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PEIGNOT (G.) Essar de Curiosités Bibliographiques. Svo. Paris, 1804.

PEIGNOT (G.) Variétés, Notices et Raretés bibliographiques. Svo. Paris, 1822.

PEIGNOT (G.) Répertoire de Bibliographies speciales, curieuses, et instructives. 8vo. Paris, 1810. SANTANDER (M. DE LA SERNA.) Dictionnaire Bibliographique choisi du Quinzième Siècle; ou Description des Éditions les plus rares, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. Bruxelles et Paris, 1805-7. The first volume contains an elaborate history of printing, noticed under A previous head. SCHELHORN (J. G.) Amonitates Literaria (noticing rare books, &c.). 2d edit. 14 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1725-31. VAN PRAET (M.) Catalogue des Livres imprimés sur Vélin, de la Bibliothèque du Roi. 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1822-8. VAN PRAET (M.) Catalogue des Livres imprimés sur Vélin, qui se trouvent dans des Bibliothèques publiques et particulières. 4 vols., 8vo. Paris, 1824-8. VOGT (J.) Catalogus Historico-Criticus Librorum Rariorum. 5th ed. thick 8vo. Norimb. 1793.

2. ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS BOOKS. Anonymous books are those which are published without any author's name. Cryptonymous books are those whose names are concealed under an anagram, or similar contrivance. Pseudonymous books are those which bear false names of authors. The great number of works embraced under these classes renders

V.-Bibliography of Modern Nations, or National Bibliographies.

1. AMERICA.

ASHER (G. M.) Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland. 6 pts. small 4to. Amsterdam, 1855. ASPINWALL (J.) Bibliotheca America Septentrionalis. 8vo. Paris, 1820. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE of Books, Translations of the Scriptures, and other Publications in the Indian Tongues of the United States. 8vo. Washington, 1849. BIBLIOTHECA AMERICANA; or, a Chronological Catalogue of the most curious and interesting Books, Pamphlets, &c., upon North and South America. 4to. London, 1789. DALRYMPLE (A.) Catalogue of Authors who have written on the Rio de la Plata, &c. 4to. London, 1807. DUYCKINCK (E. A. and G. L.) Cyclopædia of American Literature. 2 vols. royal Svo. New York, 1856. FARIBAULT, (B. G.) Catalogue des Ouvrages sur l'Histoire de l'Amérique. (Especially pertaining to those parts of America formerly in the possession of the French.) 3 pts. Svo. Quebec, 1837. KENNET (W.) Bibliotheca Americana Primordia. 4to.

London, 1713.

LUDEWIG (H. E.) The Literature of American Local History; a Bibliographical Essay. 8vo. New York, 1846. MEUSEL. Bibliotheca Historica. Vols. 8 and 10.

Described under another head.

NORTON'S Literary Register; or, Annual Book List for the year 1855. 8vo. New York, 1856.

this a very important branch of bibliographical Rich (0.) A Catalogue of Books relating principally to inquiry.

BARBIER (A. A.) Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes. 2d ed. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1822–7.

The best work on the subject; confined, however, to French and Latin books.

LANCETTI (V.) Pseudonimia Ovvero Tavole Alfabetiche de' Nomi, &c. 8vo. Milan, 1836.

MANNE (M. DE.) Nouveau Recueil d'Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes. 8vo. Paris, 1834. PLACCIUS (V.) Theatrum Anonymorum et Pseudonymorum. (Edited by Fabricius and Dreyer.) 2d ed. fol. Hamburg, 1708.

To which should be added a supplement by J. C. Mylius, published in 1740, folio. QUERARD (J. M.) Les Écrivains Pseudonymes et autres Mystificateurs de la Littérature Française, &c. 8vo. Paris, 1854-15.

SCHMIDT (A. G.) Gallerie Deutscher Pseudonymer Schriftsteller, &c. 8vo. Grimma, 1840.

IV.-Oriental and Classical Languages.

BOHN (H. G.) General Catalogue. Part second. Greek and Latin Classics, Commentaries, and Translations. Svo. London, 1850.

CLARKE (A.) Bibliographical Dictionary, with supplement. 8 vols. small 8vo. London, 1803-'6.

DIBDIN (T. F.) Introduction to a Knowledge of rare and valuable Editions of the Greek and Roman Classics. 4th ed. 2 vols. Svo. London, 1827. ENGELMANN (W.) Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum, et Græcorum, et Latinorum. (6th ed. of Enslin's Bibliotheca, enlarged, &c., with a supplement.) 8vo. Lips. 1847-153. FABRICIUS (J. A.) Bibliotheca Græca, ed. Harles. 4th ed. 12 vols. 4to. Hamburg, 1790-1809. FABRICIUS (J. A) Bibliotheca Latina, ed. Ernesti. 8 vols., 8vo. Lips. 1773-4.

