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rious manner with his paternal feelings; and, on the whole, there is something in the importance attached to the dowry which detracts from the solemnity of the event. The contract is called by the Jews thenaim rischonim. In the laws of Moses there are also certain provisions respecting the state of the virgin who is betrothed. Selden's Uror Hebraica gives the schedule of Hebrew contracts of betrothment. With the Jews, a young lady is rarely allowed to enter into an engagement without the cognizance of her relatives, who, in fact, in most cases, arrange matters for her, and generally avail themselves of the services of marriage brokers, who receive a percentage upon the amount of the dowry, beside a gratuity. In the continental cities these Jew marriage brokers have matches always on hand, with dowries varying from $5,000 to $200,000, and as soon as the betrothment has taken place they look upon the bargain as concluded; but cases frequently occur, in which on the day of the wedding the bridegroom breaks the match because the Austrian metalliques or Spanish Ardoins, tendered in payment for the dowry, have fallen in value, and reduced the dowry perhaps to the extent of 20 or 25 per cent.Among the ancient Greeks, the father made a selection for his daughter. The young couple kissed each other for the first time in the presence of their friends, and it was customary for the bridegroom to bring flowers daily, until the wedding day, to the house of his bride.— The Arab sends a relative to negotiate about his intended bride, and the price at which she ís to be had.-The bridegroom of Kamtchatka has to serve in the house of his prospective father-in-law before an engagement is allowed to take place. With the Letts and Esthonians no engagement is considered valid until the parent and relatives of the bride have tasted of the brandy which the bridegroom presents. -Among the Hottentots, the would-be bridegroom is not allowed to propose without being accompanied by his father. Father and son walk arm in arm, with pipes in their mouths, to the house of the bride, where the engagement takes place.-Among some of the indigenous tribes of America it was customary to keep the betrothed lady in durance for 40 days, as the superstition prevailed that she would exert an occult influence upon any thing she touched or any body with whom she came into contact. During these 40 days the lady was kept on starvation fare, so that when the day of the wedding came she looked more like a skeleton than like a bride.-In the Roman law, the sponsalia, or betrothment, is defined to be a promise of future marriage, which could take place after the parties were 7 years of age. The sponsalia might be made without the 2 parties being present at the ceremony, and might be dissolved by one party certifying to the other in the following words: Conditione tua non utor.-The canonists speak of betrothing, and in the middle ages the Roman and

canon statutes constituted the law on the subject. While the Greek church considered betrothments as binding as weddings, the church of Rome viewed them simply as promises of marriage. But as much confusion ensued, the council of Trent decreed that no betrothment was valid without the presence of a priest and of two or three witnesses. This decree was adopted in France by Louis XIII., in 1639, and became known as the ordonnance de Blois. Until the revolution of 1789, when betrothments ceased to have legal importance, they were generally celebrated in France by pronouncing the nuptial blessing in front of the church, by reading the marriage contract, and by exchanging presents, while the French bridegroom, as was also the case with the Roman bridegroom, had to pay a certain amount of earnest-money to ratify the bargain. In England, formal engagements of this kind were usual down to the time of the reformation. In Shakespeare and other writers many illustrations occur, from which it may be inferred that betrothments were celebrated by the interchange of rings, the kiss, the joining of hands, and the attestation of witnesses. Marriage contracts have been preserved in many ancient British families, with stipulations respecting the apparel of the future bride and the cost of the entertainment which is to be provided at the wedding. In modern times, the Hebrews and Germans, more than any other nations, surround betrothment with a prestige of solemnity, although even with them it has now seldom any other meaning than that the parties have privately engaged themselves. In England and the United States rings are frequently interchanged between the lady and the gentleman, and wherever it can be satisfactorily proved in law that either party has suffered materially by any breach of promise on the part of the other, the courts will award damages. In the United States, engagements are made with more nonchalance than in Europe-the free will of young people is less interfered with, and the whole relation is stripped also in many other respects of the conventional form which it assumes on the old continent.

BETTERMENTS, in law, improvements made to an estate which render it better, and are more than mere repairs.

