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Q.-What are the two lights on Orfordness for?

A.-When in one, South of the Ness, they lead through Hollesley Bay, close to the N.W. edge of the Whiting, and across the Cutler in 4 fathoms. The high light is red between the bearings of E. by N. & N. and E. & N., invisible inshore.

North of the Ness, when in one, they lead between the Knapes and Sizewell Bank. The low light is red over Sizewell Bank,

invisible inshore.

Q. How do you know which way the Newarp lightvessel is riding?

A. This lightvessel has three masts of unequal heights. The mainmast is highest, the foremast next, and the mizzenmast the lowest.

Q.-How does the flood tide set in Hasbro' Gatway?
A.-S.S.E. (southerly).

Q.-What danger is there off Whitby, and what mark clears it? A.-Whitby Scar Rock. To clear it keep the Whitby South light open eastward of the North light. Whitby lights in one, S. 19° E. and N. 19° W., lead directly on to the Scar Rock.

The North light is red from over the Scar Rock to inshore, bearing N. 28° W.

Q. What light is shown at Hartlepool Heugh lighthouse from half flood to half ebb?

A.—In the same tower with the bright light (which is shown all night), there is a lower one which shows red from half flood to half ebb.

Q.-What light is shown from Souter Point lighthouse below the revolving light?

A.-In the same tower as the revolving light, but 21 feet below it, is a fixed light, showing white from S. by E. to S. W., and showing red from S. W. to S. by W. W.

When the white light is open my ship is in the line of Mill Rock and Cape Carr Point, and when it changes to red in that of Whitburn Steel, Hendon Rock, and White Stones.

MASTER'S EXAMINATION.

SHIP'S BUSINESS-CHARTER PARTY,
BILLS OF LADING, &c.

Q.-You are appointed master of a ship, what is the first thing you would do on taking command ?

A.-If in an English port take the ship's register to the Custom House and get my name put on it; but if in a foreign port get my name put on the ship's register, and get all the ship's papers from the last master, and enter a list of them in the Official Log Book, and sign it myself and get the late master to sign it.

CHARTER PARTY.

Q.-What is a charter party?

A.-A written contract for the letting to freight the whole or part of a vessel for one or more voyages.

Q.-State the parties by whom a charter may be legally executed.

A. The merchant and owner at home, and the master and agent, generally, when abroad.

Q.-What does the owner agree to do in a charter party? A. He agrees to find a ship good, sound, staunch, and strong, and every way equipped for the voyage.

Q.-Should a charter party be made out in the master's name? A.—It is not correct to do so, except at a foreign port, or when he is part owner of the ship.

Q.-Describe the principal clauses in a charter party?

A.-The intended voyage, the freight and how paid, the lay days and demurrage, if any, the penalty for non-performance of agreement, and the clauses* adapted to the circumstances of the voyage and the parties concerned.

Cargo brought to and taken from alongside at merchant's risk and expense. In foreign ports, charters are not usually stamped and yet hold good in an English court.

Q.-In the charter party you promise that the goods shall be delivered at the port of discharge in the same good order and condition in which they are received on board: what is the exceptional clause put in?

A.-"The Act of God, the Queen's Enemies, Restraints of Princes and Rulers, Pirates, Fire, and all and every other Dangers or Accidents of the Seas, Rivers, and Navigation, of what nature and kind soever, during the said voyage, being always excepted."

Q.—What additional clauses would you have for a steamer? A.- "Accidents to boilers and machinery excepted. Liberty to call for coals. Liberty to tow or be towed."

Q.-State what makes a charter party a legal document. A.-Being stamped, sealed, and signed by the contracting parties before a witness or witnesses.

Q.-What is the clause that makes the charter party binding? A. The penalty for non-performance.

Q.-What is the penalty?

A.—The amount of freight generally; sometimes a stated sum. Q.-State when only one witness to the signatures is required, and when more than one is required?

