occasion required, could deliver himself with greater weight of authority. It was his misfortune that he was never in the House of Commons. In that great school of eloquence he would have learnt the power of making the keen wit and exquisite facility of illustration, which shone so brightly in private, influence a large assembly, and command the sympathies of his countrymen. In the Lords there is not much scope for eloquence; and though he was never deficient when a course of policy had to be explained or defended, and could hold his own on such occasions, even against such giants as Lord Derby or Lord Ellenborough, he seldom intruded upon that apathetic audience, which, much as it relishes intellectual attainments in private, seems always to discourage the display of them in its debates. But by those whose good fortune it was to know Lord Clarendon in the unrestrained intercourse of private life he will ever be remembered, not only as the great Minister, the intimate friend of Sovereigns, and the depository of their confidences, but as the most genial of companions and the stanchest of friends, ever ready to cheer by his sympathy or to assist by advice derived from an almost unexampled experience and a most intimate knowledge of mankind and of affairs. By them his memory will be long cherished, and they will not fail to hand down to a succeeding generation the record of the quali ties which in their time have won such high distinction for him whom the elders among them preferred to call "George Villiers."

SIR JAMES CLARK.

This distinguished physician, who died on the 29th of June, was the elder of the two sons of Mr. David Clark, of Findlater, in the county of Banff; his mother was Isabella, daughter of Mr. John Scott, of Glassaugh, North Britain. He was born at Findlater, on the 14th of December, 1788. He received his rudimentary instruction at the Grammar School at Fordyce, and his more advanced education at King's College, Aberdeen, from which, many years afterwards, he received his degree of M.A. He subsequently studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and passed his examination at the College of Surgeons of that city, and also of London. the end of his university career he entered the navy as an assistant-surgeon, and remained afloat until 1815, when he returned to Edinburgh, resumed his in

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terrupted studies, and in 1817 took his degree of M.D. Dr. Clark next devoted some time to foreign travel, and eventually settled down at Rome, where he practised as a physician for eight or nine years. During his residence in Italy, with an earnest desire to become acquainted with all the modes adopted by the medical men of the Continent in the treatment of various diseases, he visited the medical schools and universities of Italy, France, and Germany, and thus, by laying wide the foundation of his medical experience, he secured for himself that high position in the medical world which he enjoyed for so many years. He visited most of the mineral springs of the Continent, made himself practically acquainted with their chemi. cal constitution, and carefully studied their several influences on the diseases of the human frame. At this time also he had the opportunity of observing the effects of climate on the diseases connected with the lungs, and especially on consumption in its various forms. At Rome Dr. Clark fortunately made the acquaintance of Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg. The acquaintance was renewed at Carlsbad, and it led eventually to his appointment as physician to that prince on his settling in England. Two years after his return to England Dr. Clark was appointed Physician to St. George's Parochial Infirmary. In 1828 he published, as the result of his previous studies and observation, a work "On the Sanative Influence of Climate," which has passed through several editions, and is still in high repute. In connexion with this subject Dr. Clark drew public attention to the importance of securing correct meteorological tables, and to the influence of his remarks may be attributed much of the attention which this question has since received. In 1832 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and he has repeatedly been chosen a member of its council. On the death of Dr. Maton he was appointed Physician to her Majesty, at that time Princess Victoria, and, on her accession to the throne, he was appointed First Physician in Ordinary to the Queen. Already, as far back as 1835, he had published a "Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption and Scrofulous Diseases;" and certainly he was among the first to prove that the rise of these diseases was due to a deterioration of the system itself and a weakening of the powers of vitality.

On the foundation of the University of London Dr. Clark was chosen a mem. ber of the senate of that body, and he then produced his pamphlet on "Clinical

Instruction." The defects in our medical education which he pointed out in this publication have since been remedied in this country, more especially since the University of London has made the examination at the bedside an essential part of the examination of candidates for degrees in medicine and surgery. In 1837, soon after the accession of her Majesty, Dr. Clark was created a baronet of the United Kingdom.