BETTERTON, TпомAS, a celebrated English actor, born 1635, died April, 1710. He was the son of an under-cook in the service of Charles I., and was apprenticed to a bookseller in London. His master, Mr. Rhodes, obtained a license for a company of players in 1659, and with him Betterton commenced his career. He was engaged by Davenant in 1662. His position was soon preeminent, and he became an established favorite. He seems to have had no personal graces from nature to second his rare talents, if the following account be true: "Mr. Betterton, though a superlatively good actor, labored under an ill figure, being clumsily made, having a great head, a short, thick neck,

stooped in the shoulders, and had fat, short arms, which he rarely lifted higher than his stomach. His left hand frequently lodged in his breast between his coat and waistcoat, while with his right he prepared his speech; his actions were few but just; he had little eyes and a broad face, a little pockfretten; a corpulent body, and thick legs, with large feet; he was better to meet than to follow, for his aspect was serious, venerable, and majestic. In his latter time, a little paralytic; his voice was low and grumbling, yet he could tune it by an artful climax which enforced universal attention even from the fops and orange girls. He was incapable of dancing even in a country dance, as was Mr. Barry, but their good qualities were more than equal to their deficiencies." Betterton had the rare faculty of identifying himself with his part. He married Mrs. Sanderson, an actress of almost equal merit with himself, whose Lady Macbeth was reckoned a perfect piece of acting. He was prudent and saving, but he lost his small means in a commercial speculation, and a theatre which he afterward opened was not successful. After his retirement from the stage, he reappeared in his old age a few times to take a benefit, and his last appearance, April 13, 1710, was the proximate cause of his death; for having used remedies to check a fit of the gout, in order that he might keep his engagement with the public, he drove it to his head. His widow died of grief for the death of her husband.

BETTINELLI, SAVERIO, an Italian author, born in Mantua, July 18, 1718, died there Sept. 13, 1808. He was educated by the Jesuits of his native town of Bologna, and became a member of their order in 1736. From 1739 to 1744 he taught literature at Brescia; while at Bologna, whither he was sent for the purpose of attending the divinity school, he displayed his ruling passion by the composition of a tragedy, entitled Ionathas. In 1748 we find him at Venice as professor of rhetoric, and in 1751 at a college in Parma, where he remained until 1759. Among his acquaintances were the foremost men of Italy, Germany, and France, including Voltaire. In 1767 he preached at Verona, and thrilled his congregation by the pathos of his sermons, while in his house he delighted them by the luxuries of his table. When the order of the Jesuits was abolished, he immediately threw up the professorship, which he then held at Modena, and retired to his native town, where he devoted himself for the rest of his life to literary pursuits.

BETTY, WILLIAM HENRY WEST, commonly known as "the young Roscius," born at Shrewsbury, in England, Sept. 13, 1791. In infancy he accompanied his father, who was a farmer, to Ireland. Here he was educated by his mother, who encouraged his decided taste for recitation by frequently reading to him. In 1802, at Belfast theatre, he first saw a dramatic performance. The play was "Pizarro," in which Mrs. Siddons astonished him as Elvira, and so

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much charmed him, that he imitated her manner, accents, and attitudes, in various dramatic speeches which he learned for the purpose, and declared that he should die if he were not permitted to be a player. The stage-struck child was taken by his parents to the manager of the theatre, who, after hearing him recite, placed him under the able instruction of Mr. Hough, the prompter. Under this gentleman he studied the parts of Osman, young Norval, Rolla, and Romeo, and made his debut at the Belfast theatre, Aug. 1, 1803, in that of Osman. At this time he was not twelve years old. His success was decided, and after playing the above-named parts at Belfast, he performed at Cork with even greater effect, and was enthusiastically received at Glasgow and Edinburgh. the latter place, Home pronounced him to be "the genuine offspring of the son of Douglas.” From this time he travelled over England, with still augmenting fame and profit, as "the young Roscius." In 1804 he was engaged at Covent-Garden theatre, London, for 12 nights, at 50 guineas a night, and a clear benefit-undertaking to play at Drury Lane, on the intervening nights, on the same terms. At that very time, John Kemble's weekly salary was under 36 guineas, and Lewis had only £20. "The young Roscius" opened at Covent Garden, Dec. 1, 1804, as Achmet, in "Barbarossa," was enthusiastically received, played with much self-possession, and remarkably well-for a child. He drew immense houses in several characters, Hamlet included; was presented to George III., the royal family, and the leading nobility; received numerous and valuable presents; had Opie and other artists pressing him to sit for his portrait, and engravers busily employed in multiplying them; and so great was the Rosciomania, that even the university of Cambridge so far went with the tide of the boy's celebrity, as to make "Quid noster Roscius eget" the subject of Sir William Brown's prize medal. It was proposed to erect statues of him. In 28 nights, at Drury Lane, he drew £17,210, an average of £614 a night, and at least as much more at Covent Garden. A youth of thirteen who could draw £34,000 in 56 nights, must have had great merit or great luck. After he had rapidly realized sufficient to secure himself a handsome independence for life, Master Betty retired from the stage in 1807, and was placed for 3 years at Shrewsbury school. He resumed his profession at Covent Garden in 1812, at the age of 21; but the charm was ended; the performance was considered as very commonplace, and was not repeated. prophesied before the reappearance that he could not succeed, his figure being fat, his features flat, his action ungraceful, and no expression in his "muffin face." He permanently retired to private life, and has brought up a large family very respectably.-HENRY BETTY, his eldest son, born Sept. 29, 1819, was also seized with a passion for acting, and after several years' practice in the provinces, appeared

