burnt; which execution was prevented by the duchess of Ferrara, who, it is thought, had received him at her court among the Lutherans.1

PALISSY (BERNARD DE), an ingenious artist, was born at Agen in France, about 1524. He was brought up as a common labourer, and was also employed in surveying. Though destitute of education, he was a very accurate observer of nature; and in the course of his surveys, he conceived the notion that France had been formerly covered by the sea, and propagated his opinion at Paris, against a host of opponents, with the greatest boldness. It was considered as a species of heresy. For several years after, he employed himself in trying different experiments, in order to discover the method of painting in enamel. But some person presenting him with a beautiful cup of that kind of stone-ware called by the French faïence, because it was first manufactured in a city of Italy called Faenza, the sight of this cup inflamed him with an insurmountable desire to discover the method of applying enamel to stoneware. At this time he was ignorant of even the first rudiments of the art of pottery, nor was there any person within his reach from whom he could procure information. His experiments were, therefore, unsuccessful, and he wasted his whole fortune, and even injured his health, without gaining his object. Still he gave it up only for a time, and when a few years of industry and frugality had put it in his power, he returned to his project with more ardour than ever. The same fatigues, the same sacrifices, the, same expences were incurred a second time, but the result was different. He discovered, one after another, the whole series of operations, and ascertained the method of applying enamel to stone-ware, and of making earthenware superior to the best of the Italian manufacture. He was now treated with respect, and considered as a man of genius. The court of France took him under its protection, and enabled him to establish a manufactory, where the manufacture of the species of stone-ware which he had invented was brought to a state of perfection. The only improvement which was made upon it afterwards in France, was the application of different colours upon the enamel, and imitating the paintings which had been executed long before on porcelain vessels. This improvement scarcely

1 Gen. Dict.-Moreri.

1

dates farther back than thirty or forty years. It was firstput in practice by Joseph Hanon, a native of Strasbourg, and was suggested by a German, who sold to Hanon the method of composing the colours applied upon the porcelain of Saxony. These vessels were soon after superseded by the Queen's ware of the celebrated Wedgewood, which both in cheapness, beauty, and elegance of form, far surpassed any thing of the kind that had appeared in Europe.

After Palissy had thus succeeded in his favourite object; he pursued the science of chemistry, and applied his knowledge to the improvement of agriculture. He was the first person who formed a collection of natural history at Paris, upon which he gave lectures at the rate of half a crown each person, a large sum for that period, but he entered into an obligation to return the money four-fold, provided it were found that he taught any thing that proved false. In 1563 he printed at Rochelle "Recepte veritable part laquelle tous les hommes de la France pourront apprendre à augmenter leur tresors," &c. which, after his death, was reprinted under the title of "Moyen de devenir riche," in 2 vols. 8vo. In 1580 he published "Discours admira-: ble de la Nature des Eaux, et Fontaines, de Metaux, des Sols, des Saline, des Pierres, des Terres," &c. This work was exceedingly valuable in the then existing state of knowledge, and in it he first taught the true theory of springs, and asserted that fossil-shells were real sea-shells deposited by the waters of the ocean. He also pointed out, the use of marle and of lime in agriculture.

Palissy is supposed to have died about 1590: he was of the protestant religion, and was sometimes threatened on that account. His reply to Henry the IIId. deserves to be commemorated. "If," says the king, "you do not change your religion, I shall be compelled to give you up to the power of your enemies." "Sire," said Palissy, "you have often said that you pitied me, but I must now pity you, for your expression of 'I shall be compelled;' give me leave to tell your majesty, that it is not in your power to compel a potter to bend his knee before the images which he fabricates." His memory is still respected in France, and a complete edition of his works, with a life, was published at Paris in 1777, by Faujas de St. Fond, 4to.

1 Moreri.-Dict. Hist. Baldwin's Literary Journal, vol. I.

PALLADINO (JAMES), known also by the name of James de Teramo, from the city where he was born in 1349, chose the ecclesiastical profession, was successively archbishop of Tarento, Florence, and Spoletto, had the administration of the duchy for pope Alexander V. and John XXIII. and was sent as legate into Poland in 1417, where he died the same year. He wrote some forgotten works enumerated by Marchand, but is most known by his religious romance, entitled "J. de Teramo compendium perbreve, consolatio Peccatorum nuncupatum, et apud nonnullos Belial vocitatum; id est, Processus Luciferi contra Jesum," Ausb. 1472, fol. but it seems doubtful whether the first edition is not in German, and published without a date. Mr. Dibdin has amply described both in the "Bibliotheca Spenceriana," and Marchand has discussed the history of the work at great length. It was reprinted several times since in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and in a collection entitled " Processus juris joco-serii," Hanoviæ, 1611, 8vo, which contains likewise "the Process of Satan against the Virgin," by Barthole, and "Les Arrêts d'Amour." Peter Farget, an Augustine, has translated "Belial's trial" into French, Lyons, 1485, 4to, printed often since, in the same form. It has also been published under the name of James d'Ancharano; and has in one form or other been translated into most of the European languages. 1

