making the alloy by the charcoal mixed with them; when thus formed, the metallic zinc is absorbed in the copper placed in the crucible, without once appearing in its own form. Brass continued to be manufactured in this manner till the year 1781, and the process is still in use, though the more usual method is to melt the metallic zinc, and introduce the copper in thin slips. When enough copper is added to render the alloy of difficult fusion, the heat is increased and the additional copper required is introduced in a melted state. Another process is to melt the copper first, and plunge beneath its surface lumps of zinc held in iron tongs. If it were attempted to melt the two metals together, the zinc would be in great part consumed before the mixture reached the high temperature required to melt the copper; and yet these metals combine so readily, that copper is sometimes converted into brass upon its surface, only by the fumes of burning zine. By any method of preparation there is a considerable loss of zinc by its escaping in fumes of the oxide. A layer of fine charcoal placed upon the melted zinc protects it from contact with the atmosphere, and reduces this loss to the least amount. Pieces of glass, thrown upon the surface of the metal, melt and cover it also with a thin protecting layer; these also serve to prevent the oxide of zinc from mixing with the alloy, and producing spots or stains with little cavities in the brass. Owing to the uncertain quantity of zinc which escapes, the exact proportions of the two metals are rarely known; and the recipes of the manufacturers do not indicate the use of uniform proportions, as these generally include certain quantities of old brass, the composition of which is never exactly known. Beside, by each remelting, an additional loss of zinc is incurred, by which the proportions are continually changed. It is, however, believed that the best qualities of brass are those in which the metals are combined in the proportions of their equivalents. The usual composition of brass is in the proportion of 2 parts by weight of copper to one of zinc. The brass founders express this composition by the term, "8 ounces of zinc" (to a pound of copper being understood). Sixteen ounce brass, or copper and zinc in equal weights, is a beautiful golden yellow alloy called prince's metal. Muntz's patent sheathing or "yellow metal" is produced with this extreme proportion of zinc, or in less proportions, varying to 9 ounces. The best is 2 parts of zinc to 3 of copper, which is also the most malleable composition. Brass composed of 3 to 4 ounces of zinc, is known by the names, bath metal, pinchbeck, Mannheim gold, &c., which resemble the poorer alloys of gold. Brass solders vary in the proportion of their ingredients, according to the uses to which they are to be applied. The most common mixture is equal parts copper and zinc; some of the zinc, however, is lost in the fusing and casting. Brasses containing less than 10 ounces of zinc are, to some extent, malleable and

ductile; with additional zinc, they become crystalline, hard, and brittle. The red color of the copper merges into that of yellow brass at about 4 or 5 ounces zinc, above 10 ounces the white color of the zinc predominates. Gunmetal is also called brass, though it is an alloy of copper and tin. This was the composition of the brass of the ancients, and the same mixtures are used for bell metal, the tin having the effect of giving hardness and elasticity, and zinc is sometimes added to increase the shrillness of the sound. In the proportion of 11 parts of tin to 4 of copper a very white and brilliant alloy is produced, which is used for the specula of telescopes. Bell-metal alloy is usually made of 11 parts of tin and 36 of copper.-Gun-metal and hard castings for machinery, as also bronze statues, contain from 96 to 108 parts of copper and 11 of tin. Corinthian brass was a mixture of gold, silver, and copper.-Brass colors are preparations made to imitate brass, and are applied to figures of plaster. Fresh and bright copper filings of the smallest size are mixed with varnish, and if a red color is desired, finely pulverized red ochre is added. The varnish protects the copper filings from oxidation, and the effect is very much the same as that of cast brass. The best varnish is made of 20 ounces of alcohol, 2 ounces of shellac, and 2 ounces of sandarac. Brass leaf, which is much used for gilding, consists of thin sheets of copper, rendered yellow by exposure to the fumes of zinc. The powder prepared from these leaves by grinding them in a mortar, when mixed with gum water, is used as a wash to imitate bronze or even fine gold. The color is varied and heightened by exposure to the fire, and stirring in an earthen basin. Brass is obtained by the action of the galvanic current from solutions of the two metals in which the proportion of zinc greatly predominates, this being more difficult to reduce from its salts than the copper. The operation, according to Dr. Heeren, succeeds best with a mixture of 1 part of sulphate of copper to 4 parts of warm water, to which are added 8 parts of sulphate of zinc, dissolved in 16 of warm water, and 18 of cyanide of potassium with 35 of warm water. On mixing the solutions, a precipitate appears, which redissolves by adding a little more of the potassium salt. On adding 250 parts of distilled water, the solution heated to ebullition is subjected to the action of 2 Bunsen elements, charged with concentrated nitric acid mixed with of oil of vitriol. A plate of brass is attached to the negative pole, and the object to be coated to the positive pole. The deposit is rapidly formed if the bath be very hot. After a few minutes, there is produced a layer of brass, the thickness of which augments rapidly. Deposits of brass have thus been made on copper, zinc, brass, and britannia metal. Prof. A. K. Eaton states that he has deposited brass without difficulty, from the cyanide solution alone heated to the boiling point, a plate of brass being attached to the negative pole. The solu

