stands at the mouth of Newport river, a few miles from the sea, is accessible by steamboat from Albemarle sound, and has a commodious and well-sheltered harbor, considered the best in the state. On Bogue point, at its entrance, is Fort Macon. Beaufort contains a courthouse, a jail, 1 or 2 churches, and several seminaries. It is a place of extensive trade, chiefly in turpentine and resins. The shipping of the district, June 30, 1852, amounted to 776 tons registered, and 1,851 tons enrolled and licensed. During the preceding year, 4 schooners with a burden of 460 tons had been built here. Pop. in 1853, about 2,000. II. A town and port of entry on Broad river, Beaufort district, South Carolina. It is about 16 miles from the sea, and has a spacious harbor, at the mouth of which, however, is a bar which prevents the entrance of vessels drawing more than 24 feet of water. The town is a favorite summer resort for the neighboring planters. White pop. in 1850, 879; slave pop. not given.

BEAUFORT, a large inland district of Cape Colony, South Africa, lying south of the Bosjesmans' territory, and having an area of about 20,000 sq. miles. Pop. in 1838, 5,904. Beaufort is its capital town.

BEAUFORT, FRANÇOIS DE VENDÔME, duke of, a grandson of Henry IV. of France, born in Paris, January, 1616, died June 25, 1669. He is peculiarly known by the conspicuous part he took in the civil war of the Fronde. He had served with some distinction during the 30 years' war, and meddled in the conspiracy of Cinq-Mars against Cardinal Richelieu. In consequence of this last affair, he was obliged to seek a refuge in England. On the accession of Louis XIV., the queen-regent treated him very favorably, but was soon dissatisfied with his impertinent manners. Her displeasure threw him on the side of the malcontents, and he became one of the leaders of the Frondeurs. He was extremely popular with the Parisians, on account of his descent, his familiarity with the citizens, and the pleasure he took in using their language, or even their slang. He was consequently called le roi des halles, and he exercised a powerful influence on the common people against Cardinal Mazarin, who was twice driven out of France. But becoming tired of civil war, he made his peace with the court; and Louis XIV. having taken into his hands the reins of government, Beaufort was appointed to the command of the navy. In 1664 and 1665 he successfully led attacks against the corsairs of Africa; in 1666 he was at the head of the fleet which was to join the Dutch to make war against England; lastly, in 1669 he went to the assistance of the Venetians, then besieged by the Turks in the island of Candia; he fought bravely and was killed in a sally.

BEAUFORT, HENRY, cardinal, and bishop of Winchester, born at the castle of Beaufort, in France, about 1370, died at Winchester, April 11, 1447. He was the 2d son to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by Catherine SwynVOL. III.-2

ford, and was thus the brother of Henry IV., the uncle of Henry V., and the_great uncle of Henry VI., kings of England. Educated at the 2 English universities and in Germany, he was early promoted from the bishopric of Lincoln to the wealthy see of Winchester, and when after the death of Henry V. he became the powerful rival of the duke of Gloucester in the council of regency, he had 3 times borne the high office of chancellor, had assisted at the council of Constance, and had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. The rivalry and strifes of the duke and cardinal are the most prominent feature in the history of England for many years. In 1429 the latter was appointed by the pope captain-general of the crusade against the Hussites of Bohemia, and having raised a force for this purpose in England, he betrayed the cause of the pope by acting only against the French. This conduct, however, added to his popularity in England, but in his absence, while attending the young king Henry VI. in France, where in the church of Notre Dame, at Paris, he placed the crown upon his head, an unsuc cessful attempt was made by the duke of Gloucester to deprive him of his bishopric, and to destroy his power by bringing against him a series of charges in a meeting of peers. Taking part in the affairs of France, the cardinal exerted himself in vain to reconcile the dukes of Burgundy and Bedford. Of the 2 competitors by whose struggle for the supremacy the affairs of England were vexed, Gloucester was in 1447 arrested at Bury St. Edmund's, where he soon after died suddenly and mysteriously, not without suspicion of poison, and within 6 weeks he was followed to his grave by Beaufort, who died with a lingering sickness. The drama of Shakespeare reflects the public sentiment of the time, which was unfavorable to the cardinal. The hospital of St. Cross at Winchester, which still remains, was liberally founded by the provisions of hts will.

