A. If the weather brace should be carried away when the parral goes, and the weather yard-arm flies far forward, it will then be advisable to put the helm up and bring the wind on the opposite quarter, keeping the yards braced up as before on the mast to which the accident has happened (see carrying away topsails parral), and steer the ship so as to let the wind blow along the sail of the disabled yard, until it gently returns to the mast. When done, lash the yard on each quarter to the topsail rigging and the topsail tye-blocks well round the masts; then fit the weather brace and parral.

Too much care cannot be taken in keeping fast the topsail sheets, as upon that will depend much of the safety of the mast, yard, and rigging, as the heavy flapping of a topsail will be likely to shake everything to pieces.

Q.-If the topgallant-brace and parral carry away?

A.-Brace by the lower and topsail yards, and, if necessary, sufficiently touch the ship with the helm, to throw the topgallantsail slightly aback.

Q.-Putting the ship about, you have swung the main-yard, a man falls overboard, what would you do?

A.-Let everything stand as it is, and lower a boat.

Q.-A man overboard! You are running with all studdingsails set, how would you act?

A.-Put the helm down, heave a life-buoy overboard, send a hand aloft to watch the man, and let go the lower halliards and studdingsail-tacks; also the royal and topgallant-halliards, if the breeze is fresh; brace up cross-jack and head-yards, hauling the courses up, head-sails down, and studdingsails in, as opportunity offers.

"If sailing off the wind, everything light must be let fly, and the ship rounded-to."-The Naval Cadet's Manual, by Capt. Boyd, R.N.

Q.-You are by the wind, starboard tack, close hauled under single-reefed topsails, courses, jib, and spanker: A man overboard! Give the first order, state what you will do with the ship, which boat will you lower, and why? What precaution you will take before lowering the boat?

A.-Put the helm down, throw a life-buoy overboard, back the main-yard, send a hand aloft to watch the man, lower away the lee boat.

When a man is overboard!

"If on a wind, there can be no question about 'going about,' leaving the fore-yard square on the other tack, and lowering the boats when ready."

Q.-You find the lee boat is in bad condition, and unfit for use, what would you do then?

A.-Put the ship about, lower away the boat, leaving the foreyard a-box.

Q. When obliged to cut away the masts, which rigging would you cut away first?

A. Cut the lee-rigging away first, then the stays, and afterwards the weather-rigging. If riding head to wind, cut away all the rigging on both sides, except the two foremost shrouds ; then cut the stays and foremost shrouds together, and stand by for a run forward as the masts fall on either quarter.

"If it be required to cut away a mast, leave a few shrouds fast on that side towards which you desire the masts to fall."-The Naval Cadet's Manual, by Capt. Boyd, R.N.

Q.-Suppose you were in a ship, on a wind, and you lost all your sails, and you wanted to get the ship before the wind, what would you do, ship not steering?

A.-Pay a hawser out of the lee quarter, with a spar attached to it.

Q.-Lying-to in a storm, your mainmast goes over the side? A.-Wear round if you can, and bring the wreck to windward, to prevent it injuring the ship; and get clear of it as soon as possible.

Q.-You are totally dismasted, and consequently quite unmanageable; what will you do to keep the ship from foundering by the sea striking her astern or amidships?

A.-Rig a sea anchor with three spars in the shape of a triangle, and lash a sail across it; at one corner sling a weight proportionate to the size of the spars; span it, bend a couple of your largest hawsers to the span, launch it overboard, and ride by it until jurymasts are rigged. If unable to move about on deck to do this, let go one of the bower anchors, with a hemp cable attached, and veer away a long scope, which will in some measure steady the ship by bringing her head towards the sea.

Q.-You are thrown on your beam-ends?

A.-Let fly everything; when, if she does not right, but continues to go over, there is no resource left but to cut the lanyards of the weather rigging, if you have time, and let the masts go over the side; at the same time clearing away the boats. If in soundings, letting go an anchor will bring her head to wind and probably right her.

Q.-One vessel in tow of another; the headmost one puts her helm down to go round: how does the other proceed?

Q. When the ship ahead puts her helm down to go round the ship in tow puts her helm up, and always endeavours to keep directly in her leader's wake.

REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING

COLLISIONS AT SEA, &c.

NOTE. Candidates for Examination, of all grades, are required to have a thorough knowledge of the following Regulations, and must be able to repeat them word for word, either in or out of their regular order.

Art. 1.

Preliminary.

In the following rules every steamship which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing ship; and every steamship which is under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a ship under steam.

Art. 2.

Rules concerning Lights.

The lights mentioned in the following Articles, numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, and no others, shall be carried in all weathers, from sunset to sunrise.

Art. 3. A sea-going steam ship when under way shall carry(a) On or in front of the foremast, at a height above the hull ́ of not less than 20 feet, and if the breadth of the ship exceeds 20 feet then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, a bright white light, so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 20 points of the compass; so fixed as to throw the light 10 points on each side of the ship, viz., from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side; and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least five miles.

(b) On the starboard side, a green light so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass; so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on the starboard side; and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least two miles.

(c) On the port side, a red light, so constructed as to show an uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass; so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to 2 points abaft the beam on the port side; and of such a character as to be visible on a dark night, with a clear atmosphere, at a distance of at least two miles.

(d) The said green and red side lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow,

Art. 4. A steam ship, when towing another ship, shall, in addition to her side lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet apart, 80 as to distinguish her from other steam ships. Each of these lights shall be of the same construction and character, and shall be carried in the same position, as the white light which other steam ships are required to carry.

Art. 5. A ship, whether a steam ship or a sailing ship, when employed either in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable, or which from any accident is not under command, shall at night carry, in the same position as the white light which steam ships are required to carry, and, if a steam ship, in place of that light, three red lights in globular lanterns, each not less than 10 inches in diameter, in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet apart; and shall by day carry in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet apart, in front of but not lower than her foremast head, three black balls or shapes, each two feet in diameter.

These shapes and lights are to be taken by approaching ships as signals that the ship using them is not under command, and cannot therefore get out of the way.

The above ships, when not making any way through the water, shall not carry the side lights, but when making way shall carry

them.

Art. 6. A sailing ship under way, or being towed, shall carry the same lights as are provided by Article 3 for a steamship under way, with the exception of the white light, which she shall never

carry.

Art. 7. Whenever, as in the case of small vessels during bad weather, the green and red side lights cannot be fixed, these lights shall be kept on deck, on their respective sides of the vessel, ready for use; and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be exhibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side.

To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy, the lanterns containing them shall each be painted outside with the colour of the light they respectively contain, and shall be provided with proper screens.

K

Art. 8. A ship, whether a steam ship or a sailing ship, when at anchor, shall carry, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding 20 feet above the hull, a white light, in a globular lantern of not less than 8 inches in diameter, and so constructed as to show a clear uniform and unbroken light visible all round the horizon, at a distance of at least one mile.

Art. 9. A pilot vessel, when engaged on her station on pilotage duty, shall not carry the lights required for other vessels, but shall carry a white light at the mast head, visible all round the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed fifteen minutes.

A pilot vessel, when not engaged on her station on pilotage duty, shall carry lights similar to those of other ships.

Art. 10. By the Order in Council of 23rd August, 1883, the operation of Art. 10 of the new Regulations for preventing Collisions at Sea, sanctioned by the Order in Council of the 14th August, 1879, has been suspended until the 1st March, 1884, and the following Article, Article 9, of the old Regulations of 1863, remains in force till that date.

Open fishing boats and other open boats shall not be required to carry the side lights required for other vessels, but shall, if they do not carry such lights, carry a lantern having a green slide on the one side and a red slide on the other side; and on the approach of or to other vessels, such lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side.

Fishing vessels and open boats when at anchor, or attached to their nets and stationary, shall exhibit a bright white light.

Fishing vessels and open boats shall, however, not be prevented from using a flare-up in addition, if considered expedient.

Art. II. A ship which is being overtaken by another shall show from her stern to such last-mentioned ship a white light or a flare-up light.

Sound Signals for Fog, &c.

Art. 12. A steam ship shall be provided with a steam whistle or other efficient steam sound signal, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstructions, and with an efficient