ing the rights and privileges which had been secured to it by the treaty of union. The royal power was limited here by a kind of representative government, which was called the estates of Brittany. The assembly, the sessions of which were held every other year, consisted of the 3 orders; the clergy being represented by 9 bishops, 9 deputies from episcopal chapters, and 42 abbots; the nobility, by 9 barons, and every lord of a manor who was 25 years of age; the 3d estate, or tiers état, by the deputies from 40 rural communities. The king was not allowed to lay any tax whatever, this being regulated by the assembly, who voted for the support of the royal government what was called a gratuitous gift. The province had also its own courts of justice; the highest of which was known as the parliament of Rennes, with 4 seneschalic jurisdictions, Rennes, Nantes, Vannes, and Quimper Corentin. More than once Brittany was compelled to stand in defence of its immunities; but its people, while vindicating what they thought their just rights, showed great devotion to their French sovereign, and when the revolution occurred, the Chouans of the province fought the last battle in behalf of royalty. Brittany was never distinguished for commerce or manufactures, but its seamen were among the boldest in the world; those of St. Malo, Brest, and L'Orient, were to be met in the most distant waters, more generally engaged in fishing than in trade. The province was usually divided into Western or Lower Brittany, consisting of the dioceses of Vannes, Quimper, St. Pol de Léon, and Tréguier; Eastern or Upper Brittany, containing those of Nantes, Rennes, Dol, St. Malo, St. Brieuc. In the beginning of the 18th century, its population was about 1,650,000; it is now over 2,650,000.

BRITTON, JOHN, a learned English jurist, bishop of Hertford, died in 1275. He is the supposed author of the work "Britton," in French, which exists in MS. in many libraries, the British museum having several copies; it was first printed in 1540, and another edition in 1640; in 1762 a translation of the first 25 chapters was made and published by Robert Kelham.

BRITTON, JOHN, an English antiquary, born at Kington St. Michael, Wiltshire, July 7, 1771, died in London, Jan. 1, 1857. He was apprenticed to a London wine merchant, with whom he remained 6 years. For 7 years afterward he struggled with severe poverty, eking out a bare existence by various employments. A book on the adventures of Pizarro, which he wrote, introduced him to Mr. Wheble, publisher of the "Sporting Magazine," who em ployed him, with another person, to compile the "Beauties of Wiltshire," which appeared in 1801, and succeeded so well, that the authors were employed to compile the "Beauties" of all the other counties of England, in 26 volumes. His taste led him to antiquarian pursuits, and he published the 1st part of the "Architectural

Antiquities of England," in 1805; it was completed in 5 4to vols., richly illustrated, in 1815. His reputation established by these works, he devoted almost the whole of his remaining years to architectural and topographical descriptions, and antiquities. His distinct productions are 87 in number, and are valuable, not only for the information they supply, but for their numerous and beautiful engravings, from drawings expressly made for them by Turner, Pugin, and many other first-class artists. Mr. Britton's industry and economy realized a liberal competence. At the age of 76 he discontinued his labors as author. His friends, constituting the "Britton Club," entertained him at a public dinner, at Richmond, on that occasion (in 1847), and subscribed over £1,000 for a testimonial to be presented to him. On his own suggestion, the money was devoted to bringing out his autobiography. It was incomplete when he died, and such part of it as has appeared is very discursive. He published, in 1847, an "Essay on the Authorship of the Letters of Junius," in which he endeavored to prove that Junius was Col. Barré, aided by Lord Shelburne and Dunning.

BRIVES, or BRIVES-LA-GAILLARDE, capital of the arrondissement of the same name, in the French department of Corrèze, situated in the valley of the Corrèze, 15 miles S. W. of Tulle. Its fine appearance at a distance is not realized in its interior. The most remarkable buildings are a communal college, a hospital, a library, and an ancient Gothic house, dating, it is said, from the time of the English occupation. The manufactures embrace woollens, muslins, silk, handkerchiefs, and cotton yarns. There are extensive bleacheries and distilleries, and a brisk trade is carried on in brandy, wine, chestnuts, cattle, and truffles, the Brives chicken truffle pie enjoying much reputation. Gondebaud, reputed son of Clothaire, was chosen king of Aquitaine here in 585. The town was united to Périgord for some time, but at the request of Gregory XI. was detached therefrom by Charles V., and added to Lower Limousin, the title of capital of which province it long disputed with Tulle and Uzerche. Near Brivesla-Gaillarde is the ruined château of Beaufort, afterward called Malemort, noted in former times as the retreat of the military adventurers called the Brabançons. Cardinal Dubois and Gen. Brun were born here. Pop. of the arrondissement, 115,369; of the town, 9,036.