A.-When the freighter or his agent, and the owner or the master both sign at the same time, one witness only is required; but when the contracting parties sign at two separate and distinct times, a witness to each signature is required.

Q.-What is meant by lay days?

A. The days specified in the charter for loading and discharging.

Q. When do the lay days run from?

A.-From the time of the ship's arrival in the usual place of discharge in the port.

Q. What should the charter party specify with respect to lay days?

A.-Whether they are "running days" or "working days," according to the intention. In London "days" mean "working days," and Sundays and holidays do not count until the ship is on demurrage. After that all days count.

Q.-What is demurrage?

A.-It is a stipulated sum to be paid by the charterer for delaying the ship after the lay days specified in the charter have expired.

Q.-Your lay days have expired but the cargo is not all on board, what would you do?

A.-Give a written notice to the merchant informing him of the fact, and advising him that I shall come upon demurrage the next day; then enter a copy of the notice in the ship's log. Q. How is demurrage claimed?

A.-Day by day, in writing, and Saturday for Sunday.

Q.-What precaution would you take with respect to charters and bills of lading?

A.--I would take care to have stamped charters and bills of lading.

Q.-Does a charter party entered into abroad, where no stamp is required, require one when it reaches England?

A.-Yes; a sixpenny stamp must be put on within a week of its reaching the United Kingdom.

Q. When about to charter your vessel for a port where you have not been before, what particulars would you ascertain respecting the port?

A. I would ascertain if it was a safe port to go to; if the general expenses were moderate; and if there was any likelihood of getting a cargo at the port.

Q. What are the general expenses?

A.-Pilotage, towage, harbour and hospital dues, provisions and water.

Q.-Enumerate the particulars you would ascertain before chartering your ship.

A.-Ascertain if the season and winds be favourable, if there be water for the ship, if the port be accessible, what the customs and expenses of the place are, whether the goods should be shipped by weight or measurement, and what articles would be objectionable; also at whose expense the cargo would be loaded and discharged, that is, in bringing it alongside and taking it to the consignees. I would have specified the quantity of dead weight and light freight to be taken on board, that the lay days should be running days. If the cargo boats are to come over a bar I would have a clause inserted in the charter party stating that the days the boats are delayed in consequence of bad weather or too much surf should be counted as lay days.

Q. What clause in the charter party protects you from having deck cargo?

A. "That the ship shall not carry more than can reasonably be stowed away."

Q.-What is the afloat clause?

A.-Ship to load where she will lie afloat at all times of tide. Q.-What is meant by the ice clause?

A.-In case of ice beginning to form before the ship is load vessel to be at liberty to proceed with what cargo she may have in. Q.-You are bound to a port that is frozen in the winter, and it is probable that ice will have formed in the inner harbour before you arrive there, or before you have time to discharge there, what clause will you have inserted?

A.-At a certain date, or before that date, if there be ice in the inner harbour, ship to discharge in the outer harbour, before entering the inner harbour.

Q. What is the meaning of the phrase "Without prejudice to this charter ?"

A.-It means that if the shipper presents bills of lading for signature at a less rate than the charter, the consignee is not liable for the difference, but the charter is liable.

Q.-What is done with the charter?

A.-The original charter must be stamped, and it is left in the hands of the broker, who gives the master a certified copy of it, which should also be stamped.

Q. What is done with the charter in some foreign countries? A.-It is necessary to employ a sworn broker, who fixes his seal to the charter, otherwise it is not a legal document, and cannot be used in a court of law.

Q.-Who cancels the stamp?

A.-The person who signs last.
Q.-Who signs last?

A.--The last contracting party.

Q. How do you cancel the stamp?

A. By writing my name across it and dating it.

Q. What is the penalty for not cancelling the stamp?
A.-Fifty pounds.

Q. When is the charter party considered to be complete?
A.-When it is dated, signed, and the stamp cancelled.

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