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at Covent Garden in Dec. 1844, as Hamlet. He reminded old play-goers of "the young Roscius" in his prime, and is a very respectable, although not a first-class performer.

BETWAH, a river in Hindostan, which takes its rise in the Vindhyan mountains, near Bhopaul, and flowing nearly 340 miles in a N. E. direction through the provinces of Malwah and Allahabad, finally joins the Jumna below Kalpee. Near Erech a slight fall occurs. The country through which it flows is highly cultivated. The river at times is said to rise to a great height; in a portion of its course it flows through beds of iron ore.

BEUDANT, FRANÇOIS SULPICE, a French mineralogist and natural philosopher, born at Paris, Sept. 5, 1787, died in the same city, Dec. 9, 1850. After having taught successively in the polytechnic school and the normal school, he became in 1811 professor of mathematics in the lyceum of Avignon, and in 1813 professor of physics in the lyceum of Marseilles. He had devoted his studies to zoology, and already published some curious observations and experiments concering the mollusks, when in 1815 he was sent by Louis XVIII. to England, to take charge of the transportation to France of that monarch's mineralogical cabinet, of which he was appointed director, and from this time he made the mineral kingdom the chief object of his study. In 1818 he made a tour to Hungary for mineralogical and geological observations, and on his return to Paris succeeded Haüy, who had been his master, in the faculty of sciences, became a member of the academy of sciences, and inspector-general of the university. He published numerous works, among which were accounts of researches concerning the relation of crystalline forms to chemical composition, and of his observations in Hungary, elementary treatises on mineralogy and geology, and also a remarkable grammar of the French language.

BEUGNOT, ARTHUR AUGUSTE, count, a French historian and archæologist, born March 25, 1797, at Bar-sur-Aube. He was bred to politics, and occupied a seat in the chamber of peers under Louis Philippe. He was a constant advocate of freedom in public instruction; the revolution of 1848 sent him to the legislative assembly, where he was instrumental in the adoption of a liberal measure on that subject. He has now given up politics for literature, and is engaged in superintending some of the valuable historical publications of the French government.

BEUGNOT, JACQUES CLAUDE, count, a French statesman, born in 1761, at Bar-surAube, died in June, 1835. In the legislative assembly he distinguished himself by bold opposition to the revolutionists; he was especially eager in assailing Marat. This made him so unpopular that, after Aug. 10, he did not dare to appear in his seat. Being arrested in 1793, he was liberated by the revolution of the 9th Thermidor, and lived then in retirement till the 18th

Brumaire, when he was made assistant to Lucien Bonaparte in the home department. In 1807 he took part in the organization of the newly created kingdom of Westphalia, being for a while appointed minister of finance. In 1808 he was administrator of the grand duchy of Berg and Cleves. When the Senate declared the right of Napoleon to the French empire forfeited, Beugnot was nominated to the home ministry by the provisional government. On the arrival of Louis XVIII., he was appointed director-general of police, then minister of the navy, and being faithful to his new master, he followed the king to Ghent. After the battle of Waterloo he was for a while postmastergeneral. In 1824 he resigned his seat in the chamber of deputies. The revolution of July confined him to private life.