FABRICIUS (J. A.) Bibliotheca Latina Media et Infimæ Etatis. 6 vols. 4to. Patavii, 1754.

HAJI-KHALFA-MUSTAFA (B. A. K. I.) Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopædicum, &c. (A work on oriental bibliography, edited by G. Flügel.) 6 vols. 4to. Leipsic and London, 1835-52.

HERBELOT (B. D'.) Bibliothèque Orientale, augmentée par Schultens. Best edition, 4 vols. 4to. La Hayo, 1772-82. HOFFMANN (S. F. W.) Bibliographisches Lexicon der gesammten Literatur der Griechen. 2d ed. 3 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1838-45.

HOFFMANN (S. F. W.) Handbuch zur Bücherkunde für Lehre und Studium der beiden alten Klassischen und Deutschen Sprache. Svo. Leipzig, 1838.

Moss (J. W.) Manual of Classical Bibliography. New ed. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1837. SCHWEIGER (F. L. A.) Handbuch der Klassischen Bibliographie. 3 vols. Svo. Leipzig, 1830-'4.

WOLFIUS (J. C.) Bibliotheca Hebræa. 4 vols. 4to. Hamb. 1715-38.

ZENKER (J. T.) Manuel de Bibliographie Orientale. Svo. Leipsic, 1816.

America, arranged under the years in which they were printed, from 1500 to 1700. Svo. London, 1832.

Containing 486 articles.

RICH (0.) Bibliotheca Americana Nova, since 1700. 8vo.
London, 1835.

RICH (0.) Supplement. 1701-1800. Svo. London, 1841.
The Bibliotheca and Supplement contain 2,523 articles.
RICH (0.) Bibliotheca Americana Nova. 1801-1844. (With
an index). 8vo. London, 1846.

RoORBACH(O.A.)Bibliotheca Americana: Catalogue of Amer-
ican Publications, including Reprints and Original Works,
from 1820 to 1852; with supplement to 1835. Large Svo.
New York, 1855. Addenda to March 1, 1858.
TERNAUX-COMPANS (H.) Bibliothèque Américaine. Svo.
Paris, 1837.

Contains the titles of 1,153 works published previors to the year 1700. TRUBNER'S Bibliographical Guide to American Literature. 12mo. London, 1856.

WARDEN (D. B.) Bibliotheca Americana; being a choice collection of American Books, &c. 8vo. Paris, 1840.

The inquirer under this head will also consult Literary World, 15 vols. 4to. New York, 1847– '53; Norton's Literary Gazette, 3 vols. small folio, and 1 vol. 4to. New York, 1851-'4; Norton's Literary Almanac and Register for 1852, 1853, and 1854; Publishers' Circular, a weekly periodical commenced in New York in 1855, and still continued; Portfolio, 5 vols. 4to and 42 vols. 8vo. Phila. 1801-27; Analectic Magazine, 16 vols. 8vo. Phila. 1813-20; North American Review, Christian Examiner, Methodist Quarterly, New York Review, Silliman's Journal, Democratic Review, Southern Quarterly Review, and other leading periodicals of the day. 2. GREAT BRITAIN.

ANDERSON (C.)

Annals of the English Bible. (Containing a list of the various editions, &c.) 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1845.

BELOE (WM.) Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books. Svo. London, 1507-'12.

Boux (J.) Catalogue of an Extensive Collection of English Books. Svo. London, 1829.

BRYDGES (S. E.) Censura Literaria; containing Titles, Abstracts, and Opinions of old English Books. 10 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1816.

BRYDGES (S. E.) The British Bibliographer. 4 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1810-14.

BRYDGES (S. E.) Restituta; or, Titles, Extracts, and Characters of old books in English Literature, revised. 4 vols. Svo. Lond. 1814-'16.

COTTON (H.) Editions of the Bible and Parts thereof in English.. 2d ed. Svo. Oxford, 1852.

GRIFFITH (A. F.) Bibliothees Anglo-Poetica; or, a De scriptive Catalogue of a rare and rich collection of early English Poetry. 8vo. Lond. 1815. HUME (A.) The Learned Societies and Printing Clubs of the United Kingdom (with lists of their publications, &c.).

2d ed. post 8vo. Lond. 1853.

LONDON CATALOGUE of Books, with their sizes, prices, and publishers; containing the books published in London, from 1700 to 1844. Svo. Lond. various dates. LONDON CATALOGUE of Books published in Great Britain, 1531-55. 8vo. Lond. T. Hodgson, 1855. LONDON CATALOGUE. Bibliotheca Londinensis: A Classified Index to the Literature of Great Britain during 30 years; arranged from and serving as a key to the London Catalogue, 1814-46. 8vo. Lond. T. Hodgson, 1848. Low (S.) The British Catalogue of Books published from Oct. 1837 to Dec. 1851. Vol. 1. General Alphabet. Svo. Lond. 1852.

LOWNDES (W. T.) The Bibliographer's Manual of English

Literature. 4 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1884.

Containing notices of upward of 50,000 distinct books. A new edition is now printing by Bohn, the first volume of which has already appeared. MACRAY (W. D.) A Manual of British Historians to A. D. 1600. 8vo. Lond. 1845.

MARTIN (J.) Bibliographical Catalogue of Books privately
printed in England. 2 vols. imp. 8vo. Lond. 1834.
MOULE (T.) Bibliotheca Heraldica Magna Britanniæ: An
Analytical Catalogue of Books on Genealogy, Heraldry,
Nobility, Knighthood, and Ceremonies. Royal 8vo.

Lond. 1822.

NICHOLS (J.) Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. 16 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1812-'48. PUBLISHERS' CIRCULAR and General Record of British and Foreign Literature. Vols. 1-20. Svo. Lond. 1837-57. REID (J.) Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica; or, an Account of all the Books which have been published in the Gaelic Language. 8vo. Lond. 1832.

SAVAGE (J.) The Librarian; being an Account of Scarce, Valuable, and Useful English Books. 3 vols. Svo. Lond. 1809-12.

SMITH (J. R.) A Bibliographical List of all Works illustrating the Provincial Dialects of England. 8vo. Lond. 1846, STEVENS (H.) Catalogue of my English Library. Post Svo. Lond. 1853.

Giving A select list of 5,751 volumes.

UPCOTT (W.) Bibliography of Works on British Topography. 3 vols. Svo. Lond. 1818.

WALPOLE (H.) Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors of England; enlarged by Park. 5 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1806. WRIGHT (T.) Biographia Britannica Literaria. AngloSaxon and Norman Periods. (With lists of works, &c.) 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1842-'6.

WATT (R.) Bibliotheca Britannica; or, a General Index of British and Foreign Literature. 4 vols. 4to. Edin. 1824. Vols. 1 and 2, alphabetical; vols. 3 and 4, index.

3. FRANCE.

Bibliographie de la FRANCE. (A bibliographical periodical commenced in 1810, and published, at Paris in an octavo form.)

BOSSANGE (H.) Ma Bibliothèque Française. Post Svo. Paris, 1855.

Giving a select list of about 7,000 volumes of the best editions of standard French authors. Bossange also published in 1845 a large octavo volume of foreign books, mostly French, arranged according to subjects, with prices, a general index, &c. He has since published two supplements. DESESSARTS (N. L. M.) Les Siècles Littéraires de la France. (Bibliographical dictionary of French writers to the end of the 18th century, with supplements.) 7 vols. Svo. Paris, 1800-13.

DICTIONNAIRE Biographique et Bibliographique des Prédi cateurs et Sermonnaires Français, par l'Abbé de la P. 8vo. Paris, 1824.

GIEAULT DE SAINT-FARGEAU (A.) Bibliographie Historique et Topographique de la France. 4to. Paris, 1845. GONAN (P. M.) Bibliographie Historique de la Ville de Lyon pendant la Révolution Française. 8vo. Lyon,

1345.

LELONG (Le P. J.) Bibliothèque Historique de la France. 5 vols. folio. Paris, 1768-76.

Containing 50,000 articles, 9 indexes, and a table of anonymous authors. QUÉRARD (J. M.) La France Littéraire, ou Dictionnaire Bibliographique, &c. (18th and 19th centuries.) 10 vols. Svo. Paris, 1927-89.

Quérard (J. M.) La Littérature Française contemporaine, 1927-49. (Commenced by Quérard, and continued by Felix Bourquelot.) 6 vols. 8vo. Paris. QUERARD (J. M.) Les Supercheries Littéraires Dévoilées, Galeries des Auteurs apocryphes, supposés, déguisés, &c.. de la Littérature Française. 4 vols. 8vo. 1847-52. VENTOULILLAC (L. T.) The French Librarian. Svo. Lond. 1529.

VOL. III.-16

Paris,

Brunet's Manuel du Libraire, described under another head, although a general work, is very rich in French bibliography; so also is the Biographie Universelle, a bibliographical as well as biographical work, of the highest authority.

4. GERMANY.

ASHER (A.) A Bibliographical Essay on the Scriptores
Rerum Germanicarum. 4to. London and Berlin, 1843.
BUCKNER (R.) Bibliographisches Handbuch der Deutschen
Dramatischen Literatur. 4to. Berlin, 1837.
ENGELMANN (W.) Bibliotheca Geographica. 2 vols. 8vo.
Lips. 1858.

