severed from the body: but after that time Pindarus was never seen more. Whereupon, some took occasion to say that he had slain his master without his commandment. By and by they knew the horsemen that came towards them, and might see Titinnius crowned with a Garland of triumph, who came before with great speed unto Cassius. But when he perceived, by the cries and tears of his friends which tormented themselves, the misfortune which had chanced to his Captain Cassius by mistaking, he drew out his sword, cursing himself a thousand times that he had tarried so long, and slew himself presently in the field. Brutus in the mean time came forward still, and understood also that Cassius had been overthrown: but he knew nothing of his death, till he came very near to his Camp. So when he was come thither, after he had lamented the death of Cassius, calling him the last of all the ROMANS; being impossible that ROME should ever breed again so noble and valiant a man as he he caused his body to be buried, and sent it to the city of THASSOs, fearing lest his funerals within the Camp should cause great disorder. . . ." - Plutarch, Life of Brutus.

41. be a freeman: when about to die, it was customary for Romans to free faithful slaves.

42. search probe; pierce.

51. change: gain on one side offset by gain on the other. 65. Mistrust: doubt.

68. apt ready to believe.

106. discomfort: dishearten.

SCENE IV

"There was

9. O young and noble Cato, art thou down? the son of Marcus Cato slain, valiantly fighting among the lusty youths. For, notwithstanding that he was very weary and over-harried, yet would he not therefore fly, but manfully fighting and laying about him, telling aloud his name, and also his fathers name, at length he was beaten down among many other dead bodies of his enemies which he had slain round about him."- PLUTARCH.

SCENE V

17. The ghost of Cæsar hath appeared to me, etc.: "The second Battell being at hand, this Spirit appeared again unto him, but spake never a word. Thereupon Brutus knowing that he should die, did put himself to all hazard in Battell, but yet fighting could not be slain."- PLUTARCH, Life of Brutus.

31. "Now the night being far spent, Brutus as he sat bowed towards Clitus, one of his men, and told him somewhat in his ear: the other answered him not, but fell a-weeping. Thereupon he proved [spoke to] Dardanus, and said somewhat also to him at length he came to Volumnius himself, and speaking to him in Greek, prayed him for the studies' sake which brought them acquainted together, that he would help him to put his hand to his sword, to thrust it in him to kill him. Volumnius denied his request, and so did many others: and amongst the rest, one of them said, there was no tarrying for them there,

but that they must needs fly. Then Brutus, rising up, We must fly indeed,' said he, 'but it must be with our hands, not with our feet.' Then taking every man by the hand, he said these words unto them with a cheerful countenance: 'It rejoiceth my heart, that not one of my friends hath failed me at my need, and I do not complain of my fortune, but only for my country's sake: for as for me, I think myself happier than they that have overcome, considering that I have a perpetual fame of our courage and manhood, the which our enemies the conquerors shall never attain unto by force or money; neither can let [hinder] their posterity to say that they, being naughty and unjust men, have slain good men, to usurp tyrannical power not pertaining to them.' Having said so, he prayed every man to shift for themselves, and then he went a little aside with two or three only, among which Strato was one, with whom he became first acquainted by the study of rhetoric. He came as near to him as he could, and taking his sword by the hilt with both his hands, and falling down upon the point of it, ran himself through. Others say that not he, but Strato (at his request) held the sword in his hand, and turned his head aside, and that Brutus fell down upon it, and so ran himself through, and died presently."PLUTARCH, Life of Brutus.

45. of a good respect: worthy of esteem.

46. smatch: tincture; taste.

61. bestow thy time with: give your service to. 62. prefer: recommend.

66. "Messala, that had been Brutus' great friend, became afterwards Octavius Cæsar's friend; so, shortly after, Cæsar being at good leisure, he brought Strato, Brutus' friend, unto

M

him, and weeping said: 'Cæsar, behold, here is he that did the last service to my Brutus.' Cæsar welcomed him at that time, and afterwards he did him as faithful service in all his affairs as any Grecian else he had about him, until the battle of Actium." – PLUTARCH, Life of Brutus.

80. field: army.

GRAMMATICAL PECULIARITIES IN THE

PLAY OF JULIUS CÆSAR

In reading Shakespeare the student discovers frequent differences between the English of the dramatist and that to which he is accustomed. In order to reconcile these peculiarities with good usage, some knowledge of Elizabethan English is needed. Professor Abbott, whose work, Shakespearian Grammar, is authority in this matter, thus accounts for the forms which characterize Elizabethan English: "It must be remembered that the Elizabethan was a transitional period in the history of the English language. On the one hand, there was the influx of new discoveries and new thoughts requiring, as their equivalent, the coinage of new words; on the other hand, the revival of classical studies, and the popularity of translations from Latin and Greek authors, suggested Latin and Greek words (but principally Latin) as the readiest and most malleable metal, or rather as so many ready-made coins requiring only a slight national stamp to prepare them for the proposed augmentation of the currency of the language. . . But, for the most part, the influence of the classical languages was confined to single words and to the rhythm of the sentence. The syntax was mostly English, both in its origin and its development." The subjoined list of peculiarities of grammatical usage, found in the