the first gallery, provided its capacity be equal to the aggre gate capacity of the outlets from the main floor and the said gallery. No passage leading to any stairway communicating with any entrance or exit shall be less than four feet in width in any part thereof. All stairs within the building shall be constructed of fireproof material throughout. Stairs from balconies and galleries shall not communicate with the basement or cellar. All stairs shall have treads of uniform width and risers of uniform height throughout in each flight. Stairways serving for the exit of fifty people shall be at least four feet wide between railings or between walls, and for every additional fifty people to be accommodated six inches must be added to their width. The width of all stairs shall be measured in the clear between hand rais. In no case shall the risers of any stairs exceed seven and one-half inches in height, nor shall the treads, exclusive of nosings, be less than ten and one-half inches wide in straigh stairs. No circular or winding stairs for the use of the public shall be permitted. Where the seating capacity is for more than one thousand people, there shall be at least two independent staircases, with direct exterior outlets, provided for each gallery in the auditorium, where there are not more than two galleries, and the same shall be located on opposite sides of said galleries. Where there are more than two gas leries one or more additional staircases shall be provided, the outlets from which shall communicate directly with the principal exit or other exterior outlets. All said staircases shall be of width proportionate to the seating capacity as elsewhere herein prescribed. Where the seating capacity is for 1,000 people, or less, two direct lines of staircases only shall be required, located on opposite sides of the galleries, and in both case shall extend from the sidewalk level to the upper gallery, with outlets from each gallery to each of said staircases. At least two independent staircases, with direct exterior outlets, shall also be provided for the service of the stage and shall be located on the opposite sides of the same. All inside stairways leading to the upper galleries of the auditorium shall be inclosed on both sides with walls of fireproof materials. Stairs leading to the first or lower gallery may be left open on one side, in which case they shall be constructed as herein provided for similar stairs leading from the entrance hall to the main floor of the auditorium. But in no case shall stairs leading to any gallery be left open on both sides. When straight stairs return directly on themselves, a landing of the full width of both flights, without any steps, shall be provided. The outer line of landings shall be curved to a radius of not less than two feet to avoid square angles. Stairs turning at an angle shall have a proper landing without winders introduced at said turn. In stairs, when two side flights connect with one main flight, no winders shall be introduced, and the width of the main flight shall be at least equal to the aggregate width of the side flights. All stairs

shall have proper landings introduced at convenient distances. All inclosed staircases shall have, on both sides, strong hand rails firmly secured to the wall about three inches distant therefrom and about three feet above the stairs, but said hand rails shall not run on level platforms and landings where the same is more in length than the width of the stairs. All staircases eight feet and over in width shall be provided with a centre hand rail of metal, not less than two inches in diameter, placed at a height of about three feet above the centre of the treads, and supported on wrought metal or brass standards of sufficient strength, placed not nearer than four feet nor more than six feet apart, and securely bolted to the treads or risers of stairs, or both, and at the head of each flight of stairs, on each landing, the post or standard shall be at least six feet in height, to which the rail shall be secured. Every steam boiler which may be required for heating or other purposes shall be located outside of the building, and the space allotted to the same shall be inclosed by walls of masonry on all sides, and the ceiling of such space shall be constructed of fireproof materials. All doorways in said walls shall have fireproof doors. No floor register for heating shall be permitted. No coil or radiator shall be placed in any aisle or passage way used as an exit, but all said coils and radiators shall be placed in recesses formed in the wall or partition to receive the same. All supply, return or exhaust pipes shall be properly incased and protected where passing through floors or near woodwork. Stand pipes four inches in diameter shall be provided with hose attachments on every floor and gallery as follows, namely: One on each side of the auditorium in each tier, also on each side of the stage in each tier, and at least one in the property room and one in the carpenter's shop, if the same be contiguous to the building. All such stand pipes shall be kept clear from obstruction. Said stand pipes shall be separate and distinct, receiving their supply of water direct from the power pump or pumps, and shall be fitted with the regulation couplings of the Fire Department, and shall be kept constantly filled with water by means of an automatic power pump or pumps, of sufficient capacity to supply all the lines of hose when operated simultaneously, and said pump or pumps shall be supplied from the street main and be ready for immediate use at all times during the performance in said building. In addition to the requirements contained in this section, the stand pipes shall also conform to the requirements contained in section 102 of this Code. A separate and distinct system of automatic sprinklers, with fusible plugs, approved by the Department of Buildings, supplied with water from a tank located on the roof over the stage and not connected in any manner with the stand pipes, shall be placed at each side of the proscenium opening and on the ceiling or roof over the stage at such intervals as will protect every square

foot of stage surface when said sprinklers are in operation. Automatic sprinklers shall also be placed, wherever practicable, in the dressing rooms under the stage and in the carpenter shop, paint rooms, store rooms and property room. A proper and sufficient quantity of two and one-half inch hose, not less than one hundred feet in length, fitted with the regulation couplings of the Fire Department and with nozzles attached thereto, and with hose spanners at each outlet, shall always be kept attached to each hose attachment as the Fire Commissioner may direct. There shall also be kept in readiness for immediate use on the stage, at least four casks full of water, and two buckets to each cask. Said casks and buckets shall be painted red. There shall also be provided hand pumps or other portable fire extinguishing apparatus and at least four axes and two twenty-five-foot hooks, two fifteen-foot hooks, and two ten-foot hooks on each tier or floor of the stage. Every portion of the building devoted to the uses or accommodation of the public, also all outlets leading to the streets and including the open courts or corridors, shall be well and properly lighted during every performance, and the same shall remain lighted until the entire audience has left the premises. All gas or electric lights in the halls, corridors, lobby or any other part of said buildings used by the audience, except the auditorium, must be controlled by a separate shut-off, located in the lobby and controlled only in that particular place. Gas mains supplying the building shall have independent connections for the auditorium and the stage, and provision shall be made for shutting off the gas from the outside of the building. When interior gas lights are not lighted by electricity other suitable appliances, to be approved by the Department of Buildings shall be provided. All suspended or bracket lights surrounded by glass in the auditorium, or in any part of the building devoted to the public, shall be provided with proper wire netting underneath. No gas or electric light shall be inserted in the walls, woodwork, ceilings, or in any part of the building, unless protected by fireproof materials. All lights in passages and corridors in said buildings, and wherever deemed necessary by the Department of Buildings, shall be protected with proper wire network. The foot lights, in addition to the wire network, shall be protected with a strong wire guard and chain, placed not less than two feet distant from said foot lights, and the trough containing said foot lights, shall be formed of and surrounded by fireproof materials. All border lights shall be constructed according to the best known methods, and subject to the approval of the Department of Buildings, and shall be suspended for ten feet by wire rope. All ducts or shafts used for conducting heated air from the main chandelier, or from any other light or lights, shall be constructed of metal and made double, with an air space between. All stage lights shall have strong metal wire guards or screens, not less than ten

inches in diameter, so constructed that any material in contact therewith shall be out of reach of the flames of said stage lights, and must be soldered to the fixture in all cases. The stand pipes, gas pipes, electric wires, hose, foot lights and all apparatus for the extinguishing of fire or guarding against the same, as in this section specified, shall be in charge and under control of the Fire Department, and the commissioner of said department is hereby directed to see that the arrangements in respect thereto are carried out and enforced. A diagram or plan of each tier, gallery or floor, showing distinctly the exits therefrom, each occupying a space not less than fifteen square inches, shall be printed in black lines in a legible manner on the programme of the performance. Every exit shall have over the same on the inside the word "Exit" painted in legible letters not less than eight inches high. (Id., sec. 109, as amend. by ord. app. June 3, 1904.)

§ 109a. The provisions of the foregoing section shall not be construed to mean or made to apply to any theatre, opera house or building intended to be used for theatrical or operatic purposes, now erected or for which plans have heretofore been approved by the Superintendent of Buildings. (Id., sec. 2.)

Part 22.- Iron and Steel Construction.

§ 110. Skeleton Construction.- Where columns are used to support iron or steel girders carrying inclosure walls, the said columns shall be of cast iron, wrought iron, or rolled steel, and on their exposed outer and inner surfaces be constructed to resist fire by having a casing of brickwork not less than eight inches in thickness on the outer surfaces, nor less than four inches in thickness on the inner surfaces, and all bonded into the brickwork of the inclosure walls. The exposed sides of the iron or steel girders shall be similarly covered in with brickwork not less than four inches in thickness on the outer surfaces and tied and bonded, but the extreme outer edge of the flanges of beams, or plates or angles connected to the beams, may project to within two inches of the outside surface of the brick casing. The inside surfaces of girders may be similarly covered with brickwork, or if projecting inside of the wall, they shall be protected by terra-cotta, concrete or other fireproof material. Girders for the support of the inclosure walls shall be placed at the floor line of each story. (Id., sec. 110, rev. from L. 1882, ch. 410, § 485.)

§ 111. Steel and Wrought Iron Columns.- No part of a steel or wrought iron column shall be less than one-quarter of an inch thick. No wrought iron or rolled steel column shall have an unsupported length of more than forty times its least lateral dimension or diameter, except as modified by section 138 of this Code, and also except in such cases as the Commissioners of Buildings may specially allow a

greater unsupported length. The ends of all columns shall be faced to a plane surface at right angles to the axis of the columns and the connection between them shall be made with splice plates. The joint may be effected by rivets of sufficient size and number to transmit the entire stress, and then the splice plates shall be equal in sectional area to the area of column spliced. When the section of the columns to be spliced is such that spliced plates cannot be used, a connection formed of plates and angles may be used, designed to properly distribute the stress. No material, whether in the body of the column or used as lattice bar or stay plate, shall be used in any wrought iron or steel column of less thickness than one-thirty-second of its unsupported width, measured between centres of rivets transversely, or one-sixteenth the distance between centres or rivets in the direction of the stress. Stay plates are to have not less than four rivets, and are to be spaced so that the ratio of length by the least radius of gyration of the parts connected does not exceed forty; the distance between nearest rivets of two stay plates shall in this case be considered as length. Steel and wrought iron columns shall be made in one, two or three-story lengths, and the materials shall be rolled in one length wherever practicable to avoid intermediate splices. Where any part of the section of a column projects beyond that of the column below, the difference shall be made up by filling plates secured to column by the proper number of rivets. Shoes of iron or steel, as described for cast-iron columns, or built shoes of plates and shapes may be used, complying with same requirements. (Id., sec. 111.)

§ 112. Cast-Iron Columns.-Cast-iron columns shall not have less diameter than five inches, or less thickness than three-quarters of an inch. Nor shall they have an unsupported length of more than twenty times their least lateral dimensions or diameter, except as modified by section 138 of this Code, and except the same may form part of an elevator inclosure or staircase, and also except in such cases as the Commissioner of Buildings having jurisdiction, may specially allow a greater unsupported length. All cast-iron columns shall be of good workmanship and material. The top and bottom flange, seats and lugs shall be of ample strength, reinforced by fillets and brackets; they shall be not less than one inch in thickness when finished. All columns must be faced at the ends to a true surface perpendicular to the axis of the column. Column joints shall be secured by not less than four bolts each, not less than three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The holes for these bolts shall be drilled to a template. The core of a column below a joint shall be not larger than the core of the column above and the metal shall be tapered down for a distance of not less than six inches, or a joint plate may be inserted of sufficient strength to distribute the load. The thickness of metal shall be not