BRIXEN, a district in Tyrol, pop. 220,000, with a sub-district, pop. 24,000, and a town of the same name, 1,874 feet above the sea, on the frontier of German and Italian Tyrol, and at the confluence of the rivers Eisach and Rienz. Its position is strategetically very important, owing to the high and steep mountains on each side. The region produces cattle, wine (especially red wine), fruit, mineral waters, and iron (there aro iron and steel factories), but little grain. The city is spoken of as early as the 9th century. It has been the residence of a bishop since 992. The

Catholic council of 1080, which pronounced the removal of Pope Gregory VII., was held here. In the peasants' war in 1525, Brixen was occupied and sacked. In 1814, the district and the town reverted to Austria. In the vicinity of the town is the fort of Francis, or Franzensveste, erected in 1845, commanding the valley of the Eisach, and the 3 roads from Germany, Italy, and Carinthia, which join at Brixen. Pop. of the town, 3,850.

BRIXHAM, a seaport and market town of England, on the coast of the English channel, 25 miles S. of Exeter, is celebrated in history as the landing place of William III., Nov. 5, 1688, on his accession to the English throne. The rock on which he first set foot is pointed out, and a piece of it was presented to William IV., when, as duke of Clarence, he visited Brixham in 1823.

BRIZOUT, or BRISOUT DE BARNEVILLE, & French mechanician, born at Rouen, Sept. 7, 1749, died March 26, 1842. His father had, in 1759, invented an improved machine for fine spinning; this invention young Brizout perfected, but lack of means prevented him from introducing it to public notice. Entering the military service in 1779, he became a lieutenant, and in 1780 accompanied Baron de Vioménil to America. In 1783 he returned to France, was appointed commissary, made successful experiments with his invention, and erected a manufactory, where he produced muslins of the finest texture. He received a pension of $400, and $4,000 for 2 machines which he sold to the government. One of the machines was destroyed during the revolution, and he was compelled to resume his duties as commissary, but was in 1793 accused of assisting in the capture of some boats at the siege of Namur, and imprisoned. Upon his release he applied to the government for relief, and a sum of $40,000, for the establishment of a manufactory of muslins, was awarded to him, but was never paid.

BROACH. See BAROACH.

BROACH TO, in navigation, to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback, and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting.

BROAD MOUNTAIN, the highest in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania; a plateau of conglomerate rock, about 3 miles wide, and 2,000 feet above the sea, undulating just enough to contain 3 shallow coal basins intermediate between the Pottsville and Mine Hill on the south, and the Mahoning and Shamokin coal fields on the north. The extension of the Mine Hill railroad now crosses it by continuous steep grades on its southern flank, and 2 long inclined planes on the Ashland side. By the completion of this great work in 1856, the Broad Mountain has ceased to be an impassable barrier between the north-western anthracites and the seaboard.

BROAD RIVER, a stream of North and South Carolina, rising at the foot of the Bluc

Ridge, in the western part of the former state, and entering York district in South Carolina. It then takes a southerly course through a rich and highly productive tract of country, covered with fields of maize and cotton, and finally unites with the Saluda to form the Congaree river. The city of Columbia is at their junction.

BROADSIDE, the discharge of all the guns on one side of a vessel. A vessel fires a broadside into, or gives a broadside to another.