BEUKELS, WILLEM, a Dutch_fisherman, was born at Biervliet, in Dutch Flanders, in 1397, where he died in 1449. He discovered the method of preserving herrings. A statue was erected to his memory by Charles V.

BEURNONVILLE, PIERRE DE RUEL, marquis de, marshal of France, was born at Champignolle, in Burgundy, May 10, 1752, died April 23, 1821. Originally intended for the church, he chose the profession of arms and served in the East until 1789, when he was sent home by the governor of the Isle of Bourbon, his temper being quarrelsome. Arriving in Paris at the commencement of the revolution, he identified himself at once with it, and in 1792 was appointed aide-de-camp to Marshal Luckner, and was soon after named general-in-chief of the army of the Moselle; in 1793 he became minister of war. Sent in 1793 to arrest Dumouriez, he was himself arrested by Dumouriez, and confined at Ehrenbreitstein, Eger, and Olmütz until 1795, when he was exchanged, and became successively general-in-chief of the army of the north, inspector-general of infantry, ambassador to Berlin in 1800, to Madrid in 1802, and count of the empire. In 1814 he was commissioned by Napoleon to organize means of defence upon the frontier, and on the abdication of Napoleon was named minister of state and peer of France by Louis XVIII. On the return of Napoleon to Elba, he was proscribed by a special decree, and retired again, but was reinstated in all his dignities by Louis XVIII. after the battle of Waterloo. He became marshal of France in 1816, and marquis in 1817.

BEVEDERO, a lake in La Plata, province of Mendoza, consisting of 2 distinct bodies of water, called the greater and lesser Bevedero, connected by a river about 8 miles long. The greater is 40 miles in length from N. to S., and from 3 to 25 in width. The lesser measures about 22 miles by 15. The lake lies between lat. 32° 45′ and 34° 17′ S., and long. 66° and 66° 32′ W.

BEVEL, in carpentry, an angle differing from a right angle; also, a tool like a T, of 2 pieces, capable of being fastened at any angle.

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longing to Holland, in the province of Zealand, and formed by the mouths of the Scheldt. North Beveland lies east of the island of Walcheren, and is separated from South Beveland by the island of Wolfersdyke. South Beveland, the larger and more fertile of the 2, contains Goes, the capital, and several forts and villages. The united area of the islands is 120 sq. m.

BEVERIDGE, WILLIAM, an English prelate and theologian, born at Barrow, Leicestershire, in 1638, died March 5, 1708. At the age of 20 he published an able Latin treatise on the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, and Samaritan languages. In 1681 he became archdeacon of Colchester; in 1684, prebend of Canterbury; and, at the revolution of 1688, chaplain to William and Mary. He declined the bishopric of Bath and Wells on the deprivation of Bishop Ken for non-juring, but in 1704 he became bishop of St. Asaph. He published in his lifetime a "Treatise on Chronology," a learned work on the "Canons of the Greek Church to the Eighth Century," beside various minor works. In 1824 the life and writings of Bishop Beveridge were published in 9 vols. 8vo, by the Rev. Thos. Hartwell Horne.

BEVERLEY, JOHN OF, an Anglo-Roman saint, archbishop of York, born at Harp ham, Northumberland, near the middle of the 7th century, died at Beverley in 721. He was a man of erudition and tutor to Bede, and was canonized 3 centuries after his death. His name, like that of Pindar, saved his native place from being ravaged by a conqueror-William the Norman spared the place for his sake. He founded a college at Beverley and wrote several works.

BEVERLY, a thriving post-town of Essex co., Mass., opposite Salem, with which it is united by a bridge, and 16 miles N. N. E. of Boston, on the eastern R. R. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in commerce, and in the fisheries. It has, however, manufactures of carriages, britannia ware, and cotton and woollen fabrics. The village contains a bank, a weekly newspaper, an insurance office, and an academy. A branch railroad connects it with Gloucester. Pop. in 1855, 5,944.

BEVERLY, ROBERT, historian and clerk of the council of Virginia, died in 1716, is noted only for having written a history of Virginia, embracing an account of its first settlement, government and productions, with remarks upon the Indians of the province, their religion, manners, and customs, published in 1705.

