The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man - Sir Charles Lyell - Google 도서

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CONTENTS.

Preliminary Remarks on the Subjects treated of in this Work-Definition of

the Terms Recent, Post-Pliocene, and Post-Tertiary Tabular View of the

entire Series of Fossiliferous Strata

Works of Art in Danish Peat-Mosses-Remains of three Periods of Vegetation

in the Peat-Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Shell-Mounds or ancient

Refuse-Heaps of the Danish Islands- Change in geographical Distribution

of Marine Mollusca since their Origin-Embedded Remains of Mammalia

of recent Species-Human Skulls of the same Period-Swiss Lake-Dwel-

lings built on Piles-Stone and Bronze Implements found in them-Fossil

Cereals and other Plants-Remains of Mammalia, wild and domesticated-

No extinct Species-Chronological Computations of the Date of the Bronze

and Stone Periods in Switzerland Lake-Dwellings, or artificial Islands

called 'Crannoges,' in Ireland

FOSSIL HUMAN REMAINS AND WORKS OF ART OF THE RECENT PERIOD.

Delta and Alluvial Plain of the Nile-Burnt Bricks in Egypt before the Roman

Era-Borings in 1851-54-Ancient Mounds of the Valley of the Ohio-

Their Antiquity-Sepulchral Mound at Santos in Brazil-Delta of the

Mississippi-Ancient Human Remains in Coral Reefs of Florida-Changes in

Physical Geography in the Human Period-Buried Canoes in marine Strata

near Glasgow-Upheaval since the Roman Occupation of the Shores of the

Firth of Forth-Fossil Whales near Stirling-Upraised marine Strata of

Sweden on Shores of the Baltic and the Ocean-Attempts to compute their

33

BONES OF MAN AND EXTINCT MAMMALIA IN BELGIAN CAVERNS.

Earliest Discoveries in Caves of Languedoc of Human Remains with Bones of

extinct Mammalia-Researches in 1833 of Dr. Schmerling in the Liége

Caverns-Scattered Portions of Human Skeletons associated with Bones of

Elephant and Rhinoceros-Distribution and probable Mode of Introduction

of the Bones-Implements of Flint and Bone-Schmerling's Conclusions as

to the Antiquity of Man ignored -Present State of the Belgian Caves-

Human Bones recently found in Cave of Engihoul-Engulfed Rivers-

Stalagmitic Crust-Antiquity of the Human Remains in Belgium how

POST-PLIOCENE PERIOD

FOSSIL HUMAN SKULLS OF THE NEANDERTHAL AND ENGIS CAVES.

Human Skeleton found in Cave near Düsseldorf-Its geological Position and

probable Age-Its abnormal and ape-like Characters-Fossil Human Skull

of the Engis Cave near Liége-Professor Huxley's Description of these

Skulls-Comparison of each, with extreme Varieties of the native Austra-

lian Race-Range of Capacity in the Human and Simian Brains-Skull from

Borreby in Denmark- Conclusions of Professor Huxley-Bearing of the

peculiar Characters of the Neanderthal Skull on the Hypothesis of Transmu-

POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM AND CAVE DEPOSITS WITH FLINT

General Position of Drift with extinct Mammalia in Valleys-Discoveries of

M. Boucher de Perthes at Abbeville-Flint Implements found also at

St. Acheul, near Amiens-Curiosity awakened by the systematic Explora-

tion of the Brixham Cave-Flint Knives in same, with Bones of extinct

Mammalia-Superposition of Deposits in the Cave-Visits of English and

French Geologists to Abbeville and Amiens

PEAT AND POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM OF THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME.

Geological Structure of the Valley of the Somme and of the surrounding

Country-Position of Alluvium of different Ages-Peat near Abbeville-

Its animal and vegetable Contents - Works of Art in Peat-Probable

Antiquity of the Peat, and Changes of Level since its Growth began-Flint

Implements of antique Type in older Alluvium-Their various Forms and

POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM WITH FLINT IMPLEMENTS OF THE VALLEY

OF THE SOMME concluded.

Fluvio-marine Strata, with Flint Implements, near Abbeville-Marine Shells in

same-Cyrena Fluminalis-Mammalia-Entire Skeleton of Rhinoceros-

Flint Implements, why found low down in Fluviatile Deposits-Rivers

shifting their Channels - Relative Ages of higher and lower-level Gravels-

Section of Alluvium of St. Acheul-Two Species of Elephant and Hippopo-

tamus coexisting with Man in France-Volume of Drift, proving Antiquity

of Flint Implements-Absence of Human Bones in tool-bearing Alluvium,

how explained-Value of certain Kinds of negative Evidence tested thereby

-Human Bones not found in drained Lake of Haarlem
PAGE 121

WORKS OF ART IN POST-PLIOCENE ALLUVIUM OF FRANCE AND

Flint Implements in ancient Alluvium of the Basin of the Seine-Bones of Man

and of extinct Mammalia in the Cave of Arcy-Extinct Mammalia in the

Valley of the Oise-Flint Implement in Gravel of same Valley-Works of

Art in Post-Pliocene Drift in Valley of the Thames-Musk Buffalo - Meeting

of northern and southern Fauna-Migrations of Quadrupeds- Mammals of

Amoor Land-Chronological Relation of the older Alluvium of the Thames

to the Glacial Drift - Flint Implements of Post-Pliocene Period in Surrey,

Middlesex, Kent, Bedfordshire, and Suffolk.

