 437, reversing judgment 208 N. Y. S. 144, 124 Misc. Rep. 371. IV. COURTS OF LIMITED OR INFERIOR 169 (5) (N.Y.Co.Ct.) Plaintiff's reply to counterclaim, increasing demand to amount beyond County Court's jurisdiction, did not divest court of jurisdiction.-Giglotti v. Hawkins, 221 N. Y. S. 733, 129 Misc. Rep. 180. 164(3)(N.Y.Sup.) Extra costs recoverable in difficult injunction case held limited to 5 per cent. of damages recovered (Civil Practice Act, 1513). Little Falls Fibre Co. v. Henry Ford 170 (N.Y.Co.Ct.) Complaint in replevin, & Son, 221 N. Y. S. 671. VI. TAXATION. stating value of chattels as $900, plus $100 detention damages, held within County Court's jurisdiction, though prayer inadvertently stated value to be $1,000 plus damages (Civil Practice Act, § 67, par. 3).-Giglotti v. Hawkins, 221 N. Y. S. 733, 129 Misc. Rep. 180. 197 (N.Y.Sup.) Court has power to direct successful plaintiff in equity action to tax costs. -Dailey v. Northern New York Utilities, 221189 (6) (N.Y.Sup.) Writ of seizure issued N. Y. S. 52. COUNTERCLAIM. See Set-off and Counterclaim. COURTS. by City Court to recover chattels on default under conditional sales contract held void (New York City Municipal Court Code, § 71).-Grossman v. Weiss, 221 N. Y. S. 266. 190(9) (N.Y.App.Div.) Appellate Term, in reversing on the facts money judgment on jury verdict, should have granted new trial (Civil See Criminal Law, 95; Justices of the Practice Act. §§ 584, 630).-Boehm v. Buffalo Peace; Prohibition. 1. NATURE, EXTENT, AND EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION IN GENERAL. 12(3) (N.Y.App.Div.) State courts have no discretion to decline jurisdiction of nonresident's action under federal statute for injuries in another state against foreign railroad (General Corporation Law, § 47, subd. 4, as added by Laws 1920, c. 916; Employers' Liability Act, $ 6, as amended by Act Cong. April 5, 1910 [U. S. Comp. St. § 8662]).-Murnan v. Wabash Ry. Co., 221 N. Y. S. 332. 23 (N.Y.Sur.) Surrogate's Court cannot acquire jurisdiction by acquiescence.-In re Peno's Estate, 221 N. Y. S. 205, 128 Misc. Rep. 718. 23 (N.Y.Sur.) Surrogate's Court cannot acquire jurisdiction by consent. In re Brennan's Estate, 221 N. Y. S. 462. 39 (N.Y.Sur.) Where contestants withdrew objections to probate in New York county, knowing of question of jurisdiction, affirmance of surrogate's order held adjudication of court's jurisdiction. In re Beattie's Estate, 221 N. Y. S. 726, 129 Misc. Rep. 241. II. ESTABLISHMENT, ORGANIZATION, AND PROCEDURE IN GENERAL. (A) Creation and Constitution, and Court Officers. Sav. Bank, 221 N. Y. S. 609. V. COURTS OF PROBATE JURISDICTION. 2004 (N.Y.Sur.) Surrogate's Court has legal and equitable power to make orders and decrees respecting matters within its jurisdiction. In re Brown, 221 N. Y. S. 305. Court has 2002 (N.Y.Sur.) Surrogate's jurisdiction in discovery proceedings to determine title to property described in instruments under seal (Surrogate's Court Act, § 40, as amended by Laws 1921, c. 439, and §§ 205, 206). In re Peno's Estate, 221 N. Y. S. 205, 128 Misc. Rep. 718. had 2002 (N.Y.Sur.) Surrogate's Court to determine whether executor jurisdiction should be surcharged with proceeds of sale of realty retained by executor individually as gift. In re Brown, 221 N. Y. S. 305. Surrogate's Court has power, on accounting proceeding, to determine title or right to property of deceased.-Id. Contest respecting property claimed by accounting executor individually against_estate must be determined as any other issue.-Id. Allegation that property claimed by accounting executor belongs to estate, not fact of ownership, gives Surrogate's Court jurisdiction. -Id. 2002 (N.Y.Sur.) Surrogate's Court's authority to determine in discovery proceeding conflicting claims of title is jurisdictional question, depending on statute (Surrogate's Court Act [Laws 1920, c. 928] §§ 205, 206, as amended by Laws 1924, c. 100).