Burgoyne's advance to Sara-
toga, 1777, 51.
Philadelphia, occupation of, by Brit-
ish, 52-55; brief tenure of,
55; inutility of, to British,
56; evacuation of, by British,
and hazardous retreat from,
to New York, 63, 64.
cesses of de Grasse against,
167, 168; sends Hood to
New York with fleet, 176,
177, and returns to England
on leave, 177; returns to
West Indies, 1782, and re-
joins Hood, 205; pursuit of
French armament against Ja-
maica, 207-212; victory of,
in battle of April 12, 213-220;
failure of, to improve his
success, 220-225; superseded
by Pigot, and returns finally
to England, 225.
Quebec, attack upon by Americans,
under Montgomery, 1775, 9,
10; blockade of, by Arnold,
1776, 10, 11; relieved by
British navy, 10-12; utility
of, to British preparations Rowley,
to control Lake Champlain,
15-17, 26.
Raids, by British navy, 56, 114.
Rhode Island, 47, 48, 69, 70, 72,
77, 78, 79, 115, 150, 155.
See Narragansett Bay.
Riedesel, Baron, commander of Ger-
man troops in Canada, 1776;
testimony of, to effects of
delay by Arnold's flotilla on
Lake Champlain, 13, 25;
quoted, 21, 23.
Rochambeau, French general, com-
manding forces in America,
requests coöperation of de
Grasse
168.
George (afterwards
Lord), British Admiral, ap-
pointed to command Leeward
Islands Station, 1779, 115,
121; sails to relieve Gibraltar,
122; on the way, destroys
two Spanish squadrons, 122-
125; relieves the place, and
sails for West Indies, 125,
126; actions with de Guichen,
April and May, 1780, 130-
135, 142-144; censures offi-
cers of the fleet, 135-139, 145;
further proceedings in West
Indies, 1780, 146-150; takes
fleet to New York, 150, and
turns to West Indies, 159;
capture of Dutch islands, 1781,
160; proceedings of, at St.
Eustatius, 161, 162; sends
Hood off Martinique to in-
tercept de Grasse, 162; suc-
Joshua, British Admiral,
brilliant conduct of, in Byron's
action, 106, 107, 109; im-
plicitly censured by Rodney,
136.
Hook, at entrance to New
York Harbor, 52, 63, 64, 65,
66, 76, 113, 150, 177, 184,
185. Lord Howe's prepara-
tions at, for defence of New
York, 1778, 65, 66.
Lucia, French West India
Island, capture of, by Brit-
ish, 1778, 100-102; d'Es-
taing's ineffectual attempt to
retake, 103, 104; military
value of, 104, 207; de
Guichen seeks to retake, 142;
mentioned, 105, 106, 128, 141,
144, 148, 165, 167, 168, 206.
Saratoga, surrender of Burgoyne
at, why decisive, 3, 6; capitu-
lation there, determined by
Arnold's defence of Lake
Champlain, 3, 7, 13, 14, 25;
Burgoyne's surrender at, 28,
50-53.
Saumarez, James (afterwards Lord
de), British naval officer, mid-
shipman at attack upon Fort
Moultrie, 1776, 35, 38; lieu-
tenant at the battle of the
Dogger Bank, 1781, 192
(note); captain in West Indies,
1782, 196; biographical sum-
mary of, 196 (note); in
Rodney's victory, 1782, 218,
221.
Savannah, capture of, by British,
1778, 113; disastrous effect
of operations thus initiated
upon the British position in
America, 114, 115, 151-153,
175-178, 184; failure of d'Es-
taing's attempt to retake,
115, 151.
13, 25; taken by British, 1777,
but reoccupied by Americans
after Burgoyne's surrender, 28.
Tiller. See "Helm."
Tippoo Saib, Sultan of Mysore, in
India, succeeds his father,
Hyder Ali, 1782, and continues
his policy, 252.
Tobago, British West India Island,
taken by French, 167, 168.
Trenton, battle of, 48.
