grasp. The Colombian troops in Peru, informed of his making arrangements for the introduction of the Bolivian code, promoted a violent insurrection. The Peruvians elected Gen. Lamar as the president of their republic, assisted the Bolivians in driving out the Colombian troops, and even waged a victorious war against Colombia, which ended in a treaty reducing the latter to its primitive limits, stipulating the equality of the 2 countries, and separating their debts. The congress of Ocaña, convoked by Bolivar, with a view to modify the constitution in favor of his arbitrary power, was opened March 2, 1828, by an elaborate address, insisting on the necessity of new privileges for the executive. When, however, it became evident that the amended project of the constitution would come out of the convention quite different from its original form, his friends vacated their seats, by which proceeding the body was left without a quorum, and thus became extinct. From a country-seat, some miles distant from Ocaña, to which he had retreated, he published another manifesto, pretending to be incensed at the step taken by his own friends, but at the same time attacking the convention, calling on the provinces to recur to extraordinary measures, and declaring that he was ready to submit to any load of power which might be heaped upon him. Under the pressure of his bayonets, popular assemblies at Caracas, Carthagena, and Bogota, to which latter place he had repaired, anew invested him with dictatorial power. An attempt to assassinate him in his sleeping room at Bogota, which he escaped only by leaping in the dark from the balcony of the window, and lying concealed under a bridge, allowed him for some time to introduce a sort of military terrorism. He did not, however, lay hands on Santander, although he had participated in the conspiracy, while he put to death Gen. Padilla, whose guilt was not proved at all, but who, as a man of color, was not able to resist. Violent factions disturbing the republic in 1829, in a new appeal to the citizens, Bolivar invited them to frankly express their wishes as to the modifications to be introduced into the constitution. An assembly of notables at Caracas answered by denouncing his ambition, laying bare the weakness of his administration, declaring the separation of Venezuela from Colombia, and placing Paez at the head of that republic. The senate of Colombia stood by Bolivar, but other insurrections broke out at different points. Having resigned for the 5th time, in Jan. 1830, he again accepted the presidency, and left Bogota to wage war on Paez in the name of the Colombian congress. Toward the end of March, 1830, he advanced at the head of 8,000 men, took Caracuta, which had revolted, and then turned upon the province of Maracaibo, where Paez awaited him with 12,000 men, in a strong position. As soon as he became aware that Paez meant serious fighting, his courage collapsed. For a moment he even thought to subject himself to Paez, and

declare against the congress; but the influence of his partisans at the congress vanished, and he was forced to tender his resignation, notice being given to him that he must now stand by it, and that an annual pension would be granted to him on the condition of his departure for foreign countries. He accordingly sent his resignation to the congress, April 27, 1830. But hoping to regain power by the influence of his partisans, and a reaction setting in against Joachim Mosquera, the new president of Colombia, he effected his retreat from Bogota in a very slow manner, and contrived, under a variety of pretexts, to prolong his sojourn at San Pedro, until the end of 1830, when he suddenly died. The following is the portrait given of him by Ducoudrey-Holstein: "Simon Bolivar is 5 feet 4 inches in height, his visage is long, his cheeks hollow, his complexion livid brown; his eyes are of a middle size, and sunk deep in his head, which is covered thinly with hair. His mustaches give him a dark and wild aspect, particularly when he is in a passion. His whole body is thin and meagre. He has the appearance of a man 65 years old. In walking, his arms are in continual motion. He cannot walk long, but becomes soon fatigued. He likes his hammock, where he sits or lolls. He gives way to sudden gusts of resentment, and becomes in a moment a madman, throws himself into his hammock, and utters curses and imprecations upon all around him. He likes to indulge in sarcasms upon absent persons, reads only light French literature, is a bold rider, and passionately fond of waltzing. He is fond of hearing himself talk and giving toasts. In adversity, and destitute of aid from without, he is perfectly free from passion and violence of temper. He then becomes mild, patient, docile, and even submissive. In a great measure he conceals his faults under the politeness of a man educated in the so-called beau monde, possesses an almost Asiatic talent for dissimulation, and understands mankind better than the mass of his countrymen." By decree of the congress of New Granada, his remains were removed in 1842 to Caracas, and a monument erected there in his honor.-See Histoire de Bolivar, par Gén. Ducoudrey-Holstein, continuée jusqu'à sa mort, par Alphonse Viollet (Paris, 1831), "Memoirs of Gen. John Miller (in the service of the Republic of Peru)," Col. Hippisley's "Account of his Journey to the Orinoco" (Lond. 1819).