-In re Brennan's Estate, 221 N. Y. S. 462. 52 (N.Y.CityCt.) Entry February 3, 1927, in Bronx county clerk's office of County Court, judgment rendered December 30, 1926, became effective under retroactive statute (Const. art. 6, § 15, as amended November 3, 1925; Civil Practice Act, § 67, subd, 5, added by Laws Surrogate's Court has no jurisdiction to de1926, c. 214; Laws 1926, c. 444, amended by termine title on conflicting claims, remedy beLaws 1927, c. 69).-Parsons v. Benann Holding by interpleader (Surrogate's Court Act ing Corporation, 221 N. Y. S. 522. [Laws 1920, c. 928] §§ 40, 205, 206, as amended; Civil Practice Act, § 287).-Id. (D) Rules of Decision, Adjudications, Opinions, and Records. 90(1) (N.Y.) Judgment for legal services in one action must be proportionate to judgment for like services to same client in another.Prager v. New Jersey Fidelity & Plate Glass Ins. Co. of Newark, N. J., 156 N. E. 76, 245 COVENANTS. I. REQUISITES AND VALIDITY. (A) Express Covenants. (N.Y.App.Div.) It is no argument against restrictive covenant that land without restric Criminal Law 221 NEW YORK SUPPLEMENT tion will be more valuable.-Second Reformed, XVII. PUNISHMENT AND PREVENTION OF CRIME. Protestant (Dutch) Church of Town of Flatbush in Kings County v. Trustees of Reformed 1211 (N.Y.App.Div.) Previous conviction in Protestant Dutch Church of Town of Flatbush federal court held no basis for sentence as for in Kings County, 221 N. Y. S. 396, affirming second conviction of felony, absent showing judgment (Sup.) 216 N. Y. S. 616, 127 Misc. that previous conviction was for felony (Penal Rep. 498. Law, $8 1941, 1943, 2198).-People v. Voelker, 221 N. Y. S. 760. CRIMINAL LAW. See Extradition; False Personation; Fraud, 68; Homicide; Negligence, 144. IV. JURISDICTION. 95 (N.Y.App.Div.) State courts have no jurisdiction over crimes exclusively against United States (Judicial Code U. S. § 256 [U. S. C. tit. 28, § 371, U. S. Comp. St. § 12331).People v. Cook, 221 N. Y. S. 96. XII. TRIAL. (A) Preliminary Proceedings. 6271⁄2 (N.Y.) Documents in possession of prosecutor in criminal case, not admissible in evidence, held not subject to inspection by defendant.-People ex rel. Lemon v. Supreme Court of State of New York, 156 N. E. 84, 245 N. Y. 24, affirming order 219 N. Y. S. 892, 219 App. Div. 725. CURTESY. (N.Y.Co.Ct.) "Estate in curtesy" is husband's life estate, given by law in wife's lands undisposed of by will, if child is born alive.In re Charbonneau, 221 N. Y. S. 449. 8 (N.Y.Co.Ct.) Husband of infant dying intestate leaving child of marriage has estate in curtesy in proceeds of infant's estate of inheritance in lands sold before marriage (Civil Practice Act, § 1402).—In re Charbonneau, 221 N. Y. S. 449. CUSTOMS AND USAGES. 12(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Plaintiff could not recover under advertising contract by proving trade custom not shown known to defendant.-Roberts Bros. Co. v. Grein, 221 N. Y. S. 321. 12(2) (N.Y.Sup.) There is no presumption that particular trade usages are known to persons not in that trade.-Roberts Bros. Co. v. Grein, 221 N. Y. S. 321. (B) Course and Conduct of Trial in Gen-15(2) (N.Y.Sup.) Contract for publishing eral. 655(6) (N.Y.App.Div.) Trial judge's casual statement to accused's counsel that he intended to charge that verdict should be murder, first degree, or not guilty, did not cause charge permitting conviction of manslaughter, second degree, to be unfair.-People v. Voelker, 221 N. Y. S. 760. XIII. MOTIONS FOR NEW TRIAL AND IN 920 (N.Y.App.Div.) Misapprehension of the law by accused's counsel is no ground for setting aside conviction.