BROAD TOP MOUNTAIN, a trapezoidal plateau of semi-bituminous coal measures, in Huntingdon and Bedford counties, Penn. The highest point is about 2,600 feet above the sea. It is surrounded by a red shale valley, and an outside ring of Devonian rocks, called Terrace, Harmer, and Sidelong mountains; through this ring are several gaps, into and out of which flows the Raystown branch of the Juniata, half way between Bedford and Huntingdon. The mountain contains 2 principal coal basins, lying parallel, side by side, N. 25° E., united by the passage of the lower coals from one over the principal anticlinal into the other, and each compounded of several subordinate parallel troughs. This isolated double coal basin is separated from the bituminous coal fields of the Alleghany mountain upland, with an interval of 25 miles, by the great lower silurian anticlinal axis of Morrison's cove and Nittany valley. It is therefore not in the prolongation of the Cumberland basin, but in the synclinal next outside of this. It contains in its deepest troughs about 900 feet of coal measures, and takes in the Pittsburg coal bed, with one of the limestones above it. Two principal coal beds of the lower series, the Barnet and the Cook, averaging 6 feet thick, are worked. Coal was mined here for blacksmithing nearly 50 years ago. The Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad was completed in 1856, and will have 3 branches, each 5 or 6 miles long, up the 3 valleys which drain the western & of the mountain into the Juniata. The northernmost or Shaub's Run branch is completed, and all the mines worked in 1857 are upon it. The coal is a semibituminous steam coal, containing from 12 to 18 per cent. of volatile matter, and of the same qualities as Cumberland coal.

BROCADE (Span. brocado, embroidered), a fabric resembling embroidered stuff, formerly much in vogue for the most rich and costly dresses. It was originally made entirely of threads of gold or of silver, or of the two mixed. Ornaments of flowers and foliage were interwoven and raised above the surface of the cloth. When a cheaper material, as silk, was substituted for the metallic threads, the raised ornaments of leaves and flowers still continued to characterize the brocades. Though still regarded as elegant, they are now compar atively little in use, great varieties of other beautiful fabrics having taken their place; none of which, however, exceed them in beauty, or equal them in durability.

BROCATELLA MARBLE, a name given to a brecciated marble in which the fragments are quite small. (See BRECCIA). As generally used, the term is incorrectly applied only to a reddish brecciated marble brought to this country from Spain.

BROCATELLE, a fabric of silk or wool, or of both materials mixed, used for upholstery. It is usually of rich design, requiring the greatest care in its weaving. It is still woven in Europe altogether by the old-fashioned hand-loom, and one yard per day is even at this time considered good work. At Humphreysville, Conn., the manufacture has been introduced with the use of power-looms, with which it is stated that a girl can weave 6 yards per day of better fabric than the German, and almost equal to the best French brocatelles.

BROCCHI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, an Italian mineralogist and geologist, born at Bassano in Feb. 1772, died at Khartoom in Sept. 1826. In 1808, his valuable researches upon iron mines and metalliferous mountains procured him the office of inspector of mines in the newly established kingdom of Italy. In 1814 he published a work on the structure of the Apennine range, with an account of the fossils of its strata. He corrected the erroneous view of Brieslak, who supposed Rome to occupy the site of an extinct volcano, to which he ascribed the tufa and other volcanic materials found on the 7 hills. Brocchi, on the other hand, satisfactorily showed that they are derived either from Mont Albano or Monte Cimino. Both of these are extinct volcanoes, the first 12 miles, the other still further, to the north of the city. In 1823, Brocchi sailed for Egypt, with the view of exploring the mineral resources of that country. He received a commission from Mehemet Ali to examine his recent conquest of Sennaar, but the climate proved too much for his constitution.

BROCCOLI, a species of cabbage, belonging to the genus brassica, which includes the whole family of cabbages, savoys, borecoles, and cauliflowers, but differing from the other species of the family by its smaller seeds and the tendency of its flowers to press together into fleshy heads. It most nearly resembles the cauliflower, from which it differs by no very precise characteristics. The broccoli is best raised by sowing the seed in open beds and transplanting the plants once or twice. It may be produced either in spring, summer, or autumn, according to the time when the seed is sown. It has a woody stem, and may be propagated not only by seed, but by cuttings of its stem. To effect the latter method, let a portion of the old stem containing an eye or a bud, after being well dried in the sun, be dibbled into the soil, and not be watered till it shows signs of growing. BROCK, ISAAC, major-general in the British army, captured Gen. Hull and his whole army at Detroit, Aug. 16, 1812. He was afterward killed in the battle of Queenstown, near Niagara, Oct. 13. He was a brave and generous

officer. During his funeral the guns of the American forts were fired as a token of respect. BROCKEDON, WILLIAM, an English artist and inventor, born in Devonshire, 1787, died in London, 1854. He was the discoverer of a method by which plumbago and its dust (previously thrown away as valueless) were freed from impurities, and re-solidified, so as to make a superior description of lead pencils, of various degrees of hardness, well adapted for artists' use. Mr. Brockedon was a painter, and author of the "Passes of the Alps," with over 100 folio engravings from drawings by himself. He also produced "Italy, Classical and Picturesque (folio, 1842-3), and "Egypt and Nubia" (3 vols. folio, 1846-'9).