CAVERN DEPOSITS, AND PLACE OF SEPULTURE OF THE POST-PLIOCENE

Flint Implements in Cave containing Hyæna and other extinct Mammalia in

Somersetshire-Caves of the Gower Peninsula in South Wales-Rhinoceros

hemitachus-Ossiferous Caves near Palermo-Sicily once part of Africa-

Rise of Bed of the Mediterranean to the Height of three hundred Feet in the

Human Period in Sardinia — Burial Place of Post-Pliocene Date of Aurignac

in the South of France-Rhinoceros tichorhinus eaten by Man-M. Lartet

on extinct Mammalia and Works of Art found in the Aurignac Cave-

Relative Antiquity of the same, considered
170

AGE OF HUMAN FOSSILS OF LE PUY IN CENTRAL FRANCE AND OF

NATCHEZ ON THE MISSISSIPPI, DISCUSSED.

Question as to the Authenticity of the Fossil Man of Denise, near Le Puy-en-

Velay, considered-Antiquity of the Human Race implied by that Fossil

Successive Periods of volcanic Action in Central France With what

Changes in the Mammalian Fauna they correspond-The Elephas Meridio-

nalis anterior in Time to the implement-bearing Gravel of St. Acheul-

Authenticity of the Human Fossil of Natchez on the Mississippi, discussed—

The Natchez Deposit, containing Bones of Mastodon and Megalonyx, pro-

bably not older than the Flint Implements of St. Acheul

ANTIQUITY OF MAN RELATIVELY TO THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND TO THE

EXISTING FAUNA AND FLORA.

Chronological Relation of the Glacial Period, and the earliest known Signs of

Man's Appearance in Europe-Series of Tertiary Deposits in Norfolk and

Suffolk immediately antecedent to the Glacial Period-Gradual Refrigeration

of Climate proved by the Marine Shells of successive Groups - Marine

Newer Pliocene Shells of northern Character, near Woodbridge-Section of

the Norfolk Cliffs - Norwich Crag-Forest Bed and fluvio-marine Strata-

Fossil Plants and Mammalia of the same-Overlying Boulder Clay and

contorted Drift-Newer freshwater Formation of Mundesley compared to

that of Hoxne-Great Oscillations of Level implied by the Series of Strata

in the Norfolk Cliffs-Earliest known Date of Man long subsequent to the

existing Fauna and Flora.

CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND THE EARLIEST

SIGNS OF MAN'S APPEARANCE IN EURope.

Chronological Relations of the Close of the Glacial Period and the earliest

geological Signs of the Appearance of Man-Effects of Glaciers and Icebergs

in polishing and scoring Rocks - Scandinavia once encrusted with Ice like

Greenland-Outward Movement of Continental Ice in Greenland - Mild

Climate of Greenland in the Miocene Period - Erratics of recent Period in

Sweden - Glacial State of Sweden in the Post-Pliocene Period-Scotland

formerly encrusted with Ice-Its subsequent Submergence and Re-elevation-

Latest Changes produced by Glaciers in Scotland-Remains of the Mammoth

and Reindeer in Scotch Boulder Clay-Parallel Roads of Glen Roy formed

in Glacier Lakes - Comparatively modern Date of these Shelves

CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE GLACIAL PERIOD AND THE EARLIEST

SIGNS OF MAN'S APPEARANCE IN EUROPE continued.

Signs of extinct Glaciers in Wales - Great Submergence of Wales during the

Glacial Period proved by Marine Shells-Still greater Depression inferred

from stratified Drift - Scarcity of organic Remains in Glacial Formations-

Signs of extinct Glaciers in England — Ice Action in Ireland - Maps

illustrating successive Revolutions in Physical Geography during the Post-

Pliocene Period-Southernmost Extent of Erratics in England - Successive

Periods of Junction and Separation of England, Ireland, and the Continent

-Time required for these Changes - Probable Causes of the Upheaval and

Subsidence of the Earth's Crust - Antiquity of Man considered in relation

to the Age of the existing Fauna and Flora
. PAGE 265

EXTINCT GLACIERS OF THE ALPS AND THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL RELATION

TO THE HUMAN PERIOD.

Extinct Glaciers of Switzerland - Alpine Erratic Blocks on the Jura - Not

transported by floating Ice- Extinct Glaciers of the Italian Side of

the Alps Theory of the Origin of Lake-Basins by the erosive Action of

Glaciers, considered Successive Phases in the Development of Glacial

Action in the Alps-Probable Relation of these to the earliest known Date

of Man-Correspondence of the same with successive Changes in the Glacial

Condition of the Scandinavian and British Mountains- Cold Period in

Sicily and Syria.

HUMAN REMAINS IN THE LOESS, AND THEIR PROBABLE AGE.

Nature, Origin, and Age of the Loess of the Rhine and Danube

Mud produced by the grinding Action of Glaciers - Dispersion of this Mud

at the Period of the Retreat of the great Alpine Glaciers― Continuity of

the Loess from Switzerland to the Low Countries - Characteristic organic

Remains not Lacustrine- Alpine Gravel in the Valley of the Rhine covered

by Loess-Geographical Distribution of the Loess and its Height above the

Sea-Fossil Mammalia Loess of the Danube-Oscillations in the Level

of the Alps and lower Country required to explain the Formation and

Denudation of the Loess-More rapid Movement of the inland Country—

The same Depression and Upheaval might account for the Advance and

Retreat of the Alpine Glaciers — Himalayan Mud of the Plains of the

Ganges compared to European Loess - Human Remains in Loess near

Maestricht, and their probable Antiquity.

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