BEAUFORT, HENRI ERNEST GROUT, chevalier de, a French traveller, born Feb. 25, 1798, at Aubevoye, department of Eure, died Sept. 3, 1825. He attempted to continue the exploration so boldly commenced in Africa by Mungo Park, and prosecuted under the auspices of the African association. In 1824 he visited the Gambia, Bakel, Bondoo, and Kaarta; in 1825 he went as far as the Kasso, the cataracts of Felou and Gavina, and the Bambook, gathering important information, and drawing sagacious conclusions from facts he had observed. Unfortunately death overtook him before he had reached Timbuctoo.

BEAUFORT, MARGARET, countess of Richmond and of Derby, a patroness of learning in England, born at Bletshoe, in 1441, died in 1509. She was of royal descent, and was married to the earl of Richmond, half-brother to Henry VI., by whom at the age of 18 years she had one son, who was afterward king of England, under the title of Henry VII. After the death of the earl of Richmond, she married

successively Sir Henry Stafford, and Thomas Lord Stanley, but had issue by neither of these marriages. She was celebrated for her devotion and charity. By her bounty, 2 colleges, Christ's and St. John's, were endowed at Cambridge, and a professorship of divinity established in each. She often declared that if the princes of Christendom should undertake a new crusade against the Turks, she herself would follow the army. She was the author of the "Mirroure of Golde to the Sinfull Soul," translated from a French translation of the Speculum Aureum Peccatorum, and of a translation of the 4th book of the "Imitation of Christ."

BEAUGENCY, an old town of France, department of Loire, 16 miles S. W. of Orleans, on the right bank of the Loire, pop. in 1856, 5,072. In 1152 a council was held here which divorced King Louis VII. from Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was soon to become the wife of Henry Plantagenet, then heir apparent of the crown of England. Beaugency was formerly surrounded by walls, flanked with towers and bastions, and protected by a powerful castle. Of all this little now remains.

BEAUHARNAIS, ALEXANDRE, vicomte de, a French general, born in 1760, in the island of Martinique, died June 23, 1794, on the scaffold. He was major in a regiment of infantry when he married Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, who was to become after his death the wife of Bonaparte. He distinguished himself in the American war, under the command of Count Rochambeau. In 1789 he was elected deputy to the states-general by the nobles of Blois, and was among the first of his order who joined the tiers-état. He was twice president of the national assembly. He occupied the chair when the flight of Louis XVI. was made known: "Gentlemen," he said, in a dignified and quiet manner, "the king left Paris last night; let us take up the order of the day." A little later he joined, as a division-general, the army of Custine, on the Rhine. Mentz was besieged by the allies, and might have been delivered by a bold movement; but Beauharnais remained inactive for 15 days, and the city surrendered. Being arraigned before the revolutionary tribunal, he was sentenced to death and beheaded when only 34 years of age.

BEAUHARNAIS, EUGÈNE DE, duke of Leuchtenberg, viceroy of Italy, born in Paris, Sept. 3, 1781, died in Munich, Feb. 21, 1824. He was the son of Viscount Alexandre Beauharnais by Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, afterward empress of France. When his father was executed for having failed to rescue Mentz, he was not yet 13 years old; and nevertheless went to Brittany in order to serve there under Gen. Hoche, who had been his father's friend. In 1795 he went back to Paris, and called on Gen. Bonaparte, then the commander of the metropolis, to obtain from him the return of his father's sword, which had been taken away on the disarming of the sections subsequent to

