Nat. ii. Ser. ii. 157. The wood is destitute of concentric zones, consisting chiefly of dotted tubes, traversed by a few annular or reticulated vessels, and disposed in plates separated by broad, radial, medullary processes.-Lindley, J. Veg. Kingdom, 295. PHYTOCRENEAE.-P. gigantea. Griffith, W., in Wallich's Plantae Asiaticae Rariores,' iii. 11, pl. 216, and in Griffith's 'Icones,' сссехе. No description farther than references to plates. The 'medullary rays,' so-called, are represented as symmetrically disposed, enormously thick, and at equal distances apart; in a young stem about 9 in number. They are composed of elongated, tapering cells, traversed by barred vessels. The wood is very porous, from numerous, wide, slit-marked ducts immersed in its dotted prosenchyma. Distinct concentric zones form in the wood, each with its own rays,' which are independent of those of the adjoining zones.-P. macrocarpa. Griffith, Notulae, iv. 324.-Treviranus Bot. Zeit. 1847, 400. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. ii. i. 131. (Report by Henfrey,) Jussieu's arguments do not disprove the view that the plates projecting inwards from the barklayers originate in the liber.-P. palmata. A. de Jussieu. Monog. des Malpighiacées, 122. The solid, radially-disposed plates (regarded by Griffith as medullary rays) M. Jussieu considers to belong to the wood system, and that they form the innermost portion of a second ligneous ring which would develop concentrically, exterior to the first.-Lindley, J. Introd. Botany, i. 211. with fig.-Mettenius, on Structure of Phytocrene. Beiträge zur Botanik, 1850, p. 50.-Mohl. H. v. Einige Andeutungen über den Bau des Bastes. Bot. Zeit. 1855. Referring to the vertical plates traversing the wood, which the author considers to correspond to the liber-plates of Bignonia.-Radlkofer, L. Ueber das anomale Wachsthum des Stammes bei Menispermeen. Flora, 1858, 206. LACISTEMACEAE. Schnitzlein in Martius, 'Flora Brasil.' p. 280. Kieser. Mém. sur l'Organisation des Plantes, 1814, tab. xiv.-Mirbel. Mém. du Muséum, 1828, xvi. (fig.)-Buzareingues. Ann. Sc. Nat. xxx. tab. vii. 1, viii. & ix. -Mohl, H. v. Ueber die Entwickel. des Korkes, &c., 1836.-Dutrochet, l'Institut. No. 192.-Bischoff, Lehrbuch, tab. ii.-Mohl. H. v. Ueber den Wieder-ersatz des Korkes bei Q. Suber. Bot. Zeit. 1848, 361.-Hoffmann, H. Zur Kenntniss des Eichenholzes, Flora, 1848, 369, 1 pl. A detailed account of the general and minute structure of the pith, wood, medullary rays, and cortical layers of Q. pedunculata.-Fagus. Mirbel. Mém. du Muséum 1828, xvi. 31 (fig.)-Treviranus, L. C. Physiol. d. Gewächse, 1835, i. tab. iii. 34-6.-Mohl. H. v. Bot. Zeit. 1855, 880. On liber of.-Fagus, Carpinus, Quercus. Hartig. Bot. Zeit. 1859, 94, 97.-Fagus Forsteri. J. D. Hooker. Flora Antarctica, i. 300, t. cvii. 11 and 12.-Corylus. Carpenter. The Microscope, 1856, 434 (fig.) Corylaceae, several genera. Schacht, H. Der Baum, 191-8. Henfrey, A. Micr. Dict. Wood.' (Fagus, Carpinus, Quercus). BETULACEAE.-Betula. Link, H. F. Elementa Phil. Bot. 1837, tab. iv. 1.-Betula alba. Link, H. F. Icones Anat. Bot. 1837, fasc. i. vi. 4-15.-Schulz, C. H. Die Cyklose. Nova Acta. 1841. xviii. Suppl. ii. tab. xxxiii.-Mohl. H. v. Bot. Zeit. 1855, 880. On liber of. Henfrey, A. Microg. Dict. (Salix, Populus, Hazel, Alder) 'Wood,'-also Schacht, H. Der Baum, 198. Salix (vide note p. 25.) Unger, Fr. Ueber d. Bau, &c. des Dicotyledonen-Stammes, St. Petersburgh, 1840, Absch. viii. LAURACEAE. Nees v. Esenbeck. Systema Laurinearum, 1836. Brief mention of wood structure, p. 6.-Laurus Sassafras. Kieser. Mém. sur l'Organisation des Plantes, 1814, tab. xiii.-Hernandia. Schacht, H. Ueber eigenthümliche *** Erscheinungen in den Verdickungs-schichten gewisser Holz-zellen. Bot. Zeit. 1850, 697. On the wood cells of.-Cassyta. Mohl, H. v. Ueber d. Bau * * * der Ranken- und Schlingpflanzen. Tubingen, 1827, § 75.— Chatin, A. Compt. Rend. 1856, tab. 42, 329, Anatomie Comp. des Végétaux, Livr. iii. 27, with figs. Modifications of structure are described in Cassytha brasiliensis, C. casuarinae, C. filiformis, C. glabella and C. triflora. Unrollable spiral vessels appear to be wanting, except in the last two species. Medullary rays and liber are absent. MONIMIACEAE. Tulasne, L. R. Monographia Monimiacearum. Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. viii. 1855, 282. The slender prosenchyma cells are irregularly dotted, and traversed by vessels of very variable diameter, slit-marked or dotted. SANTALACEAE.