BOOK NOTES.

THE recent formation of an International Association for Labor Legislation, with a permanent bureau under the direction of Professor Stephan Bauer at Basle, has brought into the realm of international coöperation another nineteenth century movement. The comparative study of labor laws which has been undertaken by this new bureau will be promoted by several compilations of existing regulations, such as that made for the late Industrial Commission by F. J. Stimson on the basis of Mr. Willoughby's studies in the Bulletin of the United States Department of Labor. A more systematic and exhaustive, and for those who read German a more convenient treatise, is a monograph by Dr. J. H. van Zanten of the Amsterdam municipal bureau of statistics; Die Arbeiterschutzgesetzgebung in den europäischen Ländern (Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1902; 338 pp.). His analysis is primarily by countries, but he has also given a topical summary in which he brings together the regulations of the various countries upon each subject, and a brief account of the historical development of legislation under the principal topics. The analysis is painstaking and accurate and is arranged with unusual clearness. The publishers have also contributed greatly to the usefulness of the book by careful typographical arrangement, so that it may be regarded as a model work of reference. It may be added that the essay received honorable mention in a contest for a prize offered by the Utrecht Provincial Society for Art and Science.

Every teacher of the industrial history of England has found himself handicapped by the lack of a satisfactory text-book. While it cannot be said that the ideal book has yet been written, Professor Cheyney's Industrial and Social History of England (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1901; 317 pp.) is distinctly superior to the familiar text-books on the subject. It is attractive in its general make-up, and presents the material which is most likely to interest the average student. An excellent bibliographical paragraph appended to each chapter enhances its value as a working manual. Possibly a more thoroughgoing discussion of the agrarian situation and of mercantilist policy would have been desirable. But the omissions are certainly not sufficiently important to impair the general usefulness of the work.

Mr. Price's English Commerce and Industry (London, Arnold, 1900; 252 pp.) is a text-book which will probably interest the student less than Professor Cheyney's work; but its clearness and conciseness make it an admirable introduction to economic history.

Students of the labor problem will find some material of interest in the report of the National Conference on Industrial Conciliation (The Knickerbocker Press, 1902). Part I contains an account of the National Conference held December 16-17, 1901; Part II consists of papers read before the Chicago Conference, December 17-18, 1900. The first part consists chiefly of effusive expressions of mutual good-will on the part of the representatives of labor and of capital; but the second part is composed of papers of a high order of interest, of which one by Carroll D. Wright on "Trade Conciliation and Arbitration Abroad," and another by E. Dana Durand on "Conciliation and Arbitration in the United States" are especially worthy of mention.

A more important contribution to the literature of the labor movement is M. de Seilhac's Syndicats Ouvriers (Paris, Librairie Armand Colin, 1902). Trade unionism in France is of comparatively recent growth, and its history is so closely dependent upon political movements that it is difficult for students of other countries to get a clear notion of it. The tendency of the French workman to rely upon state intervention rather than upon individual initiative is an obstacle to the development of an industrial democracy similar to the English labor organizations. Nevertheless, the ideals and methods of the French bodies appear to approach more nearly to those of the British as the former grow more experienced. Gallic originality appears in numerous phases of the problem. A curious feature is the organization of the "yellows," or non-union element, to resist the tyranny of organized labor. For a foreign reader the interest of the work is somewhat impaired by a detailed account of the parliamentary history of the various laws bearing upon the labor problem.

A second edition of Professor Émile Durkheim's De la division du travail social (Paris, Félix Alcan, 1902) contains a preface of thirtysix pages devoted to a discussion of corporations and labor organizations. The general conclusion that M. Durkheim presents as the result of what has evidently been a thoughtful study, is in interesting agreement with a view many years ago set forth by Francis Lieber in his work on Civil Liberty and Self-Government. It is, in brief, that no nation can maintain itself unless between the state and its individuals there is developed a series of naturally formed social

groups, each strong for the purposes of its own sphere of action. There is of course nothing in this view itself which is not familiar to all modern students, but it is well to have it emphasized at a time when the corporation and the trades union are both under suspicion and public criticism. M. Durkheim has rendered a service in showing that all legal developments growing out of our modern industrial evolution must frankly recognize the social necessity of these organizations.

Professor Tarde is continually adding to the already long row of volumes which he has contributed to that interesting domain of social psychology, or, as Professor Tarde himself would prefer to call it, inter-psychology, which lies between psychology proper and the political sciences; a domain in which he is probably to be recognized as our most acute and original thinker. In L'Opinion et la foule (Paris, Félix Alcan, 1901) he has given us an interesting study of public opinion, on the one hand, and of the crowd, or mob mind, on the other. The distinction rests upon a strictly psychological phenomenon, namely, the difference between the action which minds have upon one another at a distance and communicating through the written word or the printed page, and that which they have upon one another when assembled in the crowd. The one mode of action is necessarily intellectual and thought-provoking; the other as necessarily sensational, emotional, provocative of unreasoning action. Professor Tarde's work is no mere reiteration of this principle in varying forms of expression, but is a careful analysis of specific problems of both public opinion and crowd action.