Sir James Clark was always a zealous advocate of all useful measures of sanitary reform; and he had the satisfaction of seeing, though late in life, those hygienic measures which he had always supported securing the attention of the Legislature, and put into active operation in most of our large towns and cities. To the Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine Sir James contributed a valuable paper on "Change of Air;" and he was the author also of numerous other papers which from time to time have appeared in the journals devoted to medical science. Sir James Clark took great interest in the establishment of the College of Chemistry, which was warmly supported by the late Prince Consort; and at a public dinner given to Dr. Hofman, of that college, prior to his departure for Germany, the services of Sir James Clark in connexion with the College of Chemistry were fully acknowledged. Finding his health to be failing Sir James Clark retired from public practice several years ago, and from that time he lived principally at Bagshot Park, which had been assigned to him by her Majesty as a residence. But although he had withdrawn from general practice, still, down to a very recent date, he continued to attend her Majesty and the younger members of the Royal Family, chiefly as consulting physician. To the last he took the deepest interest in every question connected with the improvement of our medical schools, the progress of hygienic measures, and the advancement of scientific knowledge.

Sir James Clark married, in 1820, the daughter of the late Rev. John Stephen, LL.D., by whom he had an only son.

THE BISHOP OF CHICHESTER.

The Right Rev. Ashurst Turner Gilbert, D.D., Lord Bishop of Chichester, died at the Episcopal Palace, Chichester, on the 21st of February, in the eighty-fourth year of his age.

If the late Bishop Gilbert was not so distinguished a prelate, or one who will

hereafter be found to have left so lasting a mark on the Established Church, as the Blomfields, Sumners, and Philpotts, who have been among his contemporaries and colleagues on the episcopal bench, at all events he was a man who did good hard work in his day, both at Oxford and in the southern diocese which he administered actively and effectively for more than a quarter of a century.

The Right Rev. Ashurst Turner Gilbert was the son of a gentleman who at one time was a captain in the Marines, and was born in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth about the year 1785, though the exact date is not given or recorded. His father, Mr. Thomas Gilbert, is said to have been sprung of a respectable Devonshire family, and, at the beginning of the present century, is recorded as being of "Ratcliffe, in the county of Buckingham." He subsequently removed to Henley-on-Thames, where a monument to his memory is to be seen upon the wall of the parish church. Young Gilbert, after a few years of preparatory training, was sent, in January, 1800, to the Grammar School of Manchester, at that time under the late Rev. C. Lawson, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (a man who was by birth and principle a non-juror, and who never, therefore, took priests' orders). Having remained at Manchester five years, he was entered at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he went into residence with an Exhibition from his school. He took his Bachelor's degree in Michaelmas Term, 1808; and his name stood side by side with that of the late Sir Robert Peel in the first class in the newlyestablished school of "Literæ Humaniores." He put on his Bachelor's gown in the following January, and a month or two later was nominated a Hulmian Exhibitioner of his college. Having subsequently been elected to a Fellowship at Brasenose, he took his M.A. degree in 1811, and occupied himself for several years as tutor of his college, acting also in 1816-17 and in 1817-18 as of the public examiners in the classical schools.

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On the somewhat sudden death of Dr. Frodsham Hodson, early in 1822, he was chosen Principal of his college; and while holding that post he discharged the duties of Vice-Chancellor of his university for the customary space of four years, in 1836-40. On the death of Dr. Philip N. Shuttleworth he was presented to the See of Chichester by Sir Robert Peel, his old friend and contemporary at Oxford, and was consecrated

in the chapel of Lambeth Palace, on the 27th of February, 1842. On quitting Oxford he was presented by the fellows and graduate members of Brasenose with a handsome table service of plate, in token of his zeal in watching over the interests of his college, and the courtesy and urbanity with which he had discharged the duties of his high position.

While still at Brasenose, and even more recently, after his elevation to the Bench, he took a lively interest in his old school in the north, which had sent him forth on his successful career at Oxford, and nothing gave him greater pleasure than attending its anniversary meetings. His fostering care as Bishop of Chichester was extended to Lancing College and the other educational institutions connected with it which have sprung up at Hurstpierpoint and elsewhere in the county of Sussex. He was also much beloved by the parochial clergy of his diocese. Though his personal leaning was in the direction of High Church opinions, he was averse to any approach to Romanism or Romanizing doings; and in October, 1868, he interdicted Mr. Purchas from carrying on his ultra-Ritