passenger cars is gradually but surely to be superseded by some method of using the heat generated in the boiler of the locomotive.

The following table, showing the car-heating equipment of a large percentage of the roads of the United States and Canada, is taken from the Railway Review:

Some passenger equipment cars are not heated at all, which explains why the above given percentages fall short of 100.

The same publication gives additional tables showing what individual roads have done, and also group results by geographical division. The effect of legislation is clearly perceived in Table No. 1, the high percentage of New York lines standing out in marked contrast to the slender figures of systems west of Chicago, where no legal requirements have operated to hasten the adoption of steam-heating apparatus.

The figures given above are of more than ordinary interest, as they show a larger proportion of the passenger equipment to be heated by steam than is generally believed. The common stove is hereby shown to be employed in less than half of the passenger cars of the country.

The importance of improved and safer methods of heating has also been recognized in Europe. An appropriation of 80,000 marks has been made to introduce steam-heating on the state railroads of Wurtemberg, Germany, and the Swiss Government has formulated a code of rules providing that passenger cars must be heated from the 1st of October till the close of April should the outside temperature fall lower than 41° F. By the legislative act of July 1, 1889, that Government also decreed that all cars must be heated by steam within five years from that date.

On the 23d of June, 1891, a circular letter was addressed to the chairman of the various State railroad commissions, asking whether any recent legislation on the subject of heating cars by steam or the lighting thereof has been had, and if there was any special public interest displayed that might lead to such legislation. Only a few of those addressed failed to respond.

It must not be forgotten that in certain portions of the country, the Southern States in particular, the climatic conditions are such that the heating of trains is considered a minor matter, and it is not to be expected that railroad companies in those States will be as quick to do away with the old style of heating as in northern latitudes, where the winters are longer and more severe. This accounts for the negative answers received from every Southern State. The secretary of the State of Arkansas writes "that no legislation of this character has been had in our State, nor is there much public interest in the subject, simply because the climate is genial, and not very much in the way of heating is necessary to keep cars comfortable." The secretary of the Territory of Arizona also writes that the "climatic conditions are such here as to remove the interest in such matters."

In the last Illinois legislature several bills bearing on improved methods of passenger car heating and lighting were introduced, but failed to pass. Recommendations in regard to the utility and importance of safety appliances will be made to the next legislature by the commission of that State.

In Ohio, Commissioner Norton writes that his department strongly urged on the legislature the enactment of a law touching on the heating and lighting of passenger trains. Nothing was done, though great interest was manifested at the time.

Commissioner Anthony, of Kansas, replies that there has been no legislation in that State; that the public rests confident in the wisdom of the companies to protect passengers without resort to legislation.

In none of the other States, with the exception of those that have enacted laws, does there appear to be any movement, outside of a sporadic press opinion, looking to reformation of prevailing devices.

STATUTES OF VARIOUS STATES RELATING TO THE HEATING OF PASSENGER CARS BY STEAM.

Connecticut.-Section 3569 of the statutes respecting railroads reads

as follows:

The railroad commissioners may make any and all orders which shall seem to them to be required by public safety and prudence relative to heating and lighting passenger cars, and shall report any neglect by any railroad companies to comply with such orders to the general assembly at its next regular session.

New York. The act of 1887 to regulate heating of steam passenger cars provides:

It shall not be lawful for any steam railroad doing business in this State, after the first day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, to heat its passenger cars, on

other than mixed trains, by any stove or furnace kept inside the car or suspended therefrom, except it may be lawful, in case of accident or other emergency, to temporarily use such stove or furnace with necessary fuel: Provided, That in cars which have been equipped with apparatus to heat by steam, hot water, or hot air from the locomotive, or from a special car, the present stove may be retained to be used only when the car is standing still: And provided, also, That this act shall not apply to railroads less than fifty miles in length, nor to the use of stoves of a pattern and kind to be approved by the railroad commissioners, for cooking purposes in dining-room cars. The above statute was amended by chapter 189, laws of 1888, as follows:

In special cases the board of railroad commissioners may extend the time for a period not exceeding one year from November 1, 1888, for any steam railroad doing business in this state to heat its passenger cars by any stove or furnace kept inside the car or suspended therefrom.

Massachusetts.-In 1882 a law was enacted which required that all passenger and sleeping cars as well as express and mail cars used in the State should be provided with such safeguards for protection against fire as might be approved in writing by the board of railroad commissioners. This act contemplated the use of individual heaters.

But in 1887 the following act doing away absolutely with the stove for heating purposes was passed:

No passenger, mail, or baggage car on any railroad in this Commonwealth shall be heated by any method of heating, or by furnace, or heater, unless such furnace or heater shall first have been approved in writing by the board of railroad commissioners: Provided, however, That in no event shall a common stove be allowed in any such car: And provided also, That any railroad corporation may, with the permission of said board, make such experiments in heating their passenger cars as said board may deem proper.

New Hampshire.-An act to regulate the heating of passenger cars, passed June, 1887, reads:

No passenger, mail, or baggage car on any railroad in this State shall be heated by any method of heating or by any furnace or heater, unless such method or the use of such furnace or heater shall first have been approved in writing by the board of railroad commissioners: Provided, however, That in no event shall a common stove be allowed in any such car: Provided also, That any railroad corporation may, with the permission of said board, make such experiments in heating their passenger cars as said board may deem proper: Provided also, That the provisions of this act shall not apply to mixed trains or trains which consist of freight and passenger cars.

Rhode Island. In this State the legislature enacted that

From and after the first day of December, anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-one, no passenger, mail, or baggage car on any railroad in this State shall be heated by any method of heating, or by furnace or heater unless such furnace or heater shall first have been approved in writing by the railroad commissioner: Provided, however, That in no event shall a common stove be allowed in such car. Every railroad corporation which shall use any car in violation of the provisions of this section shall be fined one hundred dollars for every day on which such car shall be used, one-half thereof to the use of the complainant, and one-half thereof to the use of the State.

Michigan. By an act of the Michigan legislature passed in 1887, railroad companies owning or operating any railroad wholly or partly within this State are required to generate the heat for warming the cars outside and independent of the cars, or by the use of heaters in the cars so constructed that in case of accident it could be practically impossible for the fire to escape from the stove or heater so as to set fire to the cars, or provide some automatic, or quickly and easily operated provision, for extinguishing fires. When the heat is generated outside of the cars, heaters constructed as provided for in the act may be retained within for use in case of emergencies. No device can be adopted for general use until approved by the Commissioner of Railroads, who has the

power to order any stoves or heaters removed which, in his judgment, are unsafe in case of accident. He is empowered to use such reasonable means to provide for the carrying out of the spirit of this law, and promote the safety of passengers and employés of railroad companies, as the condition of the roads and experience in the use of the various methods of heating have demonstrated to be practicable and necessary. By the terms of act No. 207 of the laws of 1879, it is not permitted that any passenger car shall be lighted by naphtha or by any illuminating oil or fluid made in part of naphtha, or wholly or in part from coal oil or petroleum, or other substance or material which will ignite at a temperature of less than 300° F.

Vermont. The law in this State is as follows:

After December one, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, no passenger, mail or baggage cars, other than mixed train, on any steam railroad in this State, shall be heated by any method or heater, unless such method, or the use of such furnace or heater, shall first have been approved in writing by the board of railroad commissioners: Provided, That nothing in this act shall authorize the commissioners to prohibit the heating of cars by steam from the engines.

Maine.-The Maine statute is in the following language:

SEC. 1. No passenger, mail, or baggage car on any railroad in this State shall be heated by any method of heating or by any furnace or heater, unless such methods or the use of such furnace or heater shall first have been approved in writing by the board of railroad commissioners: Provided, however, That in no event shall a common stove be allowed in any such car, And provided also, That any railroad corporation may, with the permission of this board, make such experiments in heating their passenger cars as said board may deem proper.

SEC. 2. No passenger car on a railroad shall be lighted by naphtha nor by an illuminating oil or fluid made in part of naphtha, or which will ignite at a temperature of less than three hundred degrees Fahrenheit.

Maryland. The common stove is prohibited in Maryland, as appears by the following act of the general assembly; though power was subsequently conferred on the board of public works to extend the time which stoves might be used until May 1, 1892, which the board resolved on doing. The statute reads:

Be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland, That it shall not be lawful for any steam railroad doing business in the State after the first day of May, eighteen hundred and ninety, to heat its passenger cars by any stove or furnace kept inside of the car or suspended therefrom, except that it may be lawful in case of accident or other emergency to temporarily use such stove or furnace with necessary fuel: Provided, That in cars which have been equipped with apparatus to heat by steam, hot water, or hot air from the locomotive, or from a special car, the present stove may be retained to be used only when the car is standing still: And provided also, That this act shall not prevent the use of stoves for cooking purposes in dining-room cars. EDW. A. MOSELEY,

Secretary