A classified catalogue of all the works on geography and travels pub lished in Germany, from the middle of the 14th century down to 1856; with prices, index, &c.

ENGELMANN (W.) Bibliothek der Schönen Wissenschaft. (A list of German romances, plays, and poems, published from 1750 to 1845.) 2 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1837-'46. ENGELMANN (W.) Bibliotheca Philologica. (A list of Greek and Latin grammars, dictionaries, &c., published from 1750 to 1852.) 3d ed. 8vo. Lips. 1953. Also, Bibliotheca Mechanico-Technologica, 1 vol.-Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum, 1 vol.-Medico-Chirurgica, 1 vol.Economica, 1 vol.-Veterinaria, 1 vol.-Zoologica et Palæontologica, 1 vol.-Bibliothek der Forst und Jagdwissenschaften, 1 vol.-Bibliothek der Handlungswissenschaft, 1 vol.-Bibliothek der Neuern Sprachen, 1 vol. ERSCH (J. S.) Handbuch der Deutschen Literatur. 2d ed. 4 vols. Svo. Leipzig, 1822-'45.

A classed catalogue of all the books published in Germany from the middle of the 15th century.

HEINSIUS (W.) Allgemeines Bücherlexikon. (With 5 supplements.) 13 vols., 4to. Leipzig, 1812-49.

An alphabetical catalogue of all the books published in Germany, from 1700 to 1s46; with sizes, prices, and publishers' names. HINRICHS (T. C.) Verzeichniss der Bücher, Landkarten, &c. (Catalogue of all the books, maps, &c., including new editions, published in Germany from year to year, with sizes, prices, publishers, and classified indexes.) 62 vols. 12mo. Leipzig, 1797-1858.

Published by Hinrichs, in common with other booksellers. JULIUS (N. H.) Bibliotheca Germano-Glottica. 8vo. Hamburg, 1817.

KAYSER (C. G.) Vollstandiges Bücher-Lexicon, &o. (With 8 supplements.) 13 vols., 4to. Leipzig, 1834-53.

An alphabetical catalogue, like that of Heinsius, of all books, &c., pub lished from 1700 to 1852.

SCHWAB (G.) Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Deutschen. Ein Handbuch für Laien; herausgegeben von Gustav Schwab und Karl Klüpfel. 2d ed. 8vo. Leipzig, 1847.

An indispensable guide in the formation of a select German library. TAYLOR (W.) Historic Survey of German Poetry. 8 vols. Svo. London, 1828-30.

THIMM (F. L. J.) The Literature of Germany, from its earliest period. (With bibliographical notes, &c.) 12mo. London, 1844.

Ebert's "General Bibliographical Dictionary," described under another head, is especially rich in early German literature.

5. ITALY.

BIBLIOGRAFIA ITALIANA.

(A bibliographical periodical, commenced in 1885, and continued until the close of 1846.) 12 vols. 8vo. Milan, 1835-46. BIBLIOGRAFIA od Elenco Ragionato delle Opere contenute nella Collezione de' Classici Italiani. Svo. Milan, 1914. BIBLIOGRAFIA dei Romanzi e Poemi Cavallereschi Italiani. (By G. de' Conti Melzi.) 2d ed. 8vo. Milan, 1838. BRYDGES (E.) Res Literariae, Bibliographical and Critical. (Principally upon Italian literature.) 8 vols. Svo. Naples, Rome, and Geneva, 1521-2.

CANTU (J.) L'Italia Scientifica Contemporanea. Svo. Milan, 1844.

FONTANINI (G.) Biblioteca dell' Eloquenza Italiana, con le Annotazioni del Signor Apostolo Zeno. 2 vols. 4to. Parma, 1803-4.

An index to this last edition was published in 1911. GAMBA DA BASSANO (B.) Delle Novelle Italiane in Prosa Bibliografia. 2d ed. svo. Firenze, 1535.

A detailed account of the works of the Italian novelists. GAMBA DA BASSANO (B.) Serie dei Testi di Lingua. 4th ed. royal Svo. Venezia, 1839.

A general Italian bibliographical dictionary, with copious notes and indexes.

HAYM (N. F.) Biblioteca Italiana, osia Notizia de' Libri rari Italiani. 2 vols. 4to. Milan, 1771-12.

For the latest publications in Italy, the reader is referred to Archivio Storico Italiano, a periodical published in Florence.

6. SPAIN, PORTUGAL, and NORTHERN EUROPE.

Bibliotheca Hispana Vetus ad annum 1500.
Matriti, 1788.