the 13th Vendemiaire. Bonaparte at once granted his request, and soon received the visit of Madame Beauharnais, who was desirous to give her thanks to the general. At this interview the lady made a deep impression upon the heart of the general, and a few months later, March 8, 1796, was married to him, on the eve of his taking his departure for Italy, where he was to assume the command of the French army. Young Eugène remained at Paris to pursue his education; but toward the end of 1797, being appointed second lieutenant, he started for Italy. On the peace of Campo Formio, he was commissioned to receive the submission of the Ionian islands. On his way back to the army he passed through Rome, and was in that city when a sedition broke out against the French, during which Gen. Duphot was killed. Eugène displayed great courage in quelling the émeute, and rescuing the body of the unfortu nate commander. In 1798 he followed his father-in-law to Egypt, where he distinguished himself in several encounters; he was severely wounded under the walls of Acre. He returned to France with Bonaparte, was appointed to a captaincy in the consular guards, and after the battle of Marengo promoted to the rank of major. On the establishment of the empire, he became a prince and colonel-general of the chasseurs; in 1805 state arch-chancellor, grand officer of the legion of honor, and viceroy of Italy, which government he kept until 1814. After the treaty of Presburg, he married Augusta Amelia, daughter of the king of Bavaria, on which occasion Napoleon invested him with the title of prince of Venice, proclaimed him "his adopted son, and heir-apparent to the crown of Italy." On his taking the reins of government, Eugène was only 24, but showed at once great prudence and discretion, taking advice from the most experienced, and selecting the most competent for the various offices. Improvements were introduced in all branches of the administration. The Italian army was reinforced, and soon ranked among the best troops of the great empire; the fortresses and the coasts were put in a state of defence; uniform laws promulgated; facilities for public education increased; beggary suppressed by the establishment of asylums for the poor; and the cathedral of Milan completed. All this was accomplished without any addition to the taxes; never were the fiscal charges so moderate, and yet, in 1813, the public treasury had a surplus of 92,000,000 livres, Italian. Italy had enjoyed 3 years of tranquillity and prosperity under the wise administration of the viceroy, when the fourth Austrian war broke out, and Eugène with scarcely 60,000 soldiers had to oppose an army of 100,000 under Archduke John. Being constrained at first to concentrate his troops behind the Tagliamento, he was defeated in the battle of Sacile, April 16, 1809; but soon took his revenge on the banks of the Piave, where he inflicted on the Austrians a loss of 10,000 soldiers and 15 pieces of cannon.

Eugène pursued them into Carinthia, defeated them in several encounters, and joined the great French army in the plains of Austria. Then, by order of the emperor, he invaded Hungary, and gained, June 14, near Raab, a bloody victory over Archduke John, whose army was by one-third stronger than his own. Three weeks later, he took an important part in the gigantic battle of Wagram. The glory he had acquired, and the partiality of Napoleon toward him, had excited jealousy among some members of the imperial family; and intrigues produced some coldness between the adopted son and the father-in-law. It was the time, moreover, when, yielding to political motives, Napoleon began to think of divorcing Josephine. This was one of the saddest periods in the life of Eugène, who adored his mother as much as he respected Napoleon. Notwithstanding all his entreaties, the divorce took place; and to make the cup more bitter to the lips of Eugène, he was obliged, as state arch-chancellor, to announce the event to the senate. In 1812 he commanded the 4th corps of the tremendous army which invaded Russia, greatly contributed to the victory on the Beresina, by holding possession of the redoubt of Borodino, which he had stormed twice, by superhuman efforts. During the awful retreat, in which more than 200,000 French soldiers perished, no one among the generals of Napoleon displayed so much selfpossession, firmness, and intrepidity as Prince Eugène; when all were despairing he maintained an invincible constancy; and what little could be preserved from the ruins of the army, was saved by his unwearied exertions. Napoleon had intrusted Murat, king of Naples, with the command of the retreating forces; but he abandoned the forlorn undertaking, and Eugène alone was bold enough to continue and bring back the miserable remnants of the grand army. The retreat he conducted from Poznan to Leipsic has been considered by competent judges as one of the most extraordinary war operations on record. When speaking of that disastrous campaign, Napoleon more than once said: "Every one of us committed faults and blunders; Eugène alone committed none." He had at last gathered the remaining forces behind the Elbe; thus giving time to Napoleon for preparing his last resources. Before leav ing the army he contributed much to the victory of Lutzen. Then he repaired to Italy, where his presence was called for. In less than 3 months a new army, amounting to 50,000 soldiers, was organized; all the fortresses were prepared for defence. He took such advantageous positions in the mountains of Carinthia and Carniola, that he would have preserved Italy, if it had not been for the defection of Bavaria. The Austrians were permitted to enter by the Tyrolese passes, and Eugène had to fall back on the Adige. There he held his ground for 3 months against the Austrians; but meanwhile the king of Naples had sided with the enemies of his brother-in-law and benefactor.