tion, after a time, becomes charged with the two metals, and when so charged, deposits brass upon the positive pole. By varying the temperature, he noticed that the different metals may be obtained separately, or in alloys of different proportions.-A new alloy of copper and zinc has been lately prepared in France, which by the introduction of other substances is made to resemble gold so nearly, that the name of oreide has been applied to it. It is remarkable for its fine grain and susceptibility of receiving a high polish. To prepare it, 100 parts by weight of copper are melted in a crucible, and, while this is in fusion, 6 parts of magnesia, 3.6 parts of sal-ammoniac, 1.8 of quick-lime, and 9 of crude tartar are added little by little, and stirred in, and the stirring is continued for about half an hour. Seventeen parts of zinc are then added in small grains, or if tin is used instead, an alloy of greater brilliancy will be obtained. After being stirred again, the crucible is covered and kept hot for about 35 minutes. It is then uncovered, carefully skimmed, and the alloy is cast in a mould of metal or damp sand. It is somewhat malleable, and melts at a temperature low enough to admit of its being used as brass.

BRASSARDS, jointed plates of steel, protecting the upper arm, from the shoulders, which were covered by poldrons, to the elbows, where they were met by the gauntlets. These pieces of armor were not used in the chivalric ages, or in full suits of knightly armor, but in the half armor worn during the wars of Gustavus Adolphus, Wallenstein, and the Low Countries, in the times of Cromwell, when plate armor was going out of use. In full suits, the shoulders were protected by the pass-guards and grande garde, the upper arm by the rere-braces, the elbows by the garde de bras, the fore arm by the vant-braces or vam-braces-avant de bras-and the hands and wrists by the steel gloves.

BRATAYUDA, the most notable literary production of the Javanese, and of the Malay archipelago. It is an epic; and so far resembles the Mahabbarata in the principal incidents of its story, as to be regarded as a paraphrase of that well-known Hindoo poem. According to evidence furnished by the work, it was written near the close of the 12th century by a Javanese sage called Pusadalı. It compares with the Hindoo epic, as the Eneid does with the Iliad, in the extent of imitation of style and character of the incidents; and it holds a similar position among the Javanese and civilized Malays. Some of its passages are quite Homeric, in describing the powers of certain heroes; as, for instance, the effects produced by the rage of Cresna, when informed of a treacherous plot against his life: "His huge body swayed to and fro, and his breathing was like a lion's roar. The foundations of the earth were shaken: the bases of the mountains were loosened, and their tops nodded; the sea rising up like the mountains, and casting the deep water fish at VOL. III.-41

their base." It also abounds in pathetic strains. It contains 2,876 metric lines.

BRATTLE, THOMAS, a Boston merchant, born Sept. 5, 1657, died May 18, 1713. He graduated at Harvard college in 1676, and was afterward treasurer of that institution. There is preserved, in the historical collections, an excellent account by him, in the form of a letter, of the witchcraft delusion in 1692. Several of his communications on astronomical subjects were also published in the "Philosophical Transactions."

