as may be approved by the Fire Commissioner; one set of said plans to be filed with said Fire Commissioner. Said plans, however, must conform to the specifications of these regulations. Magazines of the first class must be covered on the outside with fireproof material and be lined with wood, and heated, if necessary, with a hot water heater only, the source of heat for which shall be separate and distinct from the magazine and located at least ten feet therefrom. Such magazine shall consist of two compartments, in one of which shall be located the radiator. The other compartment shall be arranged with shelves or drawers for the reception of explosives and not capable of being entered, and shall be lighted from the outside only. The heating compartment shall be separated from the storage compartment and capable of being entered, but so arranged that no access shall be had to the shelves or drawers from the heating compartment.

§ 40. Magazines of the second class shall be covered on the outside with fireproof material and on the inside with wood, and may be heated by a hot water heater similar to magazines of the first class, or be so arranged as to admit of being covered with fresh manure. Magazines of the second class shall not exceed five feet in any exterior dimension nor have an interior capacity of more than sixty cubic feet of space.

§ 41. Magazines of the third class shall consist of a stout wooden box covered with sheet iron, the interior capacity of which shall not exceed eight cubic feet, the contents of which may be kept from freezing by burying the magazine in manure; or magazines of the third class may include a hot water thawing apparatus, consisting of a water-tight vessel inclosed in a receptacle of wood to be filled with hot water, the source of heat to be from an exterior point.

§ 42. All nails in the interior of magazines shall be countersunk and the wood lining so arranged that no metal shall be exposed. Magazines shall be kept clean and free from grit, and before any repairs or alterations are made to any part thereof, all explosives shall be carefully removed and the magazine thoroughly washed out; all tools and implements used in making such repairs and alterations shall be of wood, copper, brass or other soft metal or material. In no case shall nails or screws be driven into a magazine or material that has once formed part of a magazine, and all wood structural parts of a magazine shall, if discarded, be immediately burned in a safe place. Magazines shall at all times be in the care of a competent employee, whose duty it shall be to see that no unauthorized person has access to them, and if heating apparatus is used, that the magazine and heating house are safe and undisturbed. Said employee shall have no other duty that will interfere with his careful supervision of said magazine, and shall have a certificate of fitness as a magazine keeper.

843. The Fire Commissioner may require a magazine of the first class in any location where the public interest may seem, in his discretion, to demand it.

$44. All magazines shall be painted bright red, with the words "Magazine, Danger," painted conspicuously thereon in white letters on a black ground; such letters shall be at least six inches high on magazines of the first and second class, and three inches high on

magazines of the third class. The location of every magazine of the first and second classes shall be approved in writing by the Fire Commissioner; a copy of said permit being filed with the Commissioner, and another copy being attached to the magazine.

§ 45. Magazines of the third class shall be located at least twenty feet from the nearest building, or if at a nearer point such location must have the specific approval of the Fire Commissioner.

§ 46. Magazines shall contain only the amount of explosives named in the permit, and the placing therein of any other explosive, caps, exploders or detonators, candles, matches, tools, cotton waste, or any article liable to cause explosion or fire, or any iron, steel or grit, is absolutely forbidden.

§ 47. Permits shall be issued for the storage only of the nearest multiple of twenty-five pounds above the actual amount to be used during the twenty-four hours next ensuing.

§ 48. It is to be understood that a danger area exists on each side of every magazine in proportion to the quantity of explosive contained therein, and it shall be the duty of the watchman to keep a suitable space clear in its vicinity free from the storage of any material, and prevent the loitering therein of any person.

§ 49. It shall be the duty of Inspectors to see that each magazine of the third class is located as safely as possible, and that as large a free space area be maintained as circumstances will permit, but in no case less than three feet.

§ 50. Only persons who hold certificate of fitness, or other authorized persons, shall be permitted to have access to the magazines, which shall be kept securely locked when not open for the introduction or removal of explosives or to inspection by duly authorized officers of the City.

§ 51. On the inside of the door or cover of every magazine there shall be posted a notice, the blank form therefor to be furnished by the Fire Department, in such a position as will expose it to full view when the magazine is open, and containing the following information and instructions:

(a) Class of the magazine.

(b) Number of the permit and name of licensee.