ANTONIO (N.)
2 vols. folio.
ANTONIO (N.) Bibliotheca Hispana Nova, ab anno 1500 ad
- annum 1684. 2 vols. folio. Matriti, 1788-'8.
BENTKOWSKIEGO (F.) Historya Literatury Polskiey. (His-
tory of Polish literature, exhibited in a list of writings,
&c.) 2 vols. 8vo. Warsaw and Wilna, 1814.
BOLETIN Bibliografico Español. 12mo. Madrid, 1840-
A periodical similar to the Bibliografia Italiana.
BOUTERWEK (F.) History of Spanish and Portuguese Lite-
rature, translated by Ross. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1823.
CASTRO (J. R. DE.) Biblioteca Española. 2 vols. folio. Ma-
drid, 1781-'6.

CASIRI (M.) Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis. 2 vols. folio. Matriti, 1760-70.

MACHADO (P. D. B.) Bibliotheca Lusitana Critica et Chronologica. 4 vols. folio. Lisboa, 1741-59.

NYERUP (R.) Almindeligt Litteraturlexicon für Denmark, &c. 2 vols. 4to. Kjobenk, 1820.

A universal literary lexicon of Denmark, Norway, and Iceland, giving an account of authors and their works.

OTTO (F.) History of Russian Literature, with a Lexicon of Russian Authors. 8vo. Oxford, 1839.

RECKE und NAPIERSKY. Allgemeines Schriftsteller und Gelehrten-Lexikon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland, und Rurland. 4 vols. thick 8vo. Mitau, 1827-'82.

SALVA (V.) Catalogue of Spanish and Portuguese Books, with bibliographical remarks. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1826-7. TICKNOR (G.) The History of Spanish Literature. 3 vols. 8vo. New York, 1849.

WARMHOLTZ (C. G.) Bibliotheca Historica Sueo-Gothica. 15 vols. Svo. Stockholm, 1782-1817.

VI.-General Bibliographies.

The works which are to be considered under this section, and the one following, sometimes called dictionaries, sometimes catalogues, and sometimes bibliothecæ, constitute the most generally useful and interesting class of bibliographical publications. By showing what has been written in all the various branches of human knowledge, in every age and country, they act as guides to the inquiries of the learned; while by pointing out the differences of editions, &c., they constitute manuals of ready information for the professed bibliographer. Works of this class are called general or special, according as their object is to indicate books in all, or in one only, of the departments of science or literature. The former only aspire to point out rare, remarkable, or important books; for no attempt has yet been made, or probably ever will be made, to compile a complete universal bibliographical dictionary. On the other hand, it is the object of special bibliographies to notice all, or the greater part of those books that have been published on the subjects which they embrace; and hence their superior utility to such as are engaged in the study or investigation of any particular topic. It is by means of such works, says Dr. Johnson, that "the student comes to know what has been written on every part of learning; that he avoids the hazards of encounter

BORN (H. G.) A General Catalogue of Books. 8vo. London, 1841, pp. 2,100.

Commonly known as the "Guinea Catalogue." It is now reprinting in 3 volumes, 2 of which have already been published.

BRUNET (J. C.) Manuel du Libraire et de l'Amateur de Livres. 4th ed. 5 vols. thick Svo. Paris, 1842-14.

The most extensive and useful work of the kind extant, containing no. tices of 32,000 separate works. DE BURE (G. F.) Bibliographie Instructive. 7 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1763-'8.

DIBDIN (T. F.) The Library Companion; or, the Young Man's Guide, and the Old Man's Comfort in the choice of a Library. Thick Svo. London, 1824. DICTIONNAIRE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE. (Compiled, according to Barbier, by the Abbé du Clos.) 8 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1790. EBERT (F. A.) A General Bibliographical Dictionary, from the German. 4 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1837.

The original edition was published at Leipsic in 1821-30, in 2 vols. 4to. GEORGI (J. T.) Allgemeines Europäisches Bücher-Lexicon, 1500-1757. (With supplements.) 8 vols. folio. Leipzig,

1742-58.

GRAESSE (J. G. T.) Trésor des Livres rares et précieux, ou Nouveau Dictionnaire Bibliographique. Livr. i., in large 4to (to be completed in about 16). Dresden, 1858.

MEUSEL (J. G.) Bibliotheca Historica. 22 vols. in 11, 8vo. Lips. 1782-1804.

NODIER (C.) Description Raisonné d'une jolie Collection de Livres. Svo. Paris, 1844.

RENOUARD (A. A.) Catalogue de la Bibliothèque d'un Amateur, avec notes bibliographiques, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris,

1819.

SANTANDER (M. C. DE LA SERNA.) Catalogue des Livres de la Bibliothèque de Santander, rédigé et mis en ordre par lui-même; avec notes, &c. 5 vols. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1803.

VII.-Special Bibliographies.

The dictionaries and catalogues applicable to particular branches of knowledge, and comprising the works published on the subjects discussed, would of themselves constitute a library. In the present article, already extended beyond its original limits, we can only mention a few of the more important, in addition to those which have already been noticed under previous heads.

ATKINSON (J.) Medical Bibliography. A and B. 8vo. London, 1834. BACKER (A. and A. DE.) Bibliothèques des Écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus. Vols. 1 and 2. Royal Svo. Liege, 1853-54.

To be completed in 6 volumes of 800 pages each.

BERARD (A. S. L.) Essai Bibliographique sur les Éditions BLANQUI (M.) Histoire de l'Économie Politique en Europe. 2d ed. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1842.

des Elzevirs. Svo. Paris, 1822.

BLAZE (C.) Bibliographie Musicale de la France et de l'Étranger. 8vo. Paris, 1822.

BOUCHER DE LA RICHARDERIE (G.) Bibliothèque universelle
des Voyages. 6 vols. Svo. Paris, 1808.
BRIDGEMAN (R. W.) Short View of Legal Bibliography.
Svo. London, 1807.

CAMUS (A G.) Profession d'Avocat. 5th ed. 2 vols. 8vo.

Paris, 1832.

An excellent work on jurisprudence and its bibliography.

CLARKE (A. and J. B. B.) A Concise View of the Succession of Sacred Literature. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1830-12. DARLING (J.) Cyclopædia Bibliographica: A Library Manual of Theological and General Literature. 2 vols. royal DE MORGAN (A.) Notices of Arithmetical Books and Au8vo. London, 1854–55.

thors. Post 8vo.

London, 1847.

DUPIN (M.) Manuel des Étudians en Droit. 12mo. Paris, 1835.

DUPIN (M.) Manuel du Droit public ecclésiastique Français. 12mo. Paris, 1844.

Containing bibliographical notices of works upon law, &c.

phy of Proverbs.) Svo. Paris, 1847. DRYANDER (J.) Catalogus Bibliothecæ Historico-Naturalis Josephi Banks. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1796–1800.

ing difficulties which have already been cleared; DUPLESSIS (G.) Bibliographie Parémiologique. (Bibliograof discussing questions which have already been decided; and of digging in mines of literature which have already been exhausted." The following are some of the most important works of this class:

APPLETON'S Library Manual: containing a Catalogue Raisonné of upward of 12.000 of the most important works in every department of knowledge. Svo. New York, 1847. BIBLIOTHECA Grenvilliana; by J. T. Payne and H. Fos Parti., 2 vols. Svo. Lond. 1842. Part ii. 8vo. 1848.

The most complete catalogue of books on natural history ever published. The collection now forms a part of the British muse m.

ELLIS (II.) Catalogue of Books on Angling. 8vo. London,

1811.

ELMES (J.) General and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts. Svo. London, 1826.

FORBES (J.) Manual of Select Medical Bibliography. Royal Svo. London, 1835.

HORNE (T. H.) Manual of Biblical Bibliography. 2d ed. Syo. London, 1546.

HOTER (Dr. J. G. VON.) Literatur der Kriegwissenschaf ten und Kriegsgeschichte. 12mo. Berlin, 1882-'40. LA LANDE (J. DE.) Bibliographie Astronomique. 4to. Pa

ris, 1503.

MCULLOCH (J. R.) The Literature of Political Economy.

Svo. London, 1845. MURHARD (F. W. A.) Bibliotheca Mathematica. 5 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1797-1805.

Containing the literature of arithmetic, geometry, mechanics, optica, &c. OEME (W.) Bibliotheca Biblica: A Select List of Books on Sacred Literature, with notices, &c. Svo. Edin. 1824. OBTTINGER (E. M.) Bibliographie Biographique univer selle. (Dictionary of works relative to the public and private life of celebrated personages.) 2 vols. 4to. Bruxelles, 1854.

PERCHERON (A.) Bibliographie Entomologique. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1837. PLOUCQUET (W. G.) Literatura Medica Digesta. 4 vols.

Royal 4to. Tubing, 1808-9.

POOLE (W. F.) An Index to Periodical Literature. 8vo.
New York, 1853.
An exceedingly useful book, being a complete key to the contents of
fifteen hundred volumes of standard American and English periodicals.
ROY (C. H. A.) Catalogus Bibliothecæ Medicæ. 5 vols. 8vo.
Amst. 1830.

TERNAUX-COMPANS (H.) Bibliothèque Asiatique et Africaine. 8vo. Paris, 18-.

WALCH (J. G.) Bibliotheca Theologica Selecta 4 vols,

Svo. Jenæ, 1757-65.