BOLIVIA, a state of South America, lying between lat. 10° 21' and 25° 38′ S., and long. 57° 36′ and 70° 30′ W., bounded N. by the Brazilian province of Alta Amazonas, E. by the provinces of Matto Grosso and Parana, from which it is almost completely separated by the Mamore and Guapore, affluents of the Madeira river, and by the Paraguay river; S. by the Argentine confederation and the republic of Chili, from which it is separated by the river Salado; W. by the Pacific ocean to the mouth of the river Loa, and thence by the republic of Peru, from which it is separated by the Andes,

Total....473,298 1,425,758! 3.01 Bolivia, though comprising but a limited territory, possesses a remarkable variety of climate, soil, and productions. Its south-western portion, lying on the Pacific, is an arid and gloomy desert, on which no rain falls, and which shows no traces of vegetation, except where mountain torrents have forced their way to the ocean, and fertilized a few narrow valleys. The shore is high, rocky, and forbidding, and the ascent of the Andes from this side steep and difficult. The Andes themselves here spread out into a broad, elevated plateau, much wider than in any other part of their course. This plateau, about 14,000 feet above the level of the sea, is from 200 to 300 miles in breadth, and along its eastern border the giant peaks of the East Cordillera tower aloft, to the height of from 18,000 to 25,000 feet. In no portion of their course are so many lofty peaks grouped together as in central Bolivia. Of 11 peaks enumerated by Mr. Pentland, but 2 were less than 20,000 feet in height. Their names and height are as follows:

Mountains. Tacora..

Chipicani.

Sahama,..

Parinacota Pomarape. Gualateiri.

Feet. .18,890 Nevado de Sorata.....25,300 19,740 Illimani...

...24,200

.22,350 Huayna Potosi 20,260 22,030 Chachacomani,2 sum-j 20,235 .21,700 mits...... 20,115 ..22,000

A later measurement gives the Sorata 21,286, and the Illimani 21,149. Beyond these grand sentinel mountains the eastern slope of the Andes is gradual. Still further eastward stretches a vast plain, covered with the most fertile soil, on which, for hundreds of miles, there is not a rock or pebble, and through which thread, with gentle flow, the numerous affluents of the Amazon and Madeira. In time of flood, portions of this plain are overflowed, and the vast forests, whose hues of vivid green are perennial, admitting to the eye of the observer glimpses of the watery waste, seem like islands of foliage on some placid lake. Still further east, a chain of low hills separates the head waters of the Paraguay river from those

of the Madeira; yet so gentle is the elevation that in time of flood the Indian can paddle his boat from the sources of one into those of the other. One of the most remarkable natural features of this country is its mountain lakes. The largest of them, Lake Titicaca, is situated on the lofty plateau between the E. and W. Cordilleras, 12,800 feet above the sea level. It is about 160 miles long and 60 broad, and although it receives numerous streams, it has but one visible outlet, the Desaguadero river, which connects it with Lake Pampas Aullagas, 180 miles S. E. of it, which has no outlet, but which is at about the same elevation, and is about half the size of Lake Titicaca. The latter has several islands, upon one of which Manco Capac, the first inca of the last Peruvian dynasty, is said to have descended. The triangular rush peculiar to this lake is of great value to the Indians of the Titicaca basin, furnishing them with food, clothing, boats, &c. There are in eastern Bolivia, in the lowlands, several not fully described. Lake Gaiba is one of the other lakes of considerable size, but they are largest of these. The principal rivers are the Beni, Mamore, Rio Grande. Chapri, and Itenez Pilcomayo and Paraguay, affluents of the La or Guapore, tributaries of the Madeira; and the Plata. The smaller streams are countless.-On the elevated plains of the Titicaca basin there is frost every night, and ice forms of sufficient strength to bear a man's weight, but the sky is always cloudless and the air dry. On some portions of this plateau, however, there is rain West of the Andes no rain has fallen within the memory of during 3 months of the year. man until the last year (1857). But within a day's journey from the summit of the eastern Cordillera, places may be found where rain falls those of Mexico, distinguish 3 climatic regions, every day in the year. The inhabitants, like viz.: The puno, cold, elevated, and producing, from the rarefaction of the atmosphere, difficulty of respiration in those unaccustomed to it. To this climate belongs the whole elevated plain between the E. and W. Cordilleras. The higher mountainous districts are designated as puno brava. This is the home of the guanaco and vicuña, while the llama and alpaca thrive best in the puno region. The paramo is a more temperate climate, occupying the slopes of the eastern Cordillera and the head waters of the Paraguay. It is the region of grains and fruits of the temperate zone. Below this are the yungas, or valleys, which have all the characteristics of the torrid zone, its terrible heat and its prolif ic vegetation; the coffee-shrub, the cacao, the coca, and the other tropical fruits and plants, are found here in the richest profusion. A man mounted on a fleet horse can easily pass from the puno to the yungas in 3 days' time.--The vegetation of Bolivia is, of course, as varied as its climate. On the slopes of the loftiest mountains, and in the cold and elevated plains, it is scanty and alpine in character. The trees are very few, and the bare and dreary plains exhibit only occa