-People v. Voelker, 221 N. Y. S. 760. XV. APPEAL AND ERROR, AND CER- (C) Proceedings for Transfer of Cause, advertisement on every eighth "page" being unambiguous, parol evidence of trade custom defining page as leaf was inadmissible.-Roberts Bros. Co. v. Grein, 221 N. Y. S. 321. 1069(5) (N.Y.) Where certificate permitting criminal appeal from Appellate Division is granted more than 30 days after affirmance, appeal must be taken forthwith.-People v. Gef-113 fin, 156 N. E. 187, 245 N. Y. 75, dismissing appeal 218 N. Y. S. 848, 218 App. Div. 755. 1071 (N.Y.) Application for certificate permitting criminal appeal from Appellate Division three months after Appellate Division's affirmance held too late and appeal dismissed (Code Cr. Proc. § 521, and § 520 as amended by Laws 1926, c. 465).-People v. Geffin, 156 N. E. 187, 245 N. Y. 75, dismissing appeal, 218 N. Y. S. 848, 218 App. Div. 755. XVI. SUCCESSIVE OFFENSES AND 1202 (7) (N.Y.App.Div.) Appellate Division may correct sentence improperly imposed as for second conviction for felony, and defendant should be brought before it for judgment (Penal Law, § 1941; Code Cr. Proc. § 543).-People v. Voelker, 221 N. Y. S. 760. Resentence for indeterminate term by Appellate Division held not to prevent filing of information to adjudicate whether accused should be punished as for second felony (Code Cr. Proc. 543; Penal Law, § 1943).-Id. VI. MEASURE OF DAMAGES. (B) Injuries to Property. (N.Y.App.Div.) Owner of injured property can recover for depreciation in value, or, in alternative, cost of repairs and loss of use, but not both.-Howe v. Johnston, 221 N. Y. S. 516. Automobile owner could not recover both for depreciation resulting from collision and cost of repairs.-Id. DEATH. II. ACTIONS FOR CAUSING DEATH. (E) Damages, Forfeiture, or Fine. 99 (4) (N.Y.Sup.) $22,000 for death of 27 year old workman earning $45 weekly held not excessive.-Clark v. Monarch Engineering Co., 221 N. Y. S. 93. For cases in Dec.Dig. & Am.Dig. Key-No.Series & Indexes see same topic and KEY-NUMBER III. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION. 93 (N.Y.Sup.) Statute requiring instru- (C) Estates and Interests Created. SPECTIVE SHARES. (A) Heirs and Next of Kin. 21 (N.Y.App.Div.) "Next of kin," within DISCOVERY. II. UNDER STATUTORY PROVISIONS. 29 (N.Y.App.Div.) Statute entitling party 124 (3) (N.Y.Sup.) Unequivocal language in 132 (N.Y.Sup.) "Reversion" and "vested Deed to grantors' daughter for life, there- (E) Conditions and Restrictions. 155 (N.Y.Sup.) Deed requiring grantees to 156 (N.Y.Sup.) Possibility of reverter for 164 (N.Y.Sup.) Conditions subsequent, re- 166 (N.Y.Sup.) Grantor can release condi- IV. PLEADING AND EVIDENCE. 211(3) (N.Y.App.Div.) Finding that deed 211(4) (N.Y.App.Div.) Finding that deed DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION. 8 (N.Y.Sup.) Possibility of reverter for to examine employee of plaintiff corporation for Defendant held not entitled to examine em- ployees of corporations not parties respecting 47 (N.Y.App.Div.) That defendants have Indorsers on corporation's notes held entitled 47 (N.Y.Sup.) Party cannot examine mu- 56 (N.Y.App.Div.) On motion to vacate no- DISMISSAL AND NONSUIT. I. VOLUNTARY. 7(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Plaintiff cannot discon- 16 (N.Y.Sup.) Action will be discontinued, 19(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Granting of nonsuit or Plaintiffs' application for discontinuance after 20 (N.Y.Sup.) Original plaintiffs held_en- 221 N. Y. S. 249. 240(4) (N.Y.Sup.) $5 weekly alimony will be awarded to wife having two wage-earning children, where husband, earning $30 weekly, paid $10 weekly to former wife.-Pompilio v. Pompilio, 221 N. Y. S. 594, 129 Misc. Rep. 207. 245 (1) (N.Y.Sup.) Husband must support wife, even after divorce, if judgment provides for or reserves alimony question, irrespective of contract.-Hamlin v. Hamlin, 221 N. Y. S. 249. Irrespective of form of prayer of complaint to set aside separation agreement, equity court can render judgment required by circumstances. -Id. DOMICILE. 4(1) (N.Y.Sur.) Length of sojourn outside county in which domicile had been established did not of itself effect change of domicile.-In re Beattie's Estate, 221 N. Y. S. 726, 129 Misc. Rep. 241. 8 (N.Y.Sur.) Burden of showing change of domicile is on party alleging it.-In re Beattie's Estate, 221 N. Y. Š. 726, 129 Misc. Rep. 241. DUE PROCESS OF LAW. See Constitutional Law, 285–316. EASEMENTS. I. CREATION, EXISTENCE, AND TERMI- 18(2) (N.Y.Sup.) Right of way over granwithout access to highway.-Falcone v. Bentor's lands is implied on conveyance of part jamin, 221 N. Y. S. 190. 26(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Way by necessity, impressed on grantor's land, is not affected by his subsequent conveyance.-Falcone v. Benjamin, 221 N. Y. S. 190. ELECTRICITY. 16(1) (N.Y.App.Div.) Telephone company's erection of pole after railway's placing of high power wire did not relieve railway of duty of care. Speich v. International Ry. Co., 221 N. Y. S. 66. 16(7) (N.Y.App.Div.) Telephone company's negligence in placing pole near railway's high power wire held not to relieve railway from liability.-Speich v. International Ry. Co., 221 N. Y. S. 66. 19(7) (N.Y.App.Div.) Railway's negligence in maintaining uninsulated high power wire latter's employee, held for jury.-Speich v. Innear electric company's pole, causing injury_to ternational Ry. Co., 221 N. Y. S. 66. EMINENT DOMAIN. II. COMPENSATION. (B) Taking or Injuring Property as Ground for Compensation. 84 (N.Y.) State could not without compensation diminish riparian owners' rights by statutes declaring river navigable after title grant. -People ex rel. Western New York & P. Ry. Co. v. State Tax Commission, 155 N. E. 911, 244 N. Y. 596, affirming order 212 N. Y. S. 161, 245(1)(N.Y.Sup.) Order directing payment of alimony for past period would be in excess of court's amending powers.-Crawford v. Craw-215 App. Div. 728. ford, 221 N. Y. S. 551. Court held without power to amend final divorce judgment not giving alimony, so as to provide for alimony for support on husband's breach of separation (Civil Practice Act, § 1170).-Id. 245(2) (N.Y.Sup.) Separation agreement, violated by husband, held of itself no bar to amendment of final divorce judgment, so as to include alimony for support.-Crawford v. Crawford, 221 N. Y. S. 551. 277 (N.Y.Mun.Ct.) Wife recovering separation judgment after dismissal of action was vacated held entitled to recover in law action, unpaid installments of alimony pendente lite. Pachter v. Pachter, 221 N. Ÿ. S. 202. VI. CUSTODY AND SUPPORT OF CHILDREN. EQUITY. See Conversion; Discovery; Injunction; Partition; Reformation of Instruments; Specific Performance; Trusts. MAXIMS. AND I. JURISDICTION, PRINCIPLES, Suits. 48 (N.Y.) Promisee could maintain action in equity against promisor for breach of contract made for benefit of third parties.-Croker New York Trust Co., 156 N. E. 81, 245 N. Y. 17, reversing judgment 215 N. Y. S. 833, 216 App. Div. 832. (C) Principles and Maxims of Equity. 65(3) (N.Y.App.Div.) Facts held not to 294 (N.Y.Sup.) Dismissal of wife's separa- show that wife and husband's judgment debtor tion complaint held to preclude judgment pro- were united in interest, or wife's wrongdoing, so viding for custody and support of child.-as to preclude equitable relief.-Swartzlander v. Northrup v. Northrup, 221 N. Y. S. 493. Swartzlander, 221 N. Y. S. 73, reversing in INDEX-DIGEST For cases in Dec.Dig. & Am.Dig. Key-No.Series & Indexes see same topic and KEY-NUMBER Execution part and affirming in part judgment (Sup.) 217 | action for fraud.