PALLADIO (ANDREW), a celebrated Italian architect, was born in 1518 at Vicenza in Lombardy. As soon as he had learned the principles of art from Trissino, the celebrated poet, who was his townsman, he went to Rome, and applying himself with great diligence to study the ancient monuments, he entered into the spirit of their architects, and formed his taste upon them. On his return he was employed to construct various edifices, and obtained great reputation throughout Italy, which abounds in monuments of his skill, particularly the palace Foscari, at Venice, and the Olympic theatre at Vicenza, where he died in 1580. He excelled likewise in the theory of his art, as appears by his publications, which are still in the highest reputation. His first was his treatise on architecture, "I quattro libri dell' Architettura," Venice, 1570. This has been often reprinted, and our country has the merit of a 1 Marchand.-L'Avocat's Dict. Hist.-Bibl. Spenceriana, vol. III. p. 181-2. VOL. XXIV.

E

very splendid edition, published at London in 1715, in English, Italian, and French, 2 or 3 vols. fol. This edition, published by Leoni, is enriched with the most valuable of the notes which Inigo Jones wrote on his copy of the original, now in the library of Worcester college, Oxford. A French edition of the London one was published by Nic. du Bois, at the Hague in 1726, 2 vols. fol.; and in 1740, one much enlarged in Italian and French, at Venice, 5 vols. fol. This has been more recently followed by Scamozzi's fine edition in Italian and French, printed at Vicenza, 1776-83, 4 vols. fol. In 1730, our countryman, lord Burlington, printed an elegant work, entitled "Fabriche antiche designate da Andrea Palladio, e date in luce da Riccardo Conte de Burlington," fol. This collection of Palladio's designs is very scarce, as the noble editor printed only a limited number of copies for his friends. Palladio also composed a small work, entitled "Le Antichità di Roma," not printed till after his death. He illustrated Cæsar's "Commentaries," by annexing to Badelli's translation of that work, a preface on the military system of the Romans, with copper-plates, designed, for the most part, by his two sons, Leonida and Orazio, who both died soon after. Palladio was modest in regard to his own merit, but he was the friend to all men of talents; his memory is highly honoured by the votaries of the fine arts; and the simplicity and purity of his taste have given him the appellation of the Raphael of architects. 1

PALLADIUS, bishop of Helenopolis in Bithynia, and afterwards of Aspona, was by nation a Galatian, and born about the year 368 at Cappadocia. He became an anchoret in the mountain of Nebria in the year 388, and was made a bishop in the year 401. This prelate was a steady friend to St. John Chrysostom, whom he never forsook during the time of his persecution, nor even in his exile. He went to Rome, some time after the death of that saint; and at the request of Lausus, governor of Cappadocia, composed the history of the Anchorets, or Hermits, and entitled it "Lausiaca," after the name of that lord, to whom he dedicated it in the year 420, when it was written; being then in the 20th year of his episcopacy, and 53d of his age. Palladius was accused of being an Origenist,.

1 Landi Hist. Litt. d'Italie, vol. IV.-Hutton's Dict.-Dict. Hist.-Rees's Cyclopædia.-Brunet's Manuel du Libraire.

because he does not speak very favourably of St. Jerome, and was intimately connected with Ruffinus; but perhaps no good proof can be drawn thence of his Origenism. He had been the disciple of Evagrias of Pontus, and was even suspected to adhere to the sentiments of Pelagius. He died in the fifth century, but what year is not known. His " History" was published in Greek by Meursius, at Amsterdam, in 1619, and in Latin in the "Bibliotheca Patrum" but he seems not to have been the writer of the "Life of St. John Chrysostom, in Greek and Latin, by M. Bigot," printed in 1680.1

PALLAS (PETER SIMON), a celebrated naturalist, the son of Simon Pallas, professor of surgery at Berlin, was born in that city, Sept. 22, 1741, and educated at first under private tutors, who spoke with astonishment of the progress he made. So early as the fifteenth year of his age, he entered upon a course of lectures on medicine and the branches connected with it; and two years afterwards was enabled to read a course of public lectures on anatomy. Yet while thus occupied in his professional labours, he found leisure to prosecute the study of insects, and other classes of zoology, for which he seems to have very early conceived a predilection, and in which he particularly excelled. In the autumn of 1758 he went to the university of Halle, and in 1759 to Gottingen; and during his residence at the latter, among other ingenious researches, his attention was drawn to the worms which breed in the intestines. This produced a treatise entitled "De infestis viventibus intra viventia," in which he has with singular accuracy described those worms which are found in the human body.

In July 1760 he went to Leyden, and studied under Albinus, Gaubius, and Muschenbroeck; and in December took his doctor's degree, on which occasion his inaugural dissertation had for its subject his dissertation on worms, with new experiments. During his stay at Leyden, natural history became his predominant passion. He employed all the time he could steal from his professional studies in visiting the public and private cabinets of natural history, with which Leyden abounded, and was particularly charmed with the collection of Gronovius, which he repeatedly exa

1 Dupin. Moreri.-Lardner's Works.-Cave, vol. I,-Saxii Onomast. where

áre others of the name.