each end of not less than five inches on the wall. On the inside of all openings in which lintels shall be less than the thickness of the wall to be supported, there shall be timber lintels which shall rest at each end not more than three inches on any wall, which shall be chamfered at each end, and shall have a suitable arch turned over the timber lintel. Or the inside lintel may be of cast iron or wrought iron or steel, and in such case stone blocks or cast-iron plates shall not be required at the ends where the lintel rests on the walls, provided the opening is not more than six feet in width.

All masonry arches shall be capable of sustaining the weight and pressure which they are designed to carry, and the stress at any point shall not exceed the working stress for the material used, as given in section 139 of this Code. Tie rods shall be used where necessary to secure stability. (Id., sec. 42, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 481, as amend.)

§ 43. Parapet Walls.- All exterior and division or party walls over fifteen feet high, excepting where such walls are to be finished with cornices, gutters or crown mouldings, shall have parapet walls not less than eight inches in thickness and carried two feet above the roof, but for warehouses, factories, stores and other buildings used for commercial or manufacturing purposes, the parapet walls shall be not less than twelve inches in thickness and carried three feet above the roof, and all such walls shall be coped with stone, terra-cotta or cast iron. (Id., sec. 43, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 479, as amend.)

§ 44. Hollow Walls.- In all walls that are built hollow the same quantity of stone, brick or concrete shall be used in their construction as if they were built solid as in this Code provided, and no hollow wall shall be built unless the parts of same are connected by proper ties, either of brick, stone or iron, placed not over twenty-four inches apart. (Id., sec. 44, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 479, as amend.)

§ 45. Hollow Bricks on Inside of Walls. The inside four inches of all walls may be built of hard-burnt hollow brick, properly tied and bonded into the walls and of the dimension of ordinary bricks. Where hollow tile or porous terracotta blocks are used as lining or furring for walls, they shall not be included in the measurement of the thickness of such walls. (Id., sec. 45, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 479, as amend.)

§ 46. Recesses and Chases in Walls.- Recesses for stairways or elevators may be left in the foundation or cellar walls of all buildings, but in no case shall the walls be of less thickness than the walls of the fourth story, unless reinforced by additional piers with iron or steel girders, or iron or steel columns and girders, securely anchored to walls on each side. Recesses for alcoves and similar purposes shall have not less than eight inches of brickwork at the back of such recesses, and such recesses shall be not more

than eight feet in width, and shall be arched over or spanned with iron or steel lintels, and not carried up higher than eighteen inches below the bottom of the beams of the floor next above. No chase for water or other pipes shall be made in any pier, and in no wall more than one-third of its thickness. The chases around said pipe or pipes shall be filled up with solid masonry for the space of one foot at the top and bottom of each story. No horizontal recess or chase in any wall shall be allowed exceeding four feet in length without permission of the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction. The aggregate area of recesses and chases in any wall shall not exceed one-fourth of the whole area of the face of the wall on any story, nor shall any such recess be made within a distance of six feet from any other recess in the same wall. (Id., sec. 46, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 479, as amend.)

§ 47. Furred Walls.- In all walls furred with wood, the brickwork between the ends of wood beams shall project the thickness of the furring beyond the inner face of the wall for the full depth of the beams. (Id., sec. 47, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 479, as amend.)

§ 48. Light and Vent Shafts.- In every building hereafter erected or altered, all the walls or partitions forming interior light or vent shafts shall be built of brick or such other fireproof materials as may be approved by the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction. The walls of all light or vent shafts, whether exterior or interior, hereafter erected, shall be carried up not less than three feet above the level of the roof, and the brick walls coped as other parapet walls. Vent shafts to light interior bathrooms in private dwellings may be built of wood filled in solidly with brick or hard-burnt clay blocks, when extending through not more than one story in height, and carried not less than two feet above the roof, covered with a ventilating skylight of metal and glass. (Id., sec. 48, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 480, as amend.)