M. Charles Gomel has continued his authoritative fiscal history of France at the close of the eighteenth century by a volume entitled Histoire financière de la Législative et de la Convention (Paris, Guillaumin, 1902). The first volume treats of the years 1792-1793, and is to be followed by a second volume. The work is marked by the same careful detail which has characterized all its predecessors.

Many years ago Mr. William A. Hines published a thin pamphlet on American Communistic Experiments. Messrs. Charles H. Kerr & Co. of Chicago have now published a revised edition of the work enlarged to 433 pages. In its present form it will be a valuable addition to the classic book of Noyes on American Socialism. Mr. Hines has not lost faith in the principle of communism, although he warns against the hasty and premature adoption of the scheme.

finds the most successful realization of the ideals of communism in the Amana communities.

A new edition of the famous Dialogus de Scaccario, or Treatise on the Exchequer, written by Richard, the Treasurer of England for almost forty years during the twelfth century, has been printed at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, under the editorship of Messrs. Arthur Hughes, C. G. Crump and C. Johnson. This will be warmly wel comed by students of fiscal administration, not only because of the care taken with the text, but also because the editors have added an interesting introduction, as well as a series of notes which throw much light on some of the obscure parts of the text. These notes alone occupy almost half the volume.

Mr. Andrew McFarland Davis, whose volumes on currency and banking were recently published by the American Economic Association, has collected in a volume some of the rarer and more interesting tracts which he utilized for his history. The book is entitled Tracts relating to the Currency of the Massachusetts Bay (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1902; 394 pp.). The volume is handsomely gotten up and includes photographic reprints of the titlepage of each pamphlet. Mr. Davis has reserved for a possible future volume the tracts of the second period, subsequent to 1720. It is to be hoped that he may see his way to publish this companion volume before long, as several of the tracts are so rare that only a single copy is known to exist. To the student of American economics the volume of Mr. Davis will be as valuable as were in their time the reprints of Lord Overstone for the student of English economics.

The fifth and sixth volumes of Rogers' History of Agriculture and Prices, bringing the account down to the year 1702, were published in 1887. In the three remaining years of his life Professor Rogers was engaged in collecting material for the concluding part of his great work. At his death, however, the work was in a very incomplete state. One of his sons, Mr. Arthur G. L. Rogers, took up the investigation, and has just issued the result in a seventh volume, divided into two parts, and covering the period from 1702 to 1793 (Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 8vo; 966 pp.). His independent studies during the last twelve years enabled him to unearth most interesting figures, not only from college accounts in Oxford and Cambridge, but from various printed sources, as well as from the records of a family estate in Yorkshire. The second part contains noteworthy entries covering the rates of wages and the prices of the stock of the South Sea Company, the Bank of England, the East India Company and the government issues. Mr. Rogers has modestly refrained

from any attempt to comment on these collections. It may be said, however, that his labors in concluding this monumental work have earned for him the gratitude of all students of economic history, and we trust that he may yet be prevailed upon to write a commentary on the figures of a century so important in the history of economic transitions.

Among the younger Frenchmen who have been winning laurels in the investigation of the economic history of their own country, M. Germain Martin takes a high rank. After spending several years in the study of detailed industries, he published in 1896 and the two ensuing years monographs on the guilds of Vellay, the paper industry of Annonay and the weaving school of Chavaignac in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These prepared the way for four important works which have appeared during the past three years, dealing respectively with the great industry under Louis XIV, the great industry under Louis XV, the labor associations in the seventeenth century and the industry and commerce of Vellay in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Not the least welcome of his works is the short but excellent Bibliographie critique de l'histoire de l'industrie en France, which includes documentary sources, contemporary writings and modern publications. M. Martin has recently spent several months in this country, and when he returns, as it is his intention to do before long, it is to be hoped that the American student will be more familiar with the writings of this gifted and erudite economic historian.

The Report of Proceedings at the Fifth Congress of the International Cooperative Alliance held at Manchester, July 21-25, 1902, throws an interesting light on the progress of the coöperative movement. Like the previous congresses this one was attended by representatives from all parts of Europe, including even Russia, Spain and Servia, and from Canada, Australia, India and the United States. The principal features of the program were reports from the different countries on the progress of coöperation and profitsharing, and the International Coöperative Exhibition, at which coöperative products from all parts of the world were exposed for sale. Even to those who have followed the growth of coöperation in Great Britain, the latest figures must seem striking. At the end

of 1901 there were in that country over 160o separate societies, with a total membership just short of 2,000,000; the capital invested. amounted to nearly £25,000,000, the sales to over £80,000,000 and the profits to over £9,000,000. Even productive coöperation,