Trincomalee, harbor in Ceylon, a
Dutch possession in 1780, cap-
tured by British, 1782, 240;
importance, and imperfect de-
fences, of, 240, 242, 244, 251,
252, 255; taken by French,
1782, 247; naval battle off,
between Hughes and Suffren,
247-251.
Schuyler, Philip, American General,
commanding Northern De-
partment, 1776; quoted, 12.
Seasons, effect of, upon naval opera-
tions, 98, 113, 115, 145, 149,
159, 251.
Spain, induced to enter the war, 1779,
3, 116; cruise of fleet of, in
conjunction with French,
1779, 116-121; divergence of
views between France and,
120, 121, 147, 158, 186; two
squadrons of, dispersed or
destroyed by Rodney, 122-
126; inefficiency of navy of,
125, 126, 147, 158, 187-189; Ushant, battle of, 83-93.
fruitless cruise of fleet of, in
conjunction with French,
1781, 188, 189; projected
conquest of Jamaica, 206.
St. Eustatius, Dutch West India
Island, capture of, by British,
1781, 160-162; a great trade
centre in the war, prior to
capture, 160.
St. Kitts, British West India Island,
attacked by French, 1782,
196; naval operations of
Hood and de Grasse about,
196-205; capitulates to
French, owing to lack of
British land force, 205.
St. Lawrence, River, the centre of
French power in Canada, 7;
strength of, as a military line,
7, 8; as a naval line of com-
munications, closed by ice,
10, 11, but at other seasons
controlling, 11, 12; relations,
to the decisive naval cam-
paign on Lake Champlain,
1776, 15-17, 25-26.
Ticonderoga, strong post at head
of Lake Champlain, 8, 9, 13,
18, 20, 27, 28, 46, 50; saved
from capture in 1775, and
1776, by Arnold's naval ac-
tion on Lake Champlain, 9,
Valcour, Island in Lake Champlain,
15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24;
selected by Arnold as the
position in which to await
British advance, 1776, 15;
description of, 19, 20; battle
of, 20-23; American retreat
from, 23-25.
Washington, George, commander-in-
chief of the American armies,
expression of, that the navies
had "the casting vote" in
the War of Independence, 4,
151; arrangements of, for
defence of New York City,
1776, 41-43; withdraws the
exposed division on Brooklyn
Heights, 43, 44; successive
retirements of, to Harlem
River, to New Jersey, and
across Delaware River, 44-
46; wins battle of Trenton,
1776, and recovers great part
of 'New Jersey, 48, 49; com-
ment of, on Howe's sailing
from New York, 1777, 52;
disputes, unsuccessfully,
Howe's advance on Phila-
delphia, 53, 55; skilful strate-
gic position of, in New Jersey
hills, 56; comment of, upon
effects of d'Estaing's long
passage out, 1778, 63; hot
pursuit by, of Clinton in
retreat from Philadelphia to
New York, 64; disappoint-
ment of, at failure of French
naval assistance, 1780, 150,
152; comment of, on Arnold's
treason, 152; with Rocham-
beau, asks coöperation of
de Grasse, 1781, 168; move-
ment of, against Cornwallis
at Yorktown, 178, 184; sur-
render of Cornwallis to, 185;
mentioned incidentally, 67, 72.
Washington, Fort, commanding Hud-
son River, 1776, 44, 46;
Washington orders evacua-
tion of, 45; stormed by Brit-
ish, and garrison taken, 46.
West Indies, dependence of, upon
portance of, 98; naval battles
in, 103, 106-112, 129, 130-
135, 142-144, 153, 163-167,
198-205, 207–220.
White, Thomas, British naval author
serving during War of Ameri-
quoted,
can Independence,
108, 183 (note), 204.
Yorktown, series of events which
brought Cornwallis to, 152,
153, 169, 170, 174, 175; naval
actions affecting control of
waters around, 170-173, 179-
184; Cornwallis shut up in,
176; French navy in force
before, 184; French and
American armies arrive be-
fore, 184; surrender of Corn-
wallis at, 185.
American continent, 60; sea-Zoutman, Johan A., Dutch Admiral,
sonal conditions in, affecting
naval operations, 98, 115,
commands the squadron at
the battle of the Dogger
Bank, 189-193.
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