In January, 1814, 30,000 Neapolitans, aided by10,000 English and Austrians, invaded upper Italy. Eugène fell back on the Mincio, and triumphed once more over the Austrians on Feb. 8; but all his exertions were of no avail, the great empire was crumbling. When all hope was gone, Eugène at last left Italy, and retired to the court of his father-in-law. There he received, with the principality of Eichstädt, the titles of duke of Leuchtenberg and first peer of the kingdom. He thenceforth devoted himself to the task of bringing up his children, and was 9 years later suddenly carried away by an apoplectic fit. Prince Eugène left by his wife, the princess of Bavaria, 2 sons, and 4 daughters. The eldest among the latter, Josephine, is the queen of Oscar of Sweden; the next, Eugènie Hortense, married to the prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen; and the third, Amalia Auguste, widow of Don Pedro I., is now empress-dowager of Brazil and duchess of Braganza. Of the 2 sons, the elder, Auguste Charles, the husband of queen Donna Maria, of Portugal, died March 28, 1835; and the younger, Maximilian Joseph, who had, in 1842, married the grand duchess Maria, daughter of Czar Nicholas I., died Dec. 6, 1852.

BEAUHARNAIS, FRANÇOIS, marquis de, born Aug. 12, 1756, at La Rochelle, died in 1823. He was the brother of Alexandre, and was also sent to the states-general. He was an unflinching royalist, and in 1792, he framed a plan for the flight of the royal family; but having failed in his attempt, he left France and joined the army under the prince of Condé, in which he was appointed major-general. After the 18th Brumaire, he sent to his sister-in-law, Josephine, a missive, to be delivered into the hands of Bonaparte, in which he requested him, "in the name of the only glory he had yet to gain, to restore the crown of France to the Bourbons." He was, however, recalled to France on the occasion of his daughter's marriage with M. de Lavalette, and appointed director-general of the post-office, then ambassador to Etruria and to Spain; but Napoleon being soon dissatisfied with his services in that capacity, he was recalled.

BEAUHARNAIS, HORTENSE EUGENIE, wife of Louis Bonaparte, and queen of Holland, born at Paris, April 10, 1783, died at Arenenberg, Switzerland, Oct. 3, 1837. She was the daughter of Alexandre Beauharnais and Josephine, afterward wife of Napoleon. She was to have married Desaix; but on Jan. 7, 1802, in compliance with the wish of Napoleon, she became the wife of Louis, who also gave up a former attachment for the marriage. The union was not a happy one; and Hortense returned to Paris, and lived a dissolute life there apart from her husband. Prominent among her lovers was the comte de Flahaut, for whom she composed her popular air, Partant pour la Syrie, as he was leaving Paris for Germany, and Admiral Veruel, a Dutch naval officer. The former is believed to have been the father of M. de Mor

ny, universally recognized as the illegitimate half-brother of Napoleon III., whom he greatly aided in becoming emperor; and to the latter is attributed the paternity of Napoleon III. himself. It is known that Louis Bonaparte had a warm dispute with his brother, the emperor, touching this child, which he averred to be none of his, and that his unwillingness to recognize it as such was only overcome by the most decided measures on the part of Napoleon. After the separation of Napoleon and Josephine, Hortense remained on intimate terms with the former. When the Bourbons came back in 1814, she alone of all the Bonaparte family remained in Paris. After the Hundred Days, she lived in Augsburg, in Italy, and in Switzerland, devoted to her sons, and greatly beloved by the people with whom she came in contact, who found her a kind and gentle benefactress. When her sons had to flee, after participating in an unsuccessful attempt at revolution, in Italy, in 1831, she went for a time to Paris, and was kindly received by Louis Philippe. She possessed much literary, as well as social talent. Of her 4 acknowledged children, only Napoleon III. and M. de Morny now survive.

BEAUHARNAIS, MARIE ANNE FRANÇOISE MOUCHARD, better known as Fanny, comtesse de, a literary woman, born at Paris, in 1738, died July 2, 1813. She married, when still very young, the Count Beauharnais, uncle to Alexandre and François, but soon separated from her husband, and retired into a nunnery, whence she emerged, after the revolution, to lead a very free life at Paris, where, after the divorce of her relative, the empress Josephine, she fell into obscurity. She wrote some miscellaneous poems, a novel, and several comedies, which are now forgotten. Notwithstanding her kindness and benevolence, she was sometimes bitterly criticized; and it was to her Lebrun alluded, in his pungent epigram:

Eglé, belle et poete, a deux petits travers: Elle fait son visage, et ne fait point ses vers. She was, indeed, charged with signing her name to poems which were written by her lovers.

BEAUHARNOIS, a county in the S. W. extremity of Canada East, extending to the St. Lawrence on the N. W., and from New York state on the south. It has an area of 717 sq. miles. This surface is drained by the Chateaugay river and several minor streams, and produces oats and abundant pasturage for sheep and cows. Butter is the principal product. Pop. 40,213. The chief towns are Huntingdon and Beauharnois. The latter is a post village situated on lake St. Louis, formed by the St. Lawrence, 33 miles S. W. of Montreal; pop. in 1851, 800.

BEAUJOLAIS, a district of France, in the ancient province of Lyonnais, forming now the northern part of the department of Rhone, and a small part of that of Loire. It belonged for a long while to the ducal house of Bourbon, was confiscated in 1522 from the great constable of Bourbon, and united to the crown by Francis I.;

it was afterward given back, in 1560, to a nephew of the constable, and in 1628 came, by marriage, to the house of Orleans, where it remained until the revolution. Its name is preserved now by an excellent wine which is produced on its hills, Vin de Beaujolais.

BEAULIEU, or EXE, a parish of Hants, England, at the mouth of the river of the same name. It contains the ruins of an abbey founded by King John, and memorable for having afforded refuge to Margaret of Anjou and to Perkin Warbeck. Within the limits of the manor of Beaulieu, exemption from arrest for debt is still enjoyed.

BEAULIEU, CAMUS DE VERNET, a favorite of King Charles VII., of France, died in 1427. When M. de Giac, a former favorite of the king, was murdered by order of the constable, Artus of Richemont, Beaulieu was put in the place of the murdered man, appointed at once commander of the castle of Poitiers, where the king resided, first equerry and grand master of the horse, with full control over the finances. But Richemont, dissatisfied with his conduct, sent four or five soldiers, who summarily despatched him while he was enjoying a ride around the castle. Charles VII., very little moved by this not unusual accident, received another favorite from the constable.

BEAULIEU, JEAN PIERRE, baron, an Austrian general, born in 1725, at Namur, Belgium, died in 1819, at Lintz. He first served during the 7 years' war; being afterward promoted to the rank of major-general, he was put in command of the troops sent against the rebellious Brabantins, whom he soon conquered by his humanity no less than his courage and skilful measures. In 1792 he fought against the French troops, who had invaded Belgium, and defeated them in several encounters, especially at Arlon. In 1796 he was sent to Italy, against Bonaparte; the veteran was mercilessly routed by his young rival at Montenotte, Fombio, and Lodi; then repulsed, with the fragments of his army, over the Oglio, the Mincio, and the Adige into Tyrol, where, June 25, 1796, he resigned his command, which was given to Wurmser, and retired to private life.

BEAUMANOIR, JEAN, sire de, a celebrated French knight, born in Brittany, lived about the middle of the 14th century. He was the countryman and companion-at-arms of the illustrious Du Guesclin, and like his friend, distinguished himself in the civil wars of Brittany, when John, count of Montfort, supported by the English, and Charles of Blois, aided by the king of France, contended for the possession of that duchy. But he owes all his celebrity to that terrible encounter known as the combat des trente. He then had the command of the castle of Josselin; and being enraged at the depredations committed by Bemborough, the English commander at Ploermel, he challenged him to fight. It was, therefore, agreed that thirty knights of each party should meet, March 27, 1351, at a place between the two castles known

as Midway Oak. On the announcement of the coming battle, crowds of people flocked together from all the surrounding country. The two chiefs presented themselves at the head of their best soldiers, and the fight commenced in earnest. On the first onset the English excelled their adversaries; but Bemborough having been killed, the French renewed the struggle with redoubled courage, and finally won the victory. This was one of the most heroic exploits of the time, and gained such a popularity that, more than a hundred years later, when speaking of a hard contested battle, it was usual to say: "There was never such hard fighting since the battle of the thirty!" At the battle of Auray, in 1364, Beaumanoir was taken prisoner as well as Du Guesclin.

BEAUMANOIR, PHILIPPE DE, an eminent French jurist, born in Picardy, about the beginning of the 13th century, died in 1296. He belonged to the middle class, which was then gaining ground by its alliance with royalty, and filled some minor offices in the administration of law. In 1280 he was bailiff of Clermont, in Beauvaisis, which town was in the hands of Robert, the fifth son of Louis IX. and the head of the Bourbon family. It was according to directions from this prince that he digested and committed to writing the traditional law regulations of the country. This book, La Coutume de Beauvoisis, is one of the most valuable monuments of French law during the middle ages. It greatly contributed to reforming the excesses of the feudal system, and enforcing the paramount power of the monarch. It is highly esteemed, and frequently referred to by modern historians, jurists, and archæologists. It has recently been republished by order of the minister of public instruction in France.

BEAUMARCHAIS, PIERRE AUGUSTIN CARON DE, a French dramatic writer of great originality, still more remarkable for his eccentricities of life, changes of fortune, and elasticity of mind, born Jan. 24, 1732, at Paris, died May 19, 1799. He was the son of a watchmaker, and after receiving a slight education at a private school, he was brought up to the trade of his father; but, being very fond of music and social pleasure, he paid little attention to it, so that his father, a very kind-hearted man, thought it necessary to expel him from his house, though meanwhile affording him assistance secretly. They were soon reconciled, and young Caron, ambitious to make amends for his previous conduct, took to the trade with such earnestness that he made considerable progress, and even invented a valuable improvement in the making of watches. This being contested by Lepaute, then a very celebrated watchmaker, the litigation was submitted for decision to the academy of science, who rendered a verdict in favor of the young competitor, which success caused him to be appointed watchmaker to the king. In this capacity he had access to court, where he was remarked for his handsome figure and lively countenance. To these he was soon

indebted for an office in the royal household, and then for his marriage with a widow in good circumstances. His wife died, and Beaumarchais would have been reduced to poverty if it had not been for his talent as a musician. Being a skilful player on the harp and the guitar, he was asked to play before the daughters of Louis XV., and was soon admitted to their concerts and parties, the direction of which was intrusted to his care. Such favor, although bringing no pecuniary profit, excited envy, but eventually became the cause of his fortune. Through his influence with the princesses he was enabled to be of some service to the great financier, Paris Duverney, who, by way of reward, took him as his partner in some transactions, by which the young man gained large sums of money. Part of his profits were applied to buying an office in the royal hunting establishment, which he held for 22 years. But this did not interfere with his commercial or financial speculations. In 1764 we find him at Madrid trying to enter into some contracts with the Spanish government, but above all engaged in protecting his younger sister, who had been illtreated by a Spanish gentleman named Clavijo. By his firmness, self-possession, industry, and adroit management, he fully vindicated his sister's honor, causing Clavijo to be shamefully dismissed from the office he held at the Spanish court. Some 2 years after his return to France, Beaumarchais produced a drama entitled Eugénie, the plot of which was founded on that adventure. It had a successful run, and was, under the title of the "School for Rakes," adapted for the stage at Drury Lane, then under the management of Garrick. In 1770 3 misfortunes befell Beaumarchais: his 2d drama, Les deux amis, proved a complete failure; he lost his 2d wife, who had brought him a large fortune, and was, consequently, deprived of the larger part of his income; lastly, his old friend and partner, Duverney, died. This last event gave rise to lawsuits which lasted more than 7 years, and involved in the issue not only the fortune of Beaumarchais, but his honor. The heir of the financier, the count de Lablache, impelled by hatred, declared an agreement by which Beaumarchais was the creditor of Duverney to be fraudulent, and sued him as indebted to the succession for a large balance. Beaumarchais first gained his cause; but, upon an appeal, it was adjudged against him, so that he was, by implication, pronounced a forger. At the same time, from a motive totally foreign to the trial, he was unlawfully detained in prison for more than 2 months. Any one else would have been irretrievably lost, but, with unconquerable fortitude, he reëntered the lists, not only against his old opponent, the count de Lablache, but against the judge, Goezman, who, by his unfavorable report, had procured the reversal of the first judgment. This last lawsuit soon became paramount. The parliament, of which Goezman was a member, being very unpopular, Beaumarchais made use of the occasion, and so