-Cacicedo v. McAteer, 221 N. Y. S. 60. N. Y. S. 467, 127 Misc. Rep. 801. Clean hands maxim is applicable to deny relief only where wrongdoing is connected with matter in controversy.-Id. XI. PAROL OR EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE AF- Terms of Written Instrument. Conduct with husband's judgment debtor held (A) Contradicting. Varying, or Adding to not to affect wife's right to have husband's assignment of judgment for alienation of affec-417(4) (N.Y.Sur.) Parol evidence was adtions and criminal conversation set aside, as made to defeat her judgment on contract.-Id. See Discovery; Witnesses. For evidence as to particular facts or issues For review of rulings relating to evidence, see 1. JUDICIAL NOTICE. missible to show action of executive committee of trust company, ratified by directors, not shown by minute books. In re Starbuck's Estate, 221 N. Y. S. 540. (D) Construction or Application of Language of Written Instrument. 462 (N.Y.App.Div.) Parol evidence held admissible to show that bill of sale was not intended as memorial of agreement fully performed before its delivery.-Morgenstern v. Diamond, 221 N. Y. S. 161. XII. OPINION EVIDENCE. (A) Conclusions and Opinions of Witness es in General. 478 (3) (N.Y.App.Div.) Exclusion of testimony that defendant in automobile collision case was intoxicated held error.-Donahue v. Meagley, 221 N. Y. S. 707. (B) Subjects of Expert Testimony. 508 (N.Y.Sur.) Expert opinion evidence is admissible on any subject which in trial court's judgment will be made clearer thereby.-In re Wells' Will, 221 N. Y. S. 714. (D) Examination of Experts. 555 (N.Y.App.Div.) Testimony of expert concerning X-ray plate held inadmissible, 14 (N.Y.Sur.) Courts, as matter of com- where he did not take picture or examine mon knowledge, take judicial notice that ordi- plaintiff, and persons taking picture not called. nary period of human gestation is 280 days.--Gastiger v. Horowitz, 221 N. Y. S. 481. In re Wells' Will, 221 N. Y. S. 714. 20(2) (N.Y.App.Div.) It is common knowledge that there must be steps to railroad coaches and open space between trains and station platforms.-Trudnowski v. New York Cent. R. Co., 221 N. Y. S. 686. II. PRESUMPTIONS. (F) Effect of Opinion Evidence. 574 (N.Y.App.Div.) Actual measurements of distances between car step and station platform, and between platform and rail, outweighed passenger's estimates.-Trudnowski v. New York Cent. R. Co., 221 N. Y. S. 686. XIV. WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY. 86 (N.Y.Sur.) Disputed medical theory is not evidence to rebut presumption of law.-In 594 (N.Y.CityCt.) Jury may not disregard re Wells' Will, 221 N. Y. S. 714. IV. RELEVANCY, MATERIALITY, AND (E) Competency. 155(9) (N.Y.Sup.) Admitting testimony as uncontradicted and not improbable testimony of interested or disinterested witness, not impeached or discredited.-Rock v. Radice Electric Co., 221 N. Y. S. 457. EXECUTION. LIEF AGAINST EXECUTION. to tenants' instructions for guarding sidewalk 'v. STAY, QUASHING, VACATING, AND REopening held not error, where plaintiff first cross-examined tenants as to care used.-Carpenter v. Sears, 221 N. Y. S. 747. V. BEST AND SECONDARY EVIDENCE. 174(1) (N.Y.App.Div.) Copy of assignment of tenant's right to recover deposit held inadmissible.-Levine v. Potter, 221 N. Y. S. 287. Owners, or VII. ADMISSIONS. Former Grantors, (C) By Privies. 233 (N.Y.App.Div.) Decedent's admissions, tending to diminish property, are competent evidence against his estate in favor of alleged donee. In re Wiemann, 221 N. Y. S. 409. 411 (N.Y.Sup.) Complaint of judgment debtor's receiver, alleging that trustee for cred(D) By Agents or Others Representatives.itors of corporation in which judgment debtor 247 (N.Y.App.Div.) Letters written by defendant's representative, showing falsity of defendant's representations inducing stock purchase and agent's knowledge, held admissible in |