WALCH (J. G.) Bibliotheca Patristica, Litterariis Annotationibus instructa. New ed. Svo. Jenæ, 1834. WEIGEL (R.) Kunstlager-Catalog. 8vo. Leipzig, 1845. WINER (G. B.) Handbuch der theologischen Literatur. (With a supplement.) 8d ed. 8 vols. Svo. Leipzig, 1538-42,

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BIBLIOMANCY, a method of consulting the future by means of the pages of some book, most usually the Holy Scriptures. In the middle ages this mode of vaticination was preceded by certain spells and ceremonials, which were supposed not merely to add to the seriousness and solemnity of the occasion, but to evoke a supernatural influence and confer a divine authority on the proceedings. The test and reply, however, were the same in all cases, consisting merely in opening the Bible, with the head averted, or with the eyes blindfolded, at any place which chance might determine, and laying the finger at hazard on any verse, which, it was believed, would reveal the fate of the person consulting the oracle. Of the same nature were the sortes Virgiliana, of ten consulted of old with an expectation of really learning something of the occult future, as now on festive occasions for idle amusement. These sortes consist in opening Virgil's" Eneid" in the same manner, and receiving the verse on which the finger happens to rest as the prognostic of one's fate. Several singular coincidences are related, in which the information contained in the line found, and therefore predicted by the sortes, appears to have been confirmed by subsequent events. The most remarkable of all, however, is that of the unfortunate Charles I. of England, who, as the tale runs, many years before his disagreement with his parliament or people, while all his prospects were as bright as those of any youthful king in a peaceful age, was induced, in a moment of thoughtless gayety, amid a crowd of gay ladies and gallant courtiers, to seek his fortune in the "Eneid," when, to the dismay of all, he turned to the lines,

Tot populis terrisque superbum
Regnatorem Asia! jacet ingens litore truncus,
Avulsumque humeris caput, et sine nomine corpus;

which may be rendered: "The haughty sovereign of so many Asiatic realms and races! on the seashore lies the giant trunk, the head dissevered from the shoulders, and the body without a name;" a coincidence, how casual soever, which did not fail to be considered prophetical when subsequent events had confirmed the augury by the occurrence.

BIBLIOMANIA (Gr. Bißiov, book, and μavia, madness), a term first introduced by Dr. Dibdin to denote a rage for possessing rare and curious books. The bibliomaniac proceeds according to certain principles, but being a lover of books rather than of knowledge, attaches himself to accidental rather than essential qualities, and spends a fortune for works the contents of which he might obtain for a few dollars. The speciality which gives value to a book may be its age or rarity, the vicissitudes through which it has passed, or the fact of its having issued from a particular publishing house. It may be a handsome and peculiar binding, fanciful typography, the circumstance that it has belonged to some eminent personage, as Napoleon, Lord Byron, or Sir Walter Scott, possessing, perhaps, an autograph or marginal notes, or that the purchaser desires it to swell a collection in some particular department of literature. Bibliomania originated in Holland near the close of the 16th century, and passed thence into England, where it has held its principal seat, though it has more recently become to some extent a passion in France and in the United States of America.

Numerous collections have been made of the editions of the Bible, of which the most complete is in the British museum, though rivalled by that of Mr. James Lenox of New York; of editions of the classics in usum Delphini, and cum notis variorum; of first editions of the classics (editiones principes), and of many books which appeared in the infancy of typography (incunabula); of Bipont editions, and those cited by the academy della Crusca; of the "Republics" of the Elzevirs; and works printed by Aldus, Comino of Padua, Bodoni, Mattaire, Foulis, Barbou, and Baskerville. In France the jest-books, burlesque treatises, and macaronic poems of the 16th century, which proceeded from the school of Merlin Coccaie, Folingi, and Rabelais, have been for some time much sought after by bibliomaniacs. The bindings on which the highest prices are set in France are those of Derosne, Padeloup, Simier, and Thouvenin; and in England, those of Charles Lewis and Roger Payne. The most extraordinary prices are paid for splendid old editions, copies with a likeness of the author and painted initial letters, impressions upon parchment, morocco, paper furnished with a broad margin, or upon asbestus, printed with letters of gold or silver, or having all the text set in an impression of copper. The material is more highly esteemed if tinted rose-color, blue, yellow, or green. The library of Lord Spencer, in England, contained an Eschylus of the