BRATTLEBOROUGH, a post-township of Windham co., Vt., situated on the west bank of the Connecticut river, about 100 miles south of Montpelier and 96 west of Boston. Pop. in 1850, 3,816. The first settlement of the state was made here in 1724, when a military post, called Fort Dummer, was erected on a spot now known as "Dummer's meadows." The township contains an East and West village. The West village, on Whetstone creek, is devoted principally to agriculture. The East village is situated on the Connecticut river at the mouth of Whetstone creek, and at the junction of the Vermont Valley, the Vermont and Massachusetts, and the Connecticut river railroads. Pop. about 1,500. A covered bridge across the Connecticut river connects it with Hinsdale, in New Hampshire. It is one of the wealthiest villages in the state; contains 6 churches, an academy, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and is the seat of the Brattleborough typographic company, established in 1836, with a capital of $150,000, and having a paper mill and extensive printing house. An asylum for the insane, endowed with $10,000 by Mrs. Anna Marsh, and still further enriched by appropriations from the state, was opened in 1836 a short distance N. W. of the village. There are also 2 water-cure establishments.

BRAUBACH, a circle and town of the duchy of Nassau, Germany, on the Rhine. On a mountain overlooking the town stands the strong castle of Maxburg, and in the vicinity are the old fortress of Philippsburg, the mineral springs of Dinkhold, and silver and copper mines. Pop. of the circle, 12,000; of the town, 1,500.

BRAUN. I. AUGUST EMIL, a German archæol. ogist, and author of many works on art, born at Gotha, April 19, 1809, died in Rome, Sept. 12, 1856, where he had resided since 1833. For more than 23 years he officiated there as secretary of the archæological institute. His last productions were: Die Vorschule der KunstMythologie (Gotha, 1854, with 100 plates; English translation by Grant, Gotha, 1856); Die Griechische Götterlehre (Gotha, 1851-55); and his excellent guide-book entitled, Die Ruinen und Museen Roms (Brunswick, 1854; translated into English in 1855). II. JOHANN WILHELM JOSEPH, a Prussian Roman Catholic theologian, born April 27, 1801, near Düren, was consecrated as priest at Rome in 1825, and on his return became connected with the university of Bonn,

sor.

receiving, in 1837, the appointment of profesIn conjunction with Hermes and DrosteHülshoff, he founded Die Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Katholische Theologie. In 1835, Hermes' lectures were suspended by order of the Vatican, and in 1837 Braun proceeded to Rome, but his efforts to change the decision of the pope were not successful, and, in 1843, the objection of the papal court against Hermes and his disciple proved also injurious to Braun himself, who was compelled to relinquish his professorship, although the salary was not withdrawn. In 1848 he became a member of the Frankfort parliament, and in 1850 member of the first session of the Prussian diet. III. KASPAR, a German artist, born at Aschaffenburg in 1807, founded the humorous publication called the Fliegende Blätter, and is noted for his outlines to the Nibelungenlied, to Göta von Berlichingen, and other works.

BRAUNAU, a Bohemian circle in the district of Gitschin, pop. about 46,000.-Also a town of the same name, pop. about 3,000. The town contains a rich Benedictine abbey, founded in 1331 and rebuilt in the early part of the 18th century. In connection with the abbey is a royal gymnasium.

BRAUNSBERG, a Prussian town and capital of a circle of the same name; pop. of the circle 45,700, and of the town, 9,600. In former times, the town was the seat of the bishops of Ermeland. It has an ancient castle, a Catholic lyceum, and a grammar school. During the Russian campaign, Feb. 1807, Braunsberg was an important strategetical point, from its position on the river Passarge.

BRAUWER, or BROUWER, ADRIAN, a Dutch painter, born at Haarlem, or at Oudenarde in East Flanders, in 1608, died in Antwerp in 1640. He first made designs of flowers and birds, which were stitched upon caps and bonnets sold by his mother, a poor woman, to the peasants. Francis Hals, a distinguished painter of Haarlem, happening to see some of these, was so struck by the talent which they evinced, that he invited the young artist to receive instructions at his house, where he kept him hard at work in a garret, and appropriated to himself the proceeds of his pictures. Here Brauwer remained for many months, ignorant of the estimation in which his talent was held abroad, until by the assistance of his fellow pupil, Adrian van Ostade, he was enabled to escape to Amsterdam. The discovery of the reputation he had acquired seems to have crushed rather than incited his ambition. Per ceiving the prices which his pictures commanded, and his own facility in executing them, he yielded to a natural taste for gross pleasures, and painted only when it was necessary to procure money to indulge in dissipations. During the wars with Spain, he started on a journey to Antwerp, but, being unprovided with a passport, he was imprisoned on suspicion of being a spy. The duke d'Aremberg, a fellow prisoner, recognizing his talent, induced him to paint

something. The subject was a group of soldiers playing at cards, which the artist sketched from his prison window, and the picture being shown to Rubens, he at once pronounced it a work of Brauwer, whose release he immediately procured, and whom, from admiration of his genius, he received as an inmate into his house. Brauwer's longing for his old life, however, soon induced him to leave his protector, and after a brief career of reckless dissipation, he died in the public hospital of Antwerp.