sional tufts of lycopodium hastatum, verbena mimina and lauretia acaulis, clinging in the clefts of the rocks, and in the course of ages attaining to considerable size and a dense resinous structure. Near the shores of Lake Titicaca there is a very considerable variety of grasses, which, with the rotora rush, already mentioned, form pasturage for considerable herds of cattle, goats, and hogs. On the upper portion of the eastern slope of the Andes, grains of every description flourish, and several varieties of cactus, one of them 40 feet in height, display their peculiar forms, and their bright, gay flowers. Below these is a belt of acacias; still lower, the bamboo (bambusa), the palm, and the tree ferns, are found in abundance. Among the more valuable products of the plains and lower slopes of the Cordillera, are the bamboo, the paper mulberry, the inner bark of which furnishes the Indian his shirts, the maté, or Paraguay tea, the balsam of Peru, and the cinchona, or Peruvian bark. The low plains of eastern Bolivia abound in the richest tropical fruits and plants, and the inhabitants raise, either for consumption or export, coffee, cacao, tobacco, cotton, maize, indigo, yuca or manioc, batatas, guavas, sugar-cane, the chirimoya, and, in their esteem, the most important of all, coca. This is the leaf of the erythroxylon Peruvianum, and is chewed by the inhabitants as a stimulant, like the betel of the Hindoos and Malays. Its annual consumption in Bolivia is reckoned at more than 10,000,000 pounds. This is supposed to be the native country of the common potato (solanum tuberosum), and the plant is cultivated quite extensively by the Indians of the Titicaca basin. Lieut. Gibbon found them small, but of excellent quality.-The inhabitants of Bolivia are: 1, Indians of various tribes; 2, creoles of Spanish descent; and, 3, mestizos, or mixed races, divided into cholos, or descendants of European and Indian parents, and zambos, who unite European and negro blood. There are also a few negroes in the republic. The Indians constitute nearly three-fourths of the population; those living in the Titicaca basin are Aymarus; north and east of these are the Quichuas; both these tribes were formerly the subjects of the incas. The plains east of the Cordillera are inhabited by Mojos, and the head waters of the Paraguay, as well as most of the region bordering on the states of the Argentine confederation, by the Chiquitos and Yuracares. The Spanish creoles are most numerous in the mining districts, and in Cochabamba. The mestizos are principally located west of the Andes. The Aymarus and Quichuas are a simple-hearted, friendly people, easily influenced by superstition, retaining much of the gentleness and amiability for which they were remarkable in the first discovery of the country by the Spaniards; averse to severe labor, mining, and the like, but fond of pastoral and agricultural pursuits; somewhat addicted to the use of chicha (an intoxicating drink made from the maize), but possessing many excellent traits. Numerous