BEVERWYK, a town of the Netherlands, in north Holland, 7 miles north of Haarlem, at the head of the Y, an outlet of the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 2,252. The invasion of England by William of Orange, in 1688, was planned in the vicinity.

BEWICK, THOMAS, reviver of wood-engraving in England, born at Cherryburn, near the village of Ovingham, Northumberland, Aug. 12, 1753, died Nov. 8, 1828. He was apprenticed, at 14, to Mr. Ralph Beilby, engraver, at Newcastle-on

Tyne. Having executed, in wood, the diagrams for Hutton's treatise on mensuration (published in 1770) and other scientific works, he soon after attempted something better, and, at the age of 22, obtained from the society of arts a premium for his wood-engraving of the "Old Hound," one of a series of illustrations to Gay's fables. This success encouraged him, and, some years later, he illustrated a volume of select fables, by Mr. Saint. In 1790 the first edition of the "History of Quadrupeds," illustrated, was published by Mr. Beilby, who had received him into partnership. The designs in this, as well as in Bulmer's editions of Goldsmith's "Deserted Village" and Parnell's "Hermit," were drawn and engraved by Thomas Bewick and his younger brother, and pupil, John. Their beauty, novelty, and admirable execution attracted general attention, and George III. would not believe they were wood-cuts until he was shown the blocks. Somerville's "Chase" was the next work. All the engravings were by Thomas and the designs by John Bewick, who died of consumption, in 1796, the year it was produced. Thomas Bewick, who was now recognized as possessing a great deal more than mere skill, produced the first volume of his "British Birds,' containing the land birds, in 1797. It ranks as the finest of his works. The 2d volume appeared in 1804, about which time the partnership with Mr. Beilby was dissolved. He published select fables by Esop and others, illustrated, in 1818, after which he was busy preparing for an illustrated history of fishes, which never was completed. Among his pupils, who were numerous, Luke Clennel and William Harvey have most distinguished themselves.

BEX, a small but beautifully situated town of Vaud, Switzerland, on the right bank of the Rhone, 12 miles above its entrance into the Leman; pop. 2,854. It is much frequented by tourists, in the summer. It was long famous as being the only place where salt was deposited in Switzerland.

BEXAR, a province of the Spanish colony of Texas, now a county of the state of Texas. Under the colonial government Texas was, in 1688, divided into 3 prefectures, of which Bexar was the westernmost, and first of all colonized by missions and military posts, and, in 1718, by a colony of a dozen Spanish families, from the island of Madeira. At that time, and up to the creation of the independent state of Texas, Bexar contained over 100,000 sq. m., with the following thinly peopled settlements: San Antonio, with the missions of San José, San Espada, San Miguel, and Concepcion, and that of the Alamo; Laredo, Palafox, Corpus Christi, Victoria, Gonzales, and a few villages opposite El Paso. San Antonio de Bexar was the seat of the provincial government, and, for some time, of the colonial government of Texas. At different times, the frontier of Bexar toward Tamaulipas and Coahuila was different, now the Nueces and then the Sierra Madre being regarded as the boundary, so that por

tions of these two states belonged to Texas. Under the republican government Bexar was one of the earliest organized counties, and out of its territory were gradually taken over 80 of the present 105 counties of Texas. The public domain of Texas is divided into 3 different land districts, of which Bexar with its ancient boundaries is one. San Antonio, its capital, is the seat of one of the 3 Texan land offices, where the largest transactions in landed property in Texas are made. The population of the county of Bexar, in 1855, has been estimated at about 20,000, of which nearly one-half was in the city of San Antonio, being composed of about 6,000 Germans, 8,000 Mexicans, 5,000 Americans, 1,000 negroes, and a few hundred Frenchmen, and Indians of the Lipan tribe, now extinguished, and of the Mescalero tribe, now settled out of the county. In 1857, the "Texas Almanac" states the white population at 12,117, Mexicans 2,000, with 1,079 negroes. The county comprises an area of 8,960 square miles. Its surface is undulating and beautifully diversified. Prairies occupy about of the land, and timber grows along the water courses. The soil is generally sandy; the uplands are chiefly valuable for pasturage, but the river bottoms are highly fertile, producing corn and sweet potatoes. In 1850 the county yielded 82,975 bushels of Indian corn, 2,365 of oats, 1,968 of potatoes, 18,761 pounds of butter, and 5,225 of wool. There were 2 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 114 pupils attending public and other schools. In 1857 there were 39,009 head of cattle, valued at $277,860, and 3,798 horses, valued at $123,820; the value of real estate was $3,398,280, and the aggregate value of all taxable property, $5,059,926. A railroad has been projected from San Antonio, the county seat, to Powder Horn, and one from San Antonio to the gulf of Mexico was commenced about 1856.