(c) Numbers of the certificates of employees licensed to have access to this magazine are.

No persons except those designated by the numbers of certificates above named shall have access to this magazine.

(d) The only material to be stored in this magazine shall be the explosive known as or some explosive possessing

similar characteristics.

(e) If explosives are frozen they must be thawed only by approved hot water heater or fresh manure.

(f) Caps and detonators shall not be brought within twenty feet of this magazine.

(g) Cartridges to be capped shall be removed from this magazine to a distance of at least twenty feet, and after being capped shall not be returned to this magazine.

(h) This magazine shall at all times be kept clean and free from paper, rubbish, empty packages, etc.

52. In the keeping of explosives from freezing or in thawing

of the same when frozen, only one of two methods shall be permitted; first, by some form of hot water heater where it is impossible for the maximum degree of heat to exceed the temperature of boiling water; or, second, the burying, in manure, of the receptacles containing explosives. All other methods are absolutely forbidden, except after specific approval in each case by the Municipal Explosives Commission.

§ 53. Caps, detonators, or other similar explosives of a high order shall not be brought within twenty feet of the magazine, and each licensee must provide a proper receptacle for said caps and detonators.

§ 54. Magazines shall at all times be kept clean and free from paper, rubbish, empty packages, etc.

CHAPTER 5.-BLASTING.

§ 55. No person, other than a holder of certificate of fitness as described under Section 5, Chapter 1, Part II., of these regulations, shall direct any blasting operation or handle explosives.

§ 56. Cartridges while being capped shall be removed from the magazine to a distance, if possible, of fifty feet, but in no event less than twenty feet, and after being capped shall not be returned to the magazine. If required to be kept from freezing they shall be kept in a special magazine of the third class in as small amount as possible. Cartridges shall be capped only as required for the work and for immediate use.

§ 57. Frozen or partly frozen explosives shall not be placed in drill holes. Frozen cartridges, if not capped, must be returned to the original magazine to be thawed. All primed cartridges left over after drill holes are charged shall have the primers at once removed, following which the cartridges are to be returned at once to the magazine and the primers to their usual place of storage. If necessary to remove the cap or detonator from any cartridge, care must be exercised in so doing.

§ 58. In tamping drill holes wooden rammers only shall be used. Tamping by strokes is forbidden, and only direct application of pressure permitted. Only one primer shall be used in a drill hole, and great care shall be exercised in placing it and while tamping above and around it.

(b) Immediately after loading the holes they must be well tamped and sufficient covering placed thereon in one continuous uninterrupted operation. Immediately that the covering is in place the flagman shall be sent out and the blast shall be fired immediately after the bystanders have been removed to a sufficient distance.

(c) After the blast is fired no drilling shall take place nor no loading of holes there or near by until the surface and face and all exposed portions of rock where the blast was fired have been uncovered, the débris removed and a thorough search and examination made by the certified blaster who fired the blast for unexploded charges.

§ 59. In the event of the charge not exploding, it is forbidden to remove the tamping; if the charge cannot be exploded by firing strong primer on top of, a new hole shall be drilled not nearer "han 12 inches from the first one and another charge put in the second tele and fired. In such a case only one hole shall be loaded and

on

fired near the unexploded charge, and the unexploded and new charge shall both be thoroughly and effectively covered. In the case of an explosion not carrying away the entire drill hole, but leaving the lower part intact, it is forbidden to begin drilling from the bottom of the old drill holes, as portions of the former charge may remain and explode when exposed to the blows of the drill.

§ 60. In order to insure the safety of surrounding property and persons, no larger charge shall be used than is necessary to properly start the rock, and rock excavating contiguous to any structure shall be so carried on as not to cause damage to such structure. To this end, weak walls, or other supports of such structure must be shored up, and rotten or decomposed rock must be removed by the use of gads, picks and crowbars only. When blasting next to such structure is unavoidable, light face blasts only, with short lines of resistance and small charges, shall be used.

§ 61. The quantity of explosives to be used shall not exceed, in disruptive force, the equivalent of one pound in weight of 50 per cent dynamite for each four feet depth of hole that is above, or less than ten feet below the curb; and the equivalent of one pound in weight of 60 per cent dynamite for each four feet depth of hole that is more than ten feet below the curb. Any question arising under this section will be determined by the Municipal Explosives Commission on application.