Glasgow edition of 1795, the binding of which alone cost £16 78. sterling. The binding of Macklin's Bible, in 4 volumes, cost 75 guineas, and that of Boydell's large edition of Shakespeare, in 9 volumes, cost £132 sterling. The London bookseller Jeffery had a volume of the "History of James II.," by Fox, bound in foxskin, in allusion to the name of the author, and the capricious bibliomaniac Askew pushed his madness even to having a book bound in human skin, that he might possess an entirely unique volume. The edges of books have sometimes been adorned with beautiful pictures. Books formerly were often bound in copper, silver, or gold leaf, and embellished with precious stones. The shali of Persia is said to be engaged in preparing a magnificent edition of the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," on which artists, under his personal direction, have been at work for the last 7 years. Its preparation has already cost more than $60,000. It is not unfrequently a passion of men to obtain an extensive library in some particular department, or a complete set of the editions of some favorite author. Thus, Boulard spent a fortune in pursuit of the editions of Racine; a professor in a university is mentioned who passed his life in collecting obscene books; and Soleinnes made a library of all the dramatic pieces that have ever appeared on any stage. He searched for new pieces with painful anxiety, purchasing a mass of books in languages which he could not read. A certain Frenchman purchased at exorbitant prices all astronomical books that he could find, though he did not understand a word of that science. Bibliomaniacs are the principal purchasers in the great antiquarian book auctions which are occasionally held in London and Paris. The Mazarin Bible, supposed to have been printed in 1455, was sold in 1827 for £504. A gentleman of New York has obtained a copy of this work at an expense of $2,500. Alcuin's MS. Bible, which was made for Charlemagne, was recently purchased by the British museum for £750. At the sale of Cardinal Lomenie's library in Paris, 3,300 livres were given for a copy of the Grammatica Rhythmica, in folio, printed in 1466, by Faust and Schoeffer. A copy of Virgil, printed by Sweynheim and Pannartz, in 1469, brought 4,101 livres. Dr. Dibdin mentions that 500 guineas were offered for a Livy printed by Vindelin de Spira, in 1470, a most extraordinary copy, bound in 3 volumes, in foreign coarse vellum." One of the most memorable competitions for bibliographic treasures occurred at the sale of the duke of Roxburgh's library, in London, in 1812. A copy of the 1st edition of the "Decameron," published by Valdarf, at Venice, in 1471, was sold for the immense price of £2,260. An illuminated missal, executed for the duke of Bedford in the reign of Henry VI., was sold, in 1786, for £203; in 1815, for £637; and in 1833, for £1,100. Great interest was recently excited at Paris by the sale of an extensively illustrated copy of Voltaire's works. The edition was that of Lefèvre, 1829

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34, in 90 volumes, and its illustration had been a work of more than 20 years. The engravings amounted to the number of 12,000, and were so carefully selected that more were said to have been rejected than were inserted. This unique copy was sold for £223. At the same sale a copy of the first complete edition of Molière was sold for £13, and an "Orlando Furioso" (Venice, 1553) for £15. Among recent sales in London were a Hebrew Bible of the 13th century, written on vellum, in the uncial character, for £70; 2 MSS. of the evangelists, on vellum, of the 9th and 10th centuries, for £70 and £81; Hieronymi Epistola, MS., of the 15th century, on Italian vellum, illuminated, for £45 38.; Discordis Anazarbai Opera, large folio, for £590; the Aminta Favola of Tasso, with autograph, MS., for £59; 3 MSS. of the Divina Commedia of Dante, of the 14th and 15th centuries, for £40, £30 108., and £52 108.; De Bry's "Voyages," in 9 vols., 1590-1625, for £150. John Eliot's Indian Bible sold in New York, in 1857, for $200, and 18 numbers of Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanack" for $12 per number. The most expensive single work in the United States is a copy of De Bry's "Voyages." The bibliomaniac forms the subject of the 13th chapter of the Caractères of La Bruyère, and Dr. Dibdin has published a volume entitled "Bibliomania, or Book-Madness.”

BIBRA, ERNST, baron, a German naturalist and traveller, born at his estate of Schwabheim, in Franconia, June 9, 1806. He pursued first the study of the law, and afterward, more exclusively, that of natural science, at the university of Würzburg. After having brought out, in 1849, a chemical treatise on the liver and the bile, he made a tour of exploration to Brazil and Chili, of which he published a description in 1854, under the title of "Travels in South America." To the journals of the academy of Vienna, of which he is a member, he has contributed some interesting articles on Bolivia and Chili. His most valuable works have appeared within the last few years: "Comparative Investigations of the Brains of Men and of Vertebrate Animals" (Mannheim, 1854), and “Narcotic Enjoyments and Man" (Nuremberg, 1855). His residence in the latter city contains a valuable collection of transatlantic objects of natural history and ethnography.

BICE, or BISE, among painters, a blue color prepared from the lapis armenus, or calcareous salt of copper. It bears the best body of all bright blues used in common work, but is the palest in color.

BICÊTRE, a hospital in the immediate vicinity of Paris, on a site formerly occupied by a chateau built in the 13th century by John, bishop of Winchester. In the beginning of the 15th century the dilapidated castle was bought by the duke of Berry, the uncle of Charles VI., who erected there a magnificent new chateau, ornamented with masterpieces of art. Unhappily, it was destroyed, with all its treasures, during the civil wars. Its ruins and the

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