BEXLEY, LORD (NICHOLAS VANSITTART), an English statesman, born April 29, 1766, died Feb. 8, 1851. His father, descended from a German family, was an East India director, who perished at sea, in the frigate Aurora, bound for India, in 1771. Educated at Oxford, where he graduated in 1787-'8, Mr. Vansittart studied the law, and was called to the bar in 1791. He had scarcely any practice, but wrote several pamphlets, including letters to Mr. Pitt, in 1795, on the conduct of the bank directors. Abandoning the hope of success at the bar, and possessing an independent income, he be came member of parliament for Hastings in 1796. By his speeches and tracts, he obtained the notice of ministers, and was sent, in Feb. 1801, on a special diplomatic mission to Copen hagen, but the Danish government, awed by Russia and France, refused to receive a British minister. Soon after his return, he was made joint secretary of the treasury, which office he held until 1804, when the Addington cabinet resigned. After this he was successively Irish secretary, secretary to the treasury, chancel

lor of the exchequer, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. When he ceased to be financial minister (after having held that office for 11 years), he was raised to the peerage as Baron Bexley, of Bexley, in Kent. He retired from public life in 1828, on a pension of £3,000, which he enjoyed for the remaining 23 years of his life. As he had no child, by his marriage with the first Lord Auckland's sister, the title became extinct at his death. BEY. See BEG.

BEYKANEER, BEEKANEER, or BICKANEER, one of the states of Rajpootana, in the N. W. of Hindostan, between lat. 27° 30′ and 29° 55′ N., and long. 72° 30′ and 75° 40′ E.; area 17,676 sq. m.; pop. said to be 539,250. It is bounded N. by the British district of Butteeana, E. and S. E. by the native state of Shekawuttee, S. by Joodpoor, and W. by Jessulmeer and Bahawalpoor. The greater part of the province is a barren, sandy desert. There are no running streams, and water is only obtained by sinking wells to an immense depth. Grain is imported, but horses, bullocks, and camels are raised in great numbers. The chief towns are Beykaneer, the capital, and Chooroo; the former, situated in the middle of a sterile plain, in lat. 28° N., long. 73° 22' E., is surrounded by lofty, white walls, and consists chiefly of mud huts painted red; pop. about 60,000. Chooroo, though lying among sand-hills, is a handsome town, the houses constructed of white limestone. The rajah of Beykaneer acknowledges the sovereignty of the British government. He maintains an army of 5,000 men, and his revenues amount to £65,000 per annum.

BEYLE, HENRI, a French author, more widely known under the pseudonyme of Stendhal, born in Grenoble, Jan. 23, 1783, died in Paris, March 23, 1842. Under different fictitious names he published several works more or less important in art and literature, viz.: a "History of the Italian School of Painting," the lives of Haydn, Mozart, Metastasio, and Rossini, a "Study on Racine and Shakespeare," "Rome, Naples, and Florence;" Promenades dans Rome, &c., &c. A volume of his, entitled De l'amour, excited a good deal of curiosity at the time, and is yet read with a lively interest. But the most remarkable of his writings were two romances: Le rouge et le noir, and La chartreuse de Parme, the latter, a novel of Italian life, being considered generally as one of the most remarkable works of modern French literature. Some critics, among whom was the celebrated H. de Balzac, proclaimed it to be a masterpiece. No Frenchman ever knew Italy more thoroughly than Henri Beyle. Perfectly familiar with the language, so as to write in Italian a pamphlet (Del romantismo nelle arti); passionately fond of that beautiful and interesting country, where he spent many years of his life; acquainted as well with the history of its past as with the characteristics of its present condition; endowed with a clear intellect and warm feeling in every matter of art; a bold thinker

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