BRAVO. I. LEONARDO, a Mexican revolutionary patriot, born near San Luis de Potosi, in 1766, enlisted in the revolutionary cause, and died of prison fever, in the hands of the Spaniards, in the city of Mexico, in 1812. The Spanish commander had repeatedly offered him his liberty on condition of taking service in the royal army, but, though the fever caused by confinement in a filthy dungeon was wearing out his life, he steadily refused to save it on such conditions. II. NICOLAS, son of the preceding, born at Chilpanzingo about 1792, died there April 22, 1854. He entered the service of his country at the first revolutionary outbreak. After the capture of his father at the evacuation of Cuautla, 200 Spanish prisoners, some of them of high rank, fell into his hands. He immediately sent a flag of truce to Vanegas, offering to liberate his own prisoners if the viceroy would send his father as a prisoner to Spain, instead of executing him in Mexico. The proposal came too late, the father having died of prison fever; but Bravo at once, with the greatest magnanimity, released the whole of his prisoners, assigning as a reason, that he wished to free himself from the temptation of a terrible revenge. He was present at the capture of Acapulco in 1812, and of Oajaca in the same year, serving also in all the various actions in 1813 and 1814; among them the battle of Valladolid, where Iturbide, who was at that time in the royalist service, so signally defeated the patriots. After the execution of the padre Matamoras, he was an unwilling spectator of the execution of the whole of the Spanish prisoners, whom Morelos put to death by way of reprisal. After the capture of Morelos in the department of Vera Cruz, who, previous to his last battle, had confided to him the guardianship of the congress, and after Teran had forcibly dispersed that body in Oct. 1814, Bravo wandered over almost the whole of the Mexican republic without being able to make head against his pursuers. When Mina came from the United States with his party, he joined him and sought, but failed, to keep possession of Corhoro. In 1817 he was taken by the viceroy Apodaca, who spared his life only at the urgent solicitation of many prominent royalists. He was imprisoned in the city of Mexico until the general amnesty granted by Ferdinand VII., on occasion of his taking the oath to the Spanish constitution of March, 1820. When, on Feb. 24, 1821, Iturbide established the independence of Mexico by the plan or Iguala, he was supported by Bravo, who was a member of

the 2d regency which exercised supreme power from April 11 till May 18, 1822, when Iturbide proclaimed himself emperor. To this step Bravo was opposed, and he contributed in no small degree to Iturbide's deposition. He again became a member of the provisional government which remained from April 1, 1822, till Oct. 10, 1824, when the federal constitution took effect, under which he was elected to be vice-president until April 1, 1829, Guadalupe Vittoria being president. The politics of Mexico had now be come involved in a controversy in which the order of freemasons, divided into 2 parties, one known as Escoses and the other as Yorkinos, contended at once for the Scotch and ancient York rituals, and the one for a centralized, and the other for a federal, form of government. Bravo was grand master of the Scotch division, and when the federal system prevailed he became a leader of the opposition. Notwithstanding this, he had been elected vice-president; but when on Dec. 23, 1827, the standard of revolt was raised at Otaviba, he became the head of the movement. The purpose of the pronunciamiento was to replace the actual members of the executive government with men of the Escoses, and to dismiss Mr. Poinsett, then United States minister in Mexico, who was charged with too actively favoring the other party. The insurgents fortified themselves at Salancingo, where they were routed by Guerrero, whom President Vittoria had sent against them. Bravo, Barragan, and 25 other officers were made prisoners, and after being kept 5 months in confinement were banished to Guatemala for 6 years on half pay. Bravo was recalled in 1830 by President Bustamente, and sent by him against Guerrero, now an insurgent in his turn. Guerrero was taken in arms, and executed by Bravo's orders, Feb. 14, 1833. After this Bravo remained in retirement until July, 1839, when, as president of the council, he was charged with the supreme administration of the government during an interim of a week. Again from Oct. 26, 1842, till March, 1843, he was substituted as president by Santa Anna, during his absence as dictator at the head of the army. For the last time he held executive power as temporary president from July 29 to Aug 4, 1846, when he was deposed by a revolution. On the commencement of the war between Mexico and the United States, he took up arms in behalf of his country, and participated in the battle of Cerro Gordo. In the autumn of 1853 he was accused by the ministers of Santa Anna of having secretly joined Juan Alvarez in the insurrection he had set on foot; but he at once denied the accusation and declared that he had retired from public life forever. In Feb. 1854, Santa Anna left Mexico to attack Alvarez, and while he was at Chilpanzingo, 3 or 4 months afterward, Bravo and his wife suddenly died, within 3 hours of each other. This gave rise to the suspicion that they had been poisoned, but no evidence was ever brought forward to sustain the imputation. Bravo is regarded by intelligent Mexicans as one of the

most upright, honorable, and distinguished men whom their country has produced.

BRAVO-MURILLO, JUAN, a Spanish statesman, born at Frejoual de la Sierra, in the province of Badajoz, in June, 1803, of an honorable, but rather poor family, received the means for his education from a generous priest, who was struck with his abilities. In 1825 he graduated as an advocate at the university of Seville, and although, for some time, pecuniary difficulties induced him to accept a professorship of philosophy, he soon resumed his position as lawyer, and gradually distinguished himself by his oratorical power, especially by an eloquent defence of Col. Marquez, who, in 1831, was implicated in a conspiracy. This circumstance induced the minister Garelly to tender him the office of attorney-general at Caceres. The ultra-progresista party coming into power in 1835, he tendered his resignation, partly to anticipate any action on their part in reference to his office, but principally to carry out a long-cherished project, and to remove to a wider sphere of activity in Madrid, where he established himself as a lawyer, and, in 1836, in conjunction with Pacheco, published the Boletin de Jurisprudencia. During the 3 months previous to the downfall of Isturitz, he filled the office of secretary in the department of state under his administration. He was also one of the founders and principal contributors of El Porvenir, a journal directed against the government. He took his seat in the cortes as member for Seville in 1837. The ministry of justice was tendered to him, which he refused on this, and on a subsequent occasion in 1838, when he declined to take office under the administration of the duke of Frias. On the advent of this cabinet he lost his seat in the cortes, which, however, he regained in 1840, when the moderate party of the province of Avila elected him a deputy. His influence gradually increased, until, in 1841, he was looked upon as the leader of the moderate party, and, as such, subjected to imprisonment on the outbreak of the revolution. He escaped to Bayonne, where the news of his banishment and the downfall of the revolutionary party which had decreed it arrived simultaneously, permitting him to return to Madrid. He resumed his profession until 1847, when, for a short time, in the cabinet of the duke of Sotomayor, he was at the head of the ministry of justice, until Pacheco came into office. In Nov. 1847, at the formation of a new cabinet, he entered it as minister of trade and public instruction. In 1849-50 he was minister of finance, which office he retained in 1851, when, after the return of Narvaez, he was charged with the formation of a new cabinet. Until 1852, he was president of the cabinet, and, at the same time, finance minister. His promotion to the presidency of the cabinet was due, to some extent, to the regard in which he is held by the queen-mother, Maria Christine, who influenced Queen Isabella in his favor. Since 1852 he has been again a member of the

legislature; more recently he has officiated as president of the house of deputies. He enjoys the reputation of an upright man, an able lawyer, and a skilful financier.

BRAVURA AIR (Ital. aria di bravura), an air enabling the singer to exhibit his skill in execution by the addition of various embellishments.

BRAXTON, a north-western county of Virginia, having an area of 646 sq. m. The surface is hilly, rough, and covered with large forests. The soft is well watered, and generally fertile. The Elk, Little Kanawha, and Holly, are the principal rivers. Stone-coal is found in several places, and in the northern part are salt springs. The productions in 1850 were 9,062 bushels of wheat, 137,120 of Indian corn, 4,356 of potatoes, 3,743 pounds of tobacco, and 72,409 of butter. There were 6 corn and flour mills, 4 sawmills, 2 wool-carding establishments, 1 salt-boiling establishment yielding 10,000 bush. per annum, and 2 churches. Value of real estate in 1850, $495,647; in 1856, $1,120,293; showing an increase of 125 per cent. The county was formed in 1836, and named in honor of Carter Braxton, one of the signers of the declaration of independence. Capital, Sutton. Pop. 4,212, of whom 89 are slaves.