§ 49. Brick and Hollow Tile Partitions.- Eight-inch brick and six-inch and four-inch hollow tile partitions of hardburnt clay or porous terra-cotta may be built, not exceeding in their vertical portions a measurement of fifty, thirty-six and twenty-four feet, respectively, and in their horizontal measurement a length not exceeding seventy-five feet, unless strengthened by proper crosswalls, piers or buttresses, or built in iron or steel framework. All such partitions shall be carried on proper foundations, or on iron or steel girders, or on iron or steel girders and columns or piers of masonry. (Id., sec. 49, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 480, as amend.)

§ 50. Cellar Partitions in Residence Buildings.- One line of fore-and-aft partitions in the cellar or lowest story, supporting stud partitions above, in all residence buildings over twenty feet between bearing walls in the cellar or lowest story, hereafter erected, shall be constructed of brick, not less than eight inches thick, or piers of brick with openings

arched over below the under side of the first tier of beams, or girders of iron or steel and iron columns, or piers of masonry, may be used; or if iron or steel floor beams spanning the distance between bearing walls are used, of adequate strength to support the stud partitions above in addition to the floor load to be sustained by the said iron or steel beams, then the fore-and-aft brick partition, or its equivalent, may be omitted.

Stud partitions, which may be placed in the cellar or lowest story of any building, shall have good, solid, stone or brick foundation walls under the same, which shall be built up to the top of the floor beams or sleepers, and the sills of said partitions shall be of locust or other suitable hard wood; but if the walls are built five inches higher of brick than the top of the floor beams or sleepers, any wooden sill may be used on which the studs shall be set. (Id., sec. 50, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 480, as amend.)

§ 51. Main Stud Partitions.- In residence buildings, where fore-and-aft stud partitions rest directly over each other, they shall run down between the wood floor beams and rest on the top plate of the partition below, and shall have the studding filled in solid between the uprights to the depth of the floor beams with suitable incombustible materials. (Id., sec. 51, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 480, as amend.)

§ 52. Timber in Walls Prohibited. No timber shall be used in any wall of any building where stone, brick or iron is commonly used, except inside lintels, as herein provided, and brace blocks, not more than eight inches in length. (Id., sec. 52, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 488, as amend.)

Part 7.- Apartment Houses, Tenement Houses and Dwellings of Certain Heights.

§ 53. Apartment Houses, Tenement Houses and Dwellings of Certain Heights.- Every non-fireproof building hereafter erected or altered for an apartment house or tenement house, five stories in height, or having a basement and four stories in height above a cellar, to be occupied by one or more families on any floor above the first shall have the first floor above the cellar or lowest story constructed fireproof in such manner as required in section 106 of this Code. When any such non-fireproof building exceeding five stories in height or having a basement and five stories in height above a cellar has a store on the first story, the entire second story floor shall also be constructed fireproof. No non-fireproof apartment house, tenement house or dwelling house shall be hereafter erected more than six stories in height, nor exceed a height of seventy-five feet, unless such building has both the first and second story floors constructed fireproof, and then the height shall be not more than seven stories nor exceed eighty-five feet in height. Fireproof apartment houses or tenement houses, if con

structed entirely in accordance with the requirements of section 105 of this Code, for fireproof construction may be erected to a height not to exceed 150 feet, but not more than twelve stories in height upon all streets and avenues exceeding seventy-nine feet in width, and 125 feet, but not more than ten stories in height upon all streets and avenues not exceeding seventy-nine feet in width, but any such building, when exceeding 100 feet in height, shall be not less than forty feet in width. If any such building shall have a frontage exceeding forty feet and exceeds eighty-five feet in height, it shall have at least two separate fireproof stairways accessible from each apartment, leading from the ground floor to the roof, one of which shall be remote from elevator shafts.

The stairs from the cellar or lowest story to the fireproof floor next above, when placed within any such building, shall be located, when practicable, to the rear of the staircase leading from the first story to the upper stories and be inclosed with brick or stone walls, and such stairway shall be provided with self-closing fireproof doors at the top and bottom of said flight of stairs. When such stairway is placed underneath the first story staircase, it shall be constructed fireproof and be roofed over with fireproof material, and be also inclosed with brick walls, with self-closing fireproof doors at the top and bottom of said flight of stairs.

When the stairs from the first story to the cellar or lowest story are located in an open side court the door leading thereto from the first story may be placed underneath the staircase in the first story, and the strings and railings of such outside stairs shall be of iron, and if the stairs be inclosed from the weather incombustible material only shall be used for that purpose. No closet shall be constructed underneath the first story staircase, but the space thereunder shall be left entirely open and kept free from incumbrance, but this shall not prohibit the inclosing without openings the under portions of the staircase from the foot of the same to a 'point where the height from the floor line to the soffit of the staircase shall not exceed five feet.

All non-fireproof apartment houses and tenement houses exceeding five stories in height, or having a basement and five stories in height above a cellar, shall be constructed as in this section before described, and shall also have the halls and stairs inclosed with twelve-inch brick walls. Eightinch brick walls not exceeding fifty feet in their vertical measurement, may inclose said halls and stairs, and be used as bearing walls where the distance between the outside bearing walls does not exceed thirty-three feet, and the area between the said brick inclosure walls does not exceed 180 superficial feet. The floors, stairs and ceilings in said halls and stairways shall be made of iron, steel, brick, stone, tile, cement or other hard incombustible materials, excepting that the flooring and sleepers underneath the same may be

of wood and the handrails of the stairs may be of hard wood, and the treads may be of oak not less than one and five-eighths inches in thickness, provided that where such wooden treads are used the under side of the stairs shall be entirely lathed with iron or wire lath, and plastered thereon, or covered with metal. At least one flight of such stairs in each of said buildings shall extend to the roof, and be inclosed in a bulkhead built of fireproof materials. The said halls and stairways shall have a connecting fireproof hallway inclosed with suitable walls of brick or such other fireproof materials, including the ceiling in all cases, as may be approved by the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction, in the first story and extend to the street. (Id., sec. 53, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 480, as amend.)

Part 8.- Vaults, Areas and Cellars.

§ 54. Cellars to be Connected with Sewers.- Before the walls of buildings are carried up above the foundation walls the cellar shall be connected with the street sewers. Should there be no sewer in the street, or if the cellars are below water level, or below the sewer level, then provision shall be made by the owner to prevent water accumulating in the cellars to the injury of the foundations. (Id., sec. 54, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 474, as amend.)

§ 55. Vaults Under Sidewalks.- In buildings where the space under the sidewalk is utilized, a sufficient stone or brick wall, or brick arches between iron or steel beams, shall be built to retain the roadway of the street, and the side, end or party walls of such building shall extend under the sidewalk of sufficient thickness, to such wall. The roofs of all vaults shall be of incombustible material. Openings in the roofs of vaults for the admission of coal or light, or for manholes, or for any other purposes, if placed outside the area line, shall be covered with glass set in iron frames, each glass to measure not more than sixteen square inches, or with iron covers having a rough surface, and rabbeted flush with the sidewalk. When any such cover is placed in any sidewalk, it shall be placed as near as practicable to the outside line of the curb. All vaults shall be thoroughly ventilated. (Id., sec. 55, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 475, as amend.) See cases cited under Vaults, in G. O., sec. 170.

§ 56. Areas.- All areas shall be properly protected with suitable railings or covered over.

When areas are covered over, iron or iron and glass combined, stone or other incombustible materials shall be used and supported on brick or stone walls, or on iron or steel beams. (Id., sec. 56, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 475, as amend.)

See cases cited under Areas in G. O., sec. 180.

§ 57. Cellar Floors.- The floor of the cellar or lowest story in every dwelling house, apartment house, tenement