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PHILOS

PHILOSTRATUS.

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The works of Philostratus, however, originally published separately, have been thought not unworthy the attention of critics of the first class. Grævius had a design of giving a correct edition of them, as appears from the preface of Meric Casaubon, to a dissertation upon an intended edition of Homer, printed at London in 1658, 8vo. So had Bentley, who designed to add a new Latin version of his notes: and Fabricius says, that he saw the first sheet of Bentley's edition printed at Leipsic in 1691. Both these designs being given up, a correct and beautiful edition was published at Leipsic, in 1709, in folio, by Olearius. At the end of Apollonius's "Life," are ninety-five "Letters," which go under his name, but bear all the marks of forgery. The "Lives of the Sophists," which make part of Philostratus's works, contain many things, which are to be met with no where else; and his "Icones," or images, are elegant descriptions and illustrations of some ancient paintings, and other particulars relating to the fine arts: to which Olearius has subjoined the description of some statues by Callistratus. The volume concludes with a collection of Philostratus's "Letters" but some of these, though it is not easy to determine which, were written by a nephew to the principal Philostratus, of the same name; as were also the last eighteen, in the book of images. This is the reason, why the title of Olearius's edition runs, not "Philostrati," but "Philostratorum quæ supersunt omnia."

There were many of the name of Philostratus among the ancients and there were many other works of the Philostratus here recorded: but we have mentioned all that are extant.1

PHILPOT (JOHN), a learned English divine and martyr, was the son of sir Peter Philpot, knight of the Bath, and twice sheriff of Hampshire. He was born at Compton in that county, and educated at Winchester school, whence he was admitted of New college, Jan. 27, 1534, was made fellow, and took the degree of bachelor of laws. In a manuscript list of persons educated in that college, preserved in the Bodleian library, he is termed, "constans. martyr pro verbo Dei, regnante Maria regina," a faithful martyr for the word of God in queen Mary's reign. He

Fabric. Bibl, Græc.-Vossius de Hist. Græc.-Blount's Censura.-Moreri, -Saxii Onomast.

was, according to Wood, esteemed a good civilian, and admirably well skilled in the Greek and Hebrew tongues. Strype says, that when at college, "he profited in learning so well, that he laid a wager of twenty-pence with John Harpsfield, that he would make two hundred verses in one night, and not make above two faults in them. Mr. Tho-. mas Tuchyner, schoolmaster, was judge; and decreed the twenty-pence to Mr. Philpot."

In 1541 his fellowship became void, probably by his setting out on his travels through Italy. He returned in the beginning of king Edward's reign, and was collated to the archdeaconry of Winchester by Dr. Ponet, or Poynet, the first protestant bishop of that see. He was not unknown to Gardiner, Ponet's predecessor, who had often forbidden his preaching in king Henry's reign, and on one occasion cited him to his house, before certain justices, and called him rogue. Catching hold of this abusive epithet, Philpot said, "Do you keep a privy sessions in your own house for me, and call me rogue, whose father is a knight, and may spend a thousand pounds within one mile of your nose? And he that can spend ten pounds by the year, as I can, I thank God, is no vagabond.' ??.

While archdeacon of Winchester he was a frequent preacher, and active in promoting the reformed religion in the county of Hampshire; and considering the doctrine of the Trinity as of fundamental importance, was a decided enemy both in word and writing to the Arian opinions which appeared first in that reign. He and Ridley were reckoned two of the most learned men of their time, yet Philpot's zeal was sometimes too ardent for the prudent discharge of his duty, and the tract he wrote against the Arians has the air of a coarse invective in the title of it. On the accession of queen Mary he disdained to temporize, or conceal his sentiments, but publicly wept in the first convocation held in her reign, when he saw it composed of men who were determined to restore popery. He wrote a report of this convocation, which fell into bishop Bonner's hands among other of Philpot's books, which Bonner had seized. It was not long, therefore, before he was apprehended, and after various examinations before Bonner, and a most cruel and rigorous imprisonment of eighteen months, was condemned to be burnt in Smithfield. This was accordingly executed December 18, 1555, and was suffered by the martyr with the greatest constancy. He wrote "Epistolæ Hebraicæ;"

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and "De proprietate linguarum," which are supposed to be in manuscript; "An Apology for Spitting upon an Arian, with an invective against the Arians," &c. Lond. 1559, 8vo and 4to; "Supplication to king Philip and queen Mary;"" Letters to lady Vane;"" Letters to the Christian Congregation, that they abstain from Mass;" "Exhortation to his Sister ;" and "Oration." These are all printed by Fox, except the last, which is in the Bodleian. He also wrote translations of "Calvin's Homilies;" "Chrysostome against Heresies;" and Coelius Secundus Curio's "Defence of the old and ancient anthority of Christ's Church" and his account of the convocation above mentioned, or what appears to be so, under the title of " Vera Expositio Disputationis institutæ mandato D. Mariæ reginæ Ang. &c. in Synodo Ecclesiastico, Londini, in comitiis regni ad 18 Oct. anno 1553;" printed in Latin, at Rome, 1554, and in English at Basil. 1

PHILPOT, or PHILIPOT (JOHN), Somerset herald in the reign of James I. was a native of Folkstone, in Kent, and descended from an ancient and reputable family, long seated in that county. From his infancy he had a taste for heraldry and antiquities. He was respected by Camden, who employed him much as his deputy or marshal in his visitations. In 1636 he published a catalogue of the chancellors of England; and in 1657 an edition of Camden's "Remains," with additions. When the civil war broke out, he adhered, amidst all dangers, to the royal cause. In 1643, the university of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. In the following year he fell into the hands of his enemies, being surprised whilst in his quarters, at a village about two miles from Oxford, by some of the parliamentary forces, who sent him up to London a prisoner; but he soon obtained his liberty. It was the king's intention to have rewarded his loyalty by the place of Norroy, but he died prematurely, in London, according to Wood, or near Eltham, in Kent, as Hasted says, Nov. 25, 1645.