BROCKHAUS, FRIEDRICH ARNOLD, founder of the publishing firm of Brockhaus in Leipsic, Germany, born at Dortmund, May 4, 1772, died in Leipsic, Aug. 20, 1823. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town, and afterward sent into a merchant's counting-room at Düsseldorf. In 1793 he went to Leipsic to avail himself of the superior opportunities which that city offered for the cultivation of his mind. He devoted himself for 2 years to the acquisition of scientific knowledge and the principal modern languages of Europe. In 1795 he established at Dortmund a mercantile house for the sale of English manufactures, which he removed to Arnheim, in the Netherlands, in 1801, and to Amsterdam in 1802. Although he managed his business with success, in a pecuniary sense, he abandoned it out of distaste for mercantile pursuits in 1804, and entered into the book trade at Amsterdam. A periodical (De Ster, the "Star"), started by Brockhaus, 1806, in the Dutch tongue, and devoted to politics and literature, was suppressed by the government on account of its advanced opinions in political and ecclesiastical matters. The Amsterdamsch Avond-Journal ("Amsterdam Evening Journal"), which succeeded De Ster, did not live long. The confusion into which Europe was thrown by the Napoleonic wars was unfavorable to literary enterprises, and after the annexation of Holland to the French empire (1810), Brockhaus gave up his book business, returned to Germany, and re-opened his establishment in Altenburg (1811). In 1813 the firm received the title of F. A. Brockhaus. In 1808 Brockhaus had purchased the copyright of the German Conversations-Lexikon, which had been commenced in 1796. In 1809-10 he completed the 1st edition by the publication of 2 supplementary volumes. In 1812 he began to publish the 2d edition of this work, which was finished under his own editorship. It was favorably received and had an extensive sale. Shortly before the battle of Leipsic, and in sight of the enemy, he commenced a political newspaper called Deutsche Blätter, which breathed a patriotic German spirit. This journal lasted from Oct. 14, 1813, until May, 1816. peace of 1815 was a great advantage to the firm of Brockhaus, and enabled it to enter

The

upon large literary undertakings, with a reaonable assurance of adequate pecuniary returns. In 1817 the business had increased to such an extent that Brockhaus thought it advisable to remove to Leipsic, and add a printing office to his former establishment. His Conversations-Lexikon ran though 6 editions in his lifetime, and numerous other publications of the first rank raised the firm to a position in German literature corresponding to that which Dodsley, Constable, and Murray have severally held at different times in English literature. Among the more important publications of the firm may be mentioned Ebert's Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon, Von Raumer's Geschichte der Hohenstaufen, and more recently, Bunsen's translation of the Bible, of which the first part appeared in 1858. A perpetual desire to introduce into Germany a constitutional public life and a free press, similar to those of England, brought him under the ban of the reactionary governments of Germany, especially of the Prussian government, which, in 1821, ordered a censorship upon all the publications of Brockhaus, which lasted until his death. The firm of F. A. Brockhaus was continued by the 2 sons of the founder, FRIEDRICH and HEINRICH. Under their auspices the Conversations-Lexikon, which was the corner-stone of the fortunes of their house, has passed through its 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th (1851-55) editions, to which 3 companion works were added from time to time, namely, the Conversations-Lexikon der neuesten Zeit und Literatur (1832-34), the Conversations-Lexikon der Gegenwart (1838-41), and the Gegenwart (1848'56). In 1857 the firm commenced a 4th supplementary work of this character, called Unsere Zeit, Jahrbuch zum Conversations-Lexikon, the first issue appearing in Jan. 1857, and the 15th in March, 1858, and to be continued in monthly issues. The Systematische Bilder-Atlas zum Conversations-Lexikon was published between 1844 and 1851. In 1854-56 an abridgment of the 10th edition of the Conversations-Lexikon appeared in 4 volumes (the Kleineres Brockhaus'sches Conversations-Lexikon). The "Encyclopædia Americana," edited by Dr. Francis Lieber (Philadelphia, 1829-33), was based upon the 7th edition of Brockhaus, and an English translation of the 10th edition is announced by the Messrs. Chambers of Edinburgh (1857). Among the most notable periodical publications of this firm are the continua tion, since 1832, of the Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, by Ersch and Gruber; the Pfennig-Magazin; the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung, commenced in 1837, the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, since 1843, and the Leipziger Illustrirte Zeitung, since Jan. 2, 1858. Their trade catalogue in 1851 consisted of 1,500 works. In 1850 Friedrich Brockhaus retired from business, and Heinrich has since constituted alone the firm of F. A. Brockhaus. The firm of F. A. Brockhaus has printing, binding, and aiso type foun