-Thesiacées. Chatin, Anatomie. Comp. d. Végétaux, Livr. 9o, 297 (with plates). The stem-structure is described in detail in Thesium humifusum and 8 other species, in Comandra, Fusanus, Leptomeria, Arjona, Quinchamalium, Choretrum, Nanodea, Osyris, Henslovia, 5 spp., Santalum, 4 spp., Mida, Rhoiacarpos, Pyrularia (Sphærocarya), Myoschylos, Buckleya, Anthobolus, Exocarpus. Nanodea differs anatomically from other Santalaceae. Its ligneous system does not form a continuous zone, but is usually very irregularly broken up into segments by interposed parenchymatous processes. It consists (1) of dotted prosenchyma radially disposed; of (2) other fibrous cells, some square, some compressed in section, also radially disposed, and separating the former; and (3) a few dotted vessels. Spirals are absent (?) In Buckleya the fibro-cortical bundles, in an annual stem forming almost a continuous circle, subsequently become broken up into isolated portions, with increase of the stem in diameter. The annual (?) wood formations are regularly formed of two broad, concentric belts, the inner vascular, the outer prosenchymatous. Medullary rays are numerous. (The conclusion of the Santalaceae has not yet reached us.)-Chatin, A. Sur l'Anatomie des. Bull. Soc. Bot. iv. 978. The stem structure of the following genera is described-Arjona, Quinchamalium, Nanodea, Osyris, vol. v. 39.-Cervantesia. Anat. Comp. d. Végétaux (Parasites), tab. lxxiii. 7, 8. The text has not reached us.— Osyris.-Planchon. Bull. Soc. Bot. v. 289, 446, also in Compt. Rend. July 26, 1858 and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. iii. 2, 225. — Henslovia. Lindley, J. Bot. Register xx. 1686. The wood is regularly zoned, filled with dotted ducts like those of Ulmus.— Thesium. Pitra, A. über d. Anheftungsweise einiger phanerog. Parasiten. Bot. Zeit. 1861, 69, with figs. THYMELACEAE.-Daphne. Link, H. F. Anatomia Plantarum, 1843. Tab. viii. 6. Various forms of liber-cells.-Aquilaria Agallocha? 'Aquila Wood.' Certain scattered cords of tissue, in section elongated transversely to radius, traverse the wood (which in other respects agrees with the ordinary structure of Dicotyledons.) Their minute structure requires further examination. (D. O.) PROTEACEAE.-Dryandra, Hakea. Link, H. F. Icones Selectæ, 1839. Fasc i. vii. 3-10.-Crüger, H. Bot. Zeit. 1851. 471. Observations on structure of Rhopala. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Mohl, H. v. Ueber d. Bau✶ ✶ der Rankenund Schlingpflanzen. Tubingen. 1827. § 75. — Aristolochia labiosa. Gaudichaud, in Guillemin's Archives, ii., 501, pl. 19. 1833.-J. Decaisne. Sur les Lardizabalées. Arch. du Museum, 1839, i. 143, with figures. A. Labiosa, p. 152. The woody bundles are formed of porous tubes of various diameter, irregularly intermixed. Each bundle divides like the rays of a fan. There is no trace of concentric zones. The liber occurs in isolated fascicles, immersed in the cortical parenchyma, each corresponding to a division of the wood mass..-A. Sipho, p. 153. Annual zones are obvious, owing to the formation of the wider vessels in the early growth of wood of each year. The medullary rays are numerous. The liber, at first continuous, becomes broken up into bundles and isolated with age in the cortical cellular tissue. -A. Clematitis exhibits an arrangement of woody bundles, similar to that presented by A. labiosa.-Lindley, J. Veg. Kingdom, 793, fig.-Schleiden. Principles, 253.-Duchartre, P. Compt. Rend. 1854, t. 38, 1141.-Asarum (1142), Bragantia (1142), Aristolochia (1143). The stem of A. cymbifera, presents a compressed pith, surrounded by a fibro-vascular zone, in the fascicles of which the large vessels are irregularly scattered. The liber-zone, at first continuous, is progressively divided into numerous small bundles, which do not stand in any relation of number or position to the wood-bundles.-In A. Sipho the large dotted vessels are arranged in concentric circles, resembling annual zones, but corresponding to different periods of vegetation. -Asarum. Vaupell, C. über d. peripherische Wachstum d. Gefässbündel, &c. Leipsic, 1855, 25.-Asiphonia. Griffith, Linn. Trans. xix. 334. NEPENTHACEAE. Korthals, P. W. Over het Geslacht Nepenthes, in Temminck's Verhandel. 1839-42, with numerous figs, tabb. xx, xxi. The anatomy of N. ampullaria is minutely described. The adult stem presents a tolerably wide, parenchymatous pith, traversed vertically by isolated spiral vessels, woody bundles, with primary medullary rays, and a series of inosculating secondary plates, one cell in thickness, forming an irregular network between the primary rays. The wood-bundles consist of dotted prosenchyma with, especially towards the periphery, rather wide, dotted vessels; towards the pith spiral vessels occur scattered through the prosenchyma. Exterior to the cambium-layer is a rather thick belt of spiral vessels; others are found scattered through the cortical parenchyma.-Treviranus. Ueber einiger Arten anomalischer Holzbildung bei Dicotyledonen. Bot. Zeit. 1847. 400.-Henfrey. On Progress of Physiol. Bot. A. N. H. 2 ser. i. 131. Bark, wood, liber, and pith are full of spiral-fibrous cells. -Lindley, J. Introd. Botany, i. 211. N. distillatoria. The pith abounds in spiral vessels; a dense layer of ligneous tissue occupies the place of the medullary sheath. There are no medullary rays, and the wood has no concentric zones. Between the wood and bark is a thick parenchymatous layer," in which an immense quantity of very large spiral vessels is found." Veg. Kingd. 287.-Miquel, F. A. W. Journ. Bot. Ned. 1861. p. 278. (To be concluded in our next.) XXX.-REMARKS ON THE TRANSLATION OF THE FIRST CHAPTER OF ARISTOTLE'S HISTORY OF ANIMALS. Br John Scouler, M.D. F.L.S. Ir is to be regretted that we have no English translation of the History of Animals, and that a work which should be studied by every naturalist, is inaccessible to all who are not acquainted with the original language.* The French translation of Camus is as good as an excellent scholar could render it who was ignorant of Natural History. The Germans possess not only a translation of the Natural History, but also one of the treatise on comparative Anatomy (De Partibus). The translation of the Natural History is This article was written before the appearance of Mr. Cresswell's Translation, recently published by Mr. Bohn.-(Ed. N. H. R.) by Dr. Strack, and is a faithful version of the text, but with very few notes. The English version, by Taylor, we have not seen, and if the Stagyrite has not met with better usage at his hands than Plato and Plotinus have done, our loss is small. As Lobeck says of him, "saepe grammaticam, saepissime sensum pervertit." The qualifications required on the part of a translator of the Natural History of Aristotle, are much more varied than those which suffice for rendering an ordinary classic into a modern tongue. In translating such a work, the scholarship is the smallest difficulty, as the language is the easiest to master of any Greek author, and the text is now nearly as perfect as it ever can be. In executing a translation, the edition by Schneider should be chosen, as being the one naturalists are in the habit of consulting, and because it is followed by a Latin translation, and a valuable apparatus of notes and dissertations, and we may add, because the editor was both an able naturalist, and a learned scholar. But while Schneider should serve as the basis, a constant reference should be had to the more recent and amended text of Ritter. An indispensable requisite on the part of a translator is, that he should possess the most familiar acquaintance with the other Aristotelian treatises on the physical sciences. He must know not merely the Greek language, but the Aristotelic language, and be master of his philosophy of nature. In the History of Animals there are many things which are but briefly indicated, and apparently out of all natural connection with the subject, which can only be understood by the more copious illustrations to be found in other works. To understand the natural history, we must consult the long series of treatises from the Meteorology to the De Anima. Of the danger of neglecting this we shall soon have to give examples. In addition to this, an extensive knowledge of zoology and comparative anatomy is essential. In this respect such knowledge as is drawn from books alone is insufficient; the translator must be a practical anatomist, and from long experience, skilful in the diagnosis of species. With this preliminary discipline, even a moderate amount of scholarship will enable a naturalist to overcome difficulties which would perplex a Scaliger or a Bentley. Unless he know the structure of the ovum of the cuttle-fish, the history of the Hectocotyle, the envelopes of the embryo in the different classes, he will find great difficulties in mastering the text of Aristotle. It is time to apply these remarks to the translation of the first chapter of the History of Animals, which appeared in the last number of the Review. We are surprised to find the word veūpa translated nerve. Now in Aristotle and all authors before him up to Homer, this word is never used in the sense of our English word nerve, it always means ligament or tendon. This is a serious error; for a knowledge of the nervous system was the weakest point in the anatomy of the Stagyrite. Of the nerves he knew almost nothing; and it was Erasistratus, said to have been the grandson of our philo |