His eldest son, THOMAS Philipott, or Philpot, M. A. was educated at Clare-hall, and published the "Villare Cantianum," London, 1659, folio; a book which is written in an affected style, yet is a very valuable performance, as

1 Fox's Acts and Monuments in year 1555.-Strype's Memorials, vol. III. 261.-Fuller's Abel Redivivus.-Ath. Ox. vol. I. new edit.-Strype's Cranmer, 295, 322, 341, 350, 359.

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an early history of property, and continues to be highly and justly prized. Though the son takes the credit, there can be little doubt but that much of it was written by the father. The son, however, was a man of good abilities, a tolerable poet, and well versed in divinity and antiquities. He published a whimsical, mystical, heraldic book, entitled "A brief Historical Discourse of the original and growth of Heraldry, demonstrating upon what rational foundations that noble and heroic science is established," London, 1672, 8vo, dedicated to John earl of Bridgewater. There are some verses of his prefixed to the "Monasticon Favershamiensis," 1671, 12mo; also an appendix to it by him of the descent of king Stephen. The book was written by his friend Thomas Southouse, of Gray's Inn, esq. His "Poems," Lond. 1646, 8vo, is a volume of rare occurrence. The elder Philipot is supposed to have been the author of "The Citie's great concern in this case, or question of Honour and Arms, whether Apprenticeship extinguisheth Gentry? discoursed; with a clear refutation of the pernicious error that it doth," 1674, 12mo. Another production of John Philipot was, "A perfect Collection of Catalogue of all Knights Bachelours made by king James," &c. 1660, 8vo. Mr. Lysons gives an extract from the parish register of Greenwich, which has been supposed to relate to him: "Mr. Thomas Philipott, buried September 30, 1682;" adding, "that besides the above works, he wrote on the origin and growth of the Spanish Monarchy, and a Life of Æsop," and remarking, that Anthony Wood attributes to him some theological works; but Mr. Lysons thinks it is more probable that they were the production of his contemporary, Thomas Philipott, D. D. rector of Turveston and Akeley, Bucks. Wood places his death in

1684.1

PHLEGON, sirnamed Trallianus, from Tralles, a city of Lydia, where he was born, was one of the emperor Adrian's freedmen, to whom he gave a liberal education, and lived at least to the eighteenth year of Antoninus Pius, as appears from his mentioning the consuls of that year. He appears to have been a man of great talents, and the contemporary of Epictetus, Florus, Arrian, and other eminent men who adorned the court of Adrian. Of his works, however, we have nothing left but fragments. The titles of

Noble's College of Arms.-Ath. Ox, vols. I, and II.-Censura Literaria, vol. I.

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them were an " History of the Olympiads;" "A Treatise of long-lived Persons;" and another of "Wonderful Things;" the short and broken remains of which Xylander translated into Latin, and published at Basil in 1568, with the Greek and with notes. Meursius gave a new edition of them, with his notes at Leyden, in 1622. The titles of part of the rest of Phlegon's writings are preserved by Suidas; but the "History of Adrian," published under Phlegon's name, was written by Adrian himself.

What has made Phlegon's name more familiar among the moderns, is his being cited, though a heathen, as bearing witness to the accomplishment of prophecies, and to the miraculous darkness which prevailed during our Lord's passion. This last was the origin of a controversy in the early part of the last century, although the immediate cause was the omission of the passage from Phlegon in an edition of Clarke's Boyle's Lectures, published soon after his death, at the persuasion of Dr. Sykes, who had suggested to Clarke, that an undue stress had been laid upon it. Whiston, who informs us of this affair, expresses great displeasure against Sykes, and calls "the suggestion groundless." Upon this, Sykes published "A Dissertation on the Eclipse mentioned by Phlegon; or, an Enquiry, whether that Eclipse had any relation to the Darkness which happened at our Saviour's Passion," 1732, 8vo. Sykes concludes it to be most probable that Phlegon had in view a natural eclipse, which happened Nov. 24, in the first year of the 202d olympiad, and not in the fourth year of the olympiad in which Christ was crucified. 1

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PHOTINUS, a famous heretic of the fourth century, known in church history as the chief of a sect called Photinians, was a native of Ancyra, the capital of Galatia, and bishop of Sirmium, or Sirmich, the chief city of Illyricum. He had been the disciple of Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra. He spoke with ease, and his eloquence gained him great power over his people after he was consecrated bishop; but his life was corrupted, and his doctrine soon became so too. He espoused the same opinions with Paul of Samosata, and wrote with great obstinacy against the divinity of Jesus Christ, for which in the year 345 he was condemned by the council of Antioch; in the year 374, by the council

1 Gen. Dict.-Moreri.--Lardner's Works.-Notes to Gabriel Seigneux de Correvon's translation of Addison's Evidences.Whiston's Life.

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