dery establishments connected with its book publishing and general bookselling business. About 400 persons are employed in the different departments.-HERMANN, the 3d son of the preceding, born in Amsterdam, Jan. 28, 1806, studied the oriental languages at Leipsic, Göttingen, and Bonn. The languages and literature of Hindostan especially engaged his attention; for the better acquisition of this branch of knowledge he took up his residence for a long time in Paris, London, and Oxford. In 1839 he was appointed extraordinary professor at the university of Jena, and in 1841 at Leipsic. In 1848 he was called to the chair of Sanscrit language and literature in the latter university, which he still occupies.

BROCKLESBY, RICHARD, an English physician, born of a Quaker family at Minehead, in Somersetshire, Aug. 11, 1722, died in London, Dec. 11, 1797. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and subsequently at Leyden, where he took his doctor's degree in 1745. In 1746 he published an essay on the mortality of horned cattle. He was physician of the British forces in Germany from 1758 to 1763, and published his observations on medical hospitals on his return. His means being augmented by succeeding to his paternal estate of £600 a year, and his army half-pay, he saw a great deal of distinguished company, and gave handsome entertainments. In 1763, when John Wilkes was severely wounded in a duel with Mr. Martin, he was attended by Dr. Brocklesby, and the rapidity of his patient's recovery is said to have greatly benefited the doctor's rising reputation. În 1765 he was elected fellow of the royal society, which, at his suggestion, founded a professorship of chemistry at the royal military academy of Woolwich. For over 40 years he was on intimate terms with the leading statesmen, authors, artists, and other persons of intellectual note and mark in London. He attended on Dr. Johnson for many years without fee. When it was proposed that Johnson should visit the continent, in the hope that a milder climate might relieve him, and want of means was mentioned as a reason why the journey was to be abandoned, Brocklesby offered to settle on him £100 for life.

BROCKPORT, a village in the township of Sweden, in Monroe co., N. Y.; pop. 2,143. It is on the Erie canal, and on the Rochester and Lockport railroad, and contains, beside several churches, a bank, an academy, and a pump manufactory.

BROCKVILLE, a prosperous town in Leeds co., Canada West, and shire town of the united counties of Leeds and Grenville. It is a port of entry, and, with the township of Elizabethtown, sends 1 member to the legislative assembly. In addition to a number of large stores, founderies, machine shops, tanneries, factories, and mills of various kinds, it contains 2 newspaper offices, and agencies of several banks and insurance companies. It is situated on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, at the foot of the Thousand isl

ands. A steam ferry-boat plies every half hour, during summer, between this place and Morristown, in the state of New York. The Grand Trunk railway passes through the N. part of the town, and has a station and locomotive-engine building here. The Brockville and Ottawa railway, from the shore of the St. Lawrence, through the town, to Pembroke, on the Ottawa, is in course of construction. Pop. in 1858, about 5,000.

