Elements of mathematical and physical geography1868 - 92페이지 |
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Africa animals Antarctic ANTARCTIC CIRCLE Arctic Circle Arctic Ocean Asia Atlantic Atlantic Ocean atmosphere Australia axis Brazil called Cape Caspian Sea centre Chambers's chiefly Chili China circle civilisation climate coast COLURE continents countries cultivated currents Davis Strait distance distribution divided earth earth's surface earthquakes east eastern eclipses ecliptic elevation equator EQUINOCTIAL Europe extensively feet flowing Geography Give an account Give the derivation glaciers globe Gulf heat height horizon Indian Ocean Indies islands lakes land latitude longitude Maps mean annual meridian miles monsoons moon mountains night northern hemisphere numerous Old World Pacific Ocean Pages parallel plains plants polar poles Price principal race rain rain-fall regions rivers round the sun slope snow-line South America southern species Strait stratified rocks sun's table-lands temperate zone temperature trade-winds TROPIC OF CANCER Tropic of Capricorn tropical unstratified vapour vegetation volcanoes Western winds Wood-cuts
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19 페이지 - This, which is called the civil or the solar day, is measured between two meridian passages of the sun, and is about four minutes longer than the sidereal day. The cause of the greater length is this : When the earth has made one complete turn, so as to bring the meridian of the place to the same position among the fixed stars as when it was noon the day before, the sun has in the meantime...
26 페이지 - Asia is a mighty trunk, the numerous members of which, however, make only a fifth of its mass. In Europe, the members overrule the principal body, the branches cover the trunk; the peninsulas form almost a third of its entire surface. Africa is closed to the ocean ; Asia opens only its margins ; Europe surrenders entirely to it, and is the most accessible of all the continents.
54 페이지 - ... 80°. On either side of this warm belt the temperature diminishes towards the poles ; and the lines shewing successively this diminution are, speaking in a very loose sense, arranged parallel to the equator, thus shewing the all-predominating influence of the sun as the source of terrestrial heat. The coldest portion of the earth's surface is a small oval-shaped patch near to but not surrounding the north pole, its mean temperature being —4°. Its narrowest diameter lies north and south, nearly...
31 페이지 - But the whole interior is, in fact, thus raised into the air from 4000 to 8000 feet. The conformation of the country has most important moral and physical results; for while it gives to the table-land, on which the population is chiefly concentrated, a mild, temperate, and healthy climate, unknown in the burning and deadly tracts of low country into which a day's journey may carry the traveller, it also shuts out the former from an easy communication with the sea, and thus deprives it of a ready...
73 페이지 - According to the geological theory, the lines thus traced over the globe would represent rising lands, where the crust is less strong, and so less liable to repress the expansive powers below. There are a number of isolated volcanoes also scattered over the surface of the earth ; these are supposed to have opened » star-shaped communication with the interior. The most remarkable of these isolated volcanoes are Jan Meyen, in lat 70° 49
18 페이지 - In order to construct a map, and to determine accurately the positions of places on it, a knowledge of two elements is essential — viz., latitude or distance from the equator, and longitude or distance east or west of the meridian adopted. Every map, whatever its dimensions, is in some definite relation to the actual size of the globe. This relation is indicated by a scale — a graduated line shewing, by its divisions, the number of miles corresponding to any space measured on the map. The scales...
11 페이지 - The north temperate zone lies between the tropic of Cancer and the arctic circle ; and the south temperate zone between the tropic of Capricorn and the antarctic circle.
44 페이지 - Soon after, a contrary breeze springs up from the land, blows strongly seaward during the night, and dies away in the morning, giving place to the sea-breeze as before. These winds are caused during the day, by the land getting more heated than the sea, consequently the air over it ascends, and the cool air from the sea flows over on the land to supply its place ; and during night, by the temperature of the land falling below that of the sea, and the air becoming thereby heavier and denser, flows...
19 페이지 - The consequence is, that the length of the solar day is constantly fluctuating ; and to get a fixed measure of solar time, astronomers have to imagine a sun moving uniformly in the celestial equator, and completing its circuit in the same time as the real sun. The time marked by this imaginary sun is called mean solar time; when the imaginary sun is on the meridian, it is mean noon ; when the real sun is on the meridian, it is apparent noon.