indications of their former numbers and civilization still remain, such as the ruins of towns of stone and sun-dried brick, great numbers of tombs, well built, and filled with mummies, &c. The eastern Indians are more warlike. The Chiquitos and Yuracares are savages, and lead a nomadic life to some extent; the Mojos are intelligent, and devoted to agricultural pursuits, but scorn the control of the Spanish creoles.-The foreign trade of Bolivia is not large, and is confined almost entirely to the export of bullion, tin, and alpaca wool, to Europe and the United States, and grain, coca, soap, and silver to Peru, and the importation of furniture and manufactured goods from the former countries, and wine, rum, and dried fish from Peru.-The imports coastwise amount to about $500,000; the internal traffic with Peru and Chili to somewhat more than $1,500,000. The exports, including bullion, are of about equal amount. The commerce has decreased since 1840, and so long as the people of the country adhere to the old Spanish custom of transporting all goods on the backs of mules, it can never become considerable. Good roads, and railroads, where practicable, would make Bolivia, in a few years, one of the richest states of South America. The manufactures are mostly conducted on a small scale, and the difficulty of transporting machinery must prevent any great success in them. The people, however, are ingenious, and display great skill in the production of such articles as are within the limit of their means. Woollen and cotton cloths, hats made from the vicuña wool, tin-ware, and fire-arms of good quality, are manufactured by them. The mines are much less extensively worked than formerly, partly from the increased cost, as the leads become deeper, but mainly from the unwillingness of the Indians, who have been the principal miners, to continue in a business so laborious, and which yielded so small a measure of comfort and enjoyment. According to government statistics, the production of gold and silver, which, in the 5 years ending in 1806, had reached the sum of $21,186,460, had fallen off in the 5 years ending with 1846, to $9,789,640. Probably these amounts fall considerably short of the actual yield of each period, but the proportion which they indicate shows a very great reduction in the amount of mining. The early history of Bolivia is included in that of Peru, of which it was formerly an integral part; it is only since 1825 that it has had a separate national existence. It was erected into an independent state, by a declaration of its citizens, Aug. 5, 1825, and received its name from the liberator, Simon Bolivar. A constitutional congress assembled Aug. 11, decreed a republican government, called Gen. Sucre to the presidency, } and requested the liberator to prepare a constitution. He complied, and his constitution, which was a limited monarchy in all but the name, was adopted the succeeding year, but soon abolished; and from 1829 almost to the

present time, this unhappy country has been the scene of constant revolutions. Gen. Belzu, its president in 1851, had revived the constitution of 1838, which had been for some time in abeyance, and which limited the powers of the presidents. He is represented as a man of intelligence and ability.

BOLKHOV, a town of Russia in Europe, on the Noogra, 30 miles north of Orel. It has 16,000 inhabitants, 22 churches, and numerous manufactories of leather, gloves, hosiery, and soap. It is well built, mostly of wood.

BOLLAN, WILLIAM, an American agent in England, born in England, emigrated to Boston, Mass., in 1740, died in England in 1776. Ile was collector of customs for Salem and Marblehead, Mass., when he was sent to England in 1745, by the colony of Massachusetts, to obtain a reimbursement for the expenses incurred in the expedition against Cape Breton, and in 3 years returned with £183,649. By the assistance of Alderman Beckford, he afterward obtained in England, and transmitted to Massachusetts, copies of 33 letters written home by Gov. Bernard, 1768-'69. For this act he was denounced in parliament by Lord North, and commended by Mr. Hancock in the American house of representatives.

BOLLAND, or BOLLANDUS, JOHN VAN, a learned Jesuit, born at Tirlemont, in Belgium, Aug. 13, 1596, died Sept. 12, 1665. As early s 1607, Heribert Rosweyd, a distinguished esuit of Antwerp, had formed the design of ollecting memoirs of the lives of all those who had been canonized in the church. This design was finally approved by the ecclesiastical authorities, and Bolland was appointed to arry it into effect. At his request Godfrey Henschen was appointed, in 1635, as his coadjutor. The plan pursued was chronological, takng up the saints in the order of the calendar. 'he work was entitled by Bolland Acta Sancrum. The first 2 volumes treating of the Janary saints, were published in 1643. The Febdary saints, in 3 volumes, were completed in 658. Bolland did not live to finish the March ints, though he prosecuted the work until his leath. He was thus the first in modern times o attempt the hagiography of the Roman church, and was succeeded from time to time by a series of writers in prosecution of the original plan of Rosweyd. From Bolland the successive writers of the Acta Sanctorum have been designated and known in ecclesiastical history as Bollandists. Five years before the death of Bolland, the order appointed another colleague, Daniel Papebroek, and the work went on ntil the March and April saints were comleted, and 16 days of May, when Henschen ied in 1681. Other successive appointments followed, until, with two interruptions (the rst in 1773, when the order of Jesuits was olished, and the second in the French revolut.on), the work reached 53 vols. It was then for a time a suspended, but resumed in 1837, under the patronage of the Belgian government, VOL. III.-29