BRODERIP, WILLIAM JOHN, an English naturalist, born at Bristol, took his degree at Oriel college, Oxford, was called to the bar in 1817, edited a legal work on sewers and published 3 volumes of law reports. He was appointed by Sir Robert Peel a police magistrate for a metropolitan district, which position he retained for 34 years. He contributed largely to the "Penny Cyclopædia," and the major part of the zoological department of the "English Cyclopædia" is his work. He is the author of many essays in the "Quarterly Review" on subjects of natural history. He has also written "Zoological Recreations" (Lond. 1847), and "Leaves from the Note-Book of a Naturalist" (1852).

BRODHEAD, JACOB, D.D., an American clergyman, born in Ulster co., N. Y., in 1782, died June 5, 1855. He graduated at Union college in 1801; in 1804 he was installed pastor of the Reformed Dutch church at Rhinebeck, and in 1809 in the collegiate church at New York. In 1813 he established the first Dutch church in Philadelphia. He returned to New York in 1826 to the church in Broome street, removed to Saugerties in 1837, and to Brooklyn in 1841. He relinquished his pastoral labors in 1847.

BRODHEAD, JOHN ROMEYN, son of the preceding, an American politician and historian, born in Philadelphia Jan. 2, 1814, graduated at Rutgers college in 1831, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. He practised law for 2 years in New York, after which he removed to Saugerties and devoted himself to the study of American history. In 1839 he went to Holland and was attached to the United States legation at the Hague. The legislature of New York having passed an act, May 2, 1839, to appoint an agent to procure and transcribe original documents referring to the history of the state, he was commissioned under the act by Gov. Seward, in the spring of 1841. The 8 following years were spent by him in searching the archives of Holland, England, and France, which were liberally opened to his examination, for papers which might serve to illustrate the history of New York, and complete the records of the state at Albany. As the result of his labors he obtained a collection of more than 5,000 separate papers, many of them previously unknown to the historian. From Holland 16 volumes were procured, from England 47, and from France 17, comprising the reports and correspondence of home and colonial authorities concerning the affairs of the colonies in this country which, at different times, have belonged

to those governments. He returned to New York in the summer of 1844, and after a careful examination of the collection, Mr. Bancroft pronounced that "the ship in which he returned was more richly freighted with new materials for American history than any that had ever crossed the Atlantic." Mr. Brodhead took occasion to give an account of the results of his enterprise in an address before the New York historical society, Nov. 20, 1844. He deposited his collection in the secretary of state's office, and made his final report as agent, in February, 1845. All these documents were ordered to be published by an act of the legislature of March 30, 1849. On the appointment of Mr. Bancroft as minister to England in 1846, Mr. Brodhead was made secretary of legation, and remained at London until 1849. He now set seriously at work upon his "History of the State of New York," the first volume of which, containing the period under the government of the Dutch, was issued from the press in 1853. In the same year he was appointed naval officer of the port of New York, which post he held till 1857. He is still engaged in the preparation of his history.

BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS, an English surgeon, born at Winterslow, Wiltshire, in 1783. He was educated at the free school of Great Windmill street, London, and at St. George's hospital, under Sir Everard Home, whose successor he became in 1808, first as assistant surgeon and afterward as surgeon. In 1811 he received the Copley medal of the royal society, the highest prize in its gift, for his physiological papers in the "Philosophical Transactions." From that time forward, the career of Brodie has been one continuous series of professional successes. From 1819 to 1823 he was professor of anatomy at the royal college of surgeons. On the death of Sir Astley Cooper, in 1827, he became first surgeon to the queen. In 1834 he was created a baronet. He has since then been appointed professor of the medicochirurgical society; vice-president and president of the royal college of surgeons; member of the council of the royal society; and corresponding member of the institute of France. The degree of D. C. L. was conferred on him in 1850 by the university of Oxford. Sir Benjamin has suggested important improvements in many kinds of surgical instruments, and in numerous cases substituted simple and less violent methods of surgical operation. Beside his more important works on the affections of the urinary organs, and diseases of the joints, he has published numerous articles in the medical journals, and a series of remarkable physiological papers on the action of the nervous centres in the production of animal heat. The latter were published in the "Philosophical Transactions" from 1810 to 1812. The published works of Brodie are: "Lectures on the Diseases of the Urinary Organs," last edition, Lond. 1849; "Observations, Pathological and Surgical, on Diseases of the Joints," 5th edition in 8vo., Lond. 1851; "Physiological Researches collected and repub