§ 62. Before firing any blasts excepting those mentioned in Paragraph (a) of this section, and except where the blasts are in tunnel and distant from the face or portal more than one hundred feet, the rock to be blasted shall be covered on the top and sides with stout woven matting of rope at least one and one-half inches in diameter. This matting, then shall be covered top and sides with at least twelve timbers, each ten feet long and ten inches in smallest diameter, the timbers held securely by chains or by iron or steel cables three-fourths inch in diameter. If tin is used to prevent débris from flying it must be placed on top of the required matting and timbers.

(a) In blasts for ditch work, block holes, manholes, pole holes, electric or telegraphic wire subways, sewer and gas connections, gas and water mains, the Inspector shall specify the amount of explosives to be used and the number of logs and area of matting, and the contractor shall strictly observe the directions of the Inspector.

§ 63. Red flags, in the hands of competent men, shall be placed at reasonable distances from the blasts on all sides, to give proper warning at least three minutes in advance.

§ 64. The careful handling of all explosives, whether frozen or not frozen, is ordered. Warming and thawing explosives by placing same near fire, against steam pipes, or in water are exceedingly dangerous and are therefore prohibited.

§ 65. Magazines must be kept dry and all moisture kept away from the explosives.*

*Note.-Nitroglycerine is very sensitive at a temperature exceeding 300 degrees Fahrenheit and at 350 degrees is liable to explode spontaneously.

Nitroglycerine compounds are sensitive to moisture and the ordinary absorbent bases have a tendency to absorb moisture, by which absorption there is displaced an equivalent amount of nitroglycerine; hence the specific prohibition of the most dangerous methods of thawing.

CHAPTER 6.-SALE AND STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES.

§ 66. No dynamite or other high explosives such as are used in blasting operations other than as prescribed under the provisions of Chapter 4 of Part II. of these regulations, shall be stored within the City, excepting on magazine boats used solely for the storage of high explosives and anchored at points designated by the United States Government as "powder anchorages." The maximum amount of high explosives to be stored on one magazine boat shall be thirty tons.

§ 67. Black and smokeless powder, excepting as hereinafter provided for in the case of manufacturers, retail dealers and fireworks manufacturers, shall only be stored on magazine boats at regular anchorages, and on these boats there shall be no exploders or high explosives. The maximum amount allowed on said boats shall be 125 tons.

§ 68. Manufacturers of black and smokeless powder licensed to sell within the City shall, when authorized to do so by a permit issued under the authority of the Fire Commissioner indicating street number and room, be permitted to have on hand samples not exceeding 10 pounds in weight.

§ 69. Retail dealers, duly licensed, shall be permitted to carry on hand of smokeless or black powder, or both, not exceeding 14 pounds, to be stored in a receptacle which can be flooded from the exterior of the building, a permit to be issued under the authority of the Fire Commissioner showing building and location of room, if stored elsewhere than in the store or under the sidewalk; or in a light metal receptacle properly locked and on wheels, plainly marked "Powder," and located not more than 10 feet from and immediately in front of the entrance from the street, which receptacle shall at all times be kept locked, except when actually necessary to obtain access to its contents. On the front of each of such establishments, not more than 7 feet above the sidewalk, shall be displayed a sign not less than 18 inches long and 10 inches high, to be approved by the Fire Commissioner, worded "Licensed to sell gunpowder."

§ 70. The annual charge for a retail license to sell black and smokeless powder such as is used as a propelling charge shall be ten dollars.

871. No permit will be issued for such sales to be made at any building or premises where cigars or cigarettes are kept for sale; where paints, oils or varnishes are manufactured or kept, either for use or for sale; in which any carpenter shop or drug store is located; where the sale of kerosene or other product of petroleum has been permitted, or where fireworks of any kind, petroleum or any of its products, coal oil, camphene, burning fluid or other products or compounds containing any of said substances, matches, tar, pitch, rosin or turpentine, hay, cotton or hemp are manufactured, stored or kept for sale.

§ 72. No permit will be issued for such sales in any frame or wooden building within the fire limits as established in the City.

§ 73. No other permit shall be issued for such sales in premises within a radius of 50 feet of the premises covered by an existing permit. Where two or more applications are presented for one block,