which appropriated yearly amount of 6,000 francs for the continuation of the work. To the Bollandists the world owes the accumulation of a vast amount of historic material, in the course of the prosecution of the Acta Sanctorum. Some important historical points were settled in the collections made by Papebroek in his travels. The Acta Sanctorum, although the colossal enterprise which must ever distinguish the Jesuits, both for the magnitude of its plan and the intelligence and learning which characterize its execution, was not the first attempt of the kind. It had for materials, previously collected by various persons, the Acta Martyrum, and several private collections, which bore the names of Eusebius, Bede, and others. Among the principal Bollandists, beside those already named, were Baert, Bosch, Suyskens, Hubens, Berthod, Ghesquière, and Janning. The present continuation is under the editorial care of Boone, Coppens, Joseph van der Moere, and Joseph van Hecke, who published the 57th vol. in 1856.

BOLLES, LUCIUS, D. D., a Baptist divine, born in Ashford, Conn., Sept. 25, 1779, died in Boston, Jan. 8, 1844. He graduated at Brown university in 1801. He became interested in religion during one of his college vacations, while on a visit to Hartford, Conn., and seems to have had his thoughts directed at once to the work of the gospel ministry. As the Baptists had no theological school at that time, he commenced the study of theology under the Rev. Dr. Stillman, pastor of the first Baptist church, Boston, with whom he remained for 3 years. While pursuing his studies in Boston, he had occasionally preached to a Baptist society in Salem, Mass., with which he became connected as pastor, in Dec. 1804, and where he remained for over 22 years. No minister ever received more constant manifestations of confidence from his people, and few have been more successful in promoting the objects of the ministry. In 1824 he was elected assistant corresponding secretary of the board of the Baptist general convention for foreign missions, then established at Washington. In 1826, on the transference of the board to Boston, he was chosen corresponding secretary, the duties of which office he continued to perform for more than 16 years, with marked ability, and general acceptance.

BOLLMANN, ERIO, a German physician and politician, born at Hoya, in 1769, died in London, in 1821. He practiced medicine in Carlsruhe and Paris, and in the latter city became an actor in the revolution. He conducted Count Narbonne to London, and made an unsuccessful attempt to liberate Lafayette from imprisonment at Olmütz, for which he was arrested and banished. He came to America, returned to Europe in 1814, took part in the congress of Vienna, and made another short visit to this country, after which he lived in London.

BOLOGNA, a legation of the papal states, bounded N. by Ferrara, E. by Ravenna, S. by Tuscany, and W. by Modena; area 1,430 sq. m.;

pop. in 1853, 375,631. The natural fertility of the district is so great, that, although only partially cultivated, it produces abundant crops of grain, oil, wine, figs, almonds, chestnuts, hemp, flax, &c.-Also the capital city (anc. Bononia) of the province of the same name, situated at the foot of the Apennines, between the rivers Reno and Savena; pop. 75,000. It was taken from the Lombards by Charlemagne, but in the latter part of the 10th century threw off the French yoke, and established a republic. In the middle ages, Bologna sided with the Guelphs. In 1506, it was annexed to the papal dominions by Pope Julian II. In 1796, it was taken by the French, and became part of a new republic, and subsequently of the kingdom of Italy. On the downfall of Napoleon, it reverted to the papal states. In 1848, the Austrian forces were repulsed by the inhabitants, but finally, on May 16, 1849, they were obliged to surrender, after a heroic defence. Since then the Austrians have maintained possession, in accordance with a treaty with the papal states. The university of Bologna is said to have been founded by Theodosius, in 425, and to have been restored by Charlemagne. In the middle ages it had several thousand students; the present number is about 300. Among the professors have been Galvani, Orioli, Tommasini, Mezzofanti; the university is also famous for its female professors, as Clotilde Tambroni, professor of Greek, who died in 1817, Novella d'Andrea, professor of canon law in the 14th, and Laura Bassi, who received the degree of doctor of philosophy in the first part of the 18th century. Mezzofanti for some time presided over the university library, which contains 150,000 volumes and 1,000 MSS. Another public library, with 83,000 volumes, in the convent of San Domenico, was bequeathed to the town by Father Magnani. The college Venturoli, founded in 1825, is devoted to architecture. A college for Spanish students was founded by Cardinal Albornoz, and one for Flemish students by John Jacobs, a Flemish goldsmith. In the centre of the city is the Asinelli tower, 320 feet high, and the Garisenda, about 160 feet high, and which leans to one side about 9 feet. There are, beside the cathedral, 73 churches, 35 convents, 38 nunneries, 9 hospitals, several schools, a military academy, and various benevolent institutions. Pope Clement XIII. founded the academy of fine arts, also called Clement academy, which possesses the finest works of the founders of the Bolognese school of painting, as Caracci, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Albani, and other native artists. Not less than 8 popes have been natives of Bologna, among whom Benedict XIV. is the most eminent. Among other persons of distinction born at Bologna may be mentioned the naturalist Aldovrandi, the anatomist Mondino, Malpighi, Marsigli, Manfredi, and Galvani. BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DI, a sculptor and architect, born at Douay, in Flanders, about 1524, died in Florence in 1608. At an early age he

went to Rome, where he passed 2 years in studying the masterpieces of art. Going to Florence, he was attracted by the works of Michel Angelo, and determined to pass the rest of his life there. He rapidly rose to the foremost rank among sculptors, and few artists were charged with the execution of so many and such important works. His surname of Bologna seems to have been derived from the celebrated fountain in that city, designed by himself, of which the crowning colossal figure of Neptune is one of the wonders of modern art. At Florence, however, where, with occasional intermissions, he constantly resided, are to be found his finest works, such as the celebrated "Rape of the Sabine Women," and the equally celebrated bronze of Mercury just springing into the air, with one foot still upon the globe.

BOLOGNA VIAL, a name given to rudely shaped flasks of glass, which, in making, are suddenly cooled without annealing. They are made to illustrate the peculiar effects of the annealing process.

BOLOGNIAN STONE, a peculiar variety of sulphate of barytes, found at Monte Paterno, near Bologna. It is of fibrous, radiated structure, and possesses the singular property, when calcined, pulverized, converted into a paste, and dried, of emitting a phosphorescent light, which is sometimes sufficient to enable one to read.

BOLONCHEN, a village of Yucatan; pop. 7,000. In the plaza, or square of the village, are 9 wells, cut through a stratum of rock, and communicating with a common reservoir. In the vicinity is a remarkable cave, which has been carefully explored by Mr. Stephens.

BOLOR TAGH, or BELUR TAGH, a chain of mountains in central Asia, separating Independent Tartary from the Chinese empire, and connecting the systems of the Altai and the Himalaya. Its culminating points exceed 2,000 feet in height.

BOLSENA, a town of the papal states, on the lake of the same name, 56 miles N. N. W. of Rome; pop. 1,800. In the immediate vicinitystood the ancient Volsinium, one of the most powerful of the Etruscan cities. Some remains of its temples, including several granite columns, are still in existence. The lake of Bolsena, which is supposed to fill an ancient crater, exhales a deadly malaria during the summer season. It is about 9 miles long, 7 miles broad, and 285 feet deep. The shores are formed by finely wooded hills, presenting much beautiful scenery; it has 2 small islands, called Martana and Bisentina, believed once to have been floating, and it discharges its surplus waters into the Mediterranean by the Marta river.

BOLSON DE MAPIMI, a part of Durango, Mexico; area about 60,000 sq. m. It is a wild, mountainous tract of country, peopled chiefly by wandering Apaches.

BOLSOVER STONE, the building stone selected by the commissions of scientific and