BRAXTON, CARTER, a signer of the declaration of independence, born at Newington, King and Queen co., Virginia, Sept. 10, 1736, died Oct. 10, 1797. He inherited several plantations, and passed the early part of his life in the enjoyment of his fortune in his native state, and in England, where he resided some years. In 1765 he took an active part in the eventful session of the house of burgesses of Virginia, in which the resolutions of Patrick Henry were adopted, and in the subsequent assemblies which were dissolved by the governor. He was next a member of the conventions which were the first step toward the substitution of popular for the royal government; and on Dec. 15, 1775, was elected delegate to the continental congress, as successor of Peyton Randolph, and as such affixed his name to the declaration of independence. He did not remain long in congress, but served in the legislature of Virginia until 1786, when he became one of the executive council. The close of his life was embittered by pecuniary embarrassments, and the entire wreck of his fortune.

BRAY, VICAR OF, the vicar of a small parish of Berkshire, England, of this name, 23 miles from London. A clergyman who held this office in the 16th century, was a Roman Catholic in the reign of Henry VIII., became a Protestant with that monarch, and remained so during the reign of Edward VI., became a Catholic again in the reign of Mary, and turned Protestant again when Elizabeth ascended the throne of England. In this way he kept fast to his preferment through all the changes of his times. On being reproached with his frequent changes of principle, he made answer very wittily: Not so, neither; for if I changed my re

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ligion, I am sure I kept true to my principle, which is, to live and die the vicar of Bray!

BRAY, ANNA ELIZA (KEMPE), an English authoress, distinguished for her artistic culture and for her literary attainments, born in Devonshire, in the latter part of the 18th century, married, 1818, Mr. Charles Stothard, whom she assisted in his antiquarian researches, and after his death became the wife of the Rev. Edward Atkyns Bray, vicar of Tavistock, where she now resides. Mrs. Bray's works (of which a uniform edition in 10 vols. appeared in 1844) consist chiefly of books of travel and historical romances, many of which have been translated into German. One of her most valuable productions is on the "Traditions and Legends of Devonshire," in a series of letters addressed to Southey. Mrs. Bray has written a memoir of her first husband, and, in 1851, that of his father, the eminent artist, Thomas Stothard.

BRAY, THOMAS, an English clergyman and philanthropist, born at Morton, in Shropshire, in 1656, died Feb. 15, 1736. He graduated at Oxford, and was selected by Bishop Compton, in 1696, to build up the infant Anglican church of Maryland. By way of securing a support during this service, it was proposed to have the judicial office of commissary general created, and conferred upon him by the government of Maryland, with a salary of £400 per annum. In company with Sir Thomas Lawrence, then secretary of Maryland, he waited on the princess of Denmark, afterward Queen Anne, and informed her of the proposed name of the new capital of Maryland, Annapolis. In return for the compliment, she gave a munificent donation for libraries in America, and £400 were given to the one in Annapolis. Beside these parochial libraries, he set on foot through England and Wales lending libraries in every deanery, whence the neighboring clergy might borrow books, and where they might meet for mutual consultation. In 1697 he succeeded in forming a society for propagating Christian knowledge at home and abroad. He sailed for Maryland Dec. 16, 1699, and arrived March 12, 1700. He was received with great cordiality, and the "act of religion" was adopted by the legislature as he desired. On May 22, 1700, there was a general visitation of clergy at Annapolis, and under its resolves he returned to England in 1701. He afterward engaged in the reformation of prison abuses, the establishment of parish work-houses, and other benevolent undertakings.

BRAYBROOKE (RICHARD NEVILLE GRIFFIN), LORD, editor of “Pepys's Diary," born at Stanlake, Ruscombe parish, Berkshire, Sept. 26, 1783, died at Audley End, Essex, March 13, 1858. He was educated at Cambridge, and published the "Private Correspondence of Jane, Lady Cornwallis, 1613 to 1644," and, in 1825, edited "The Diary of Samuel Pepys."

BRAZEN SEA, a curiously carved vessel constructed by Solomon, and set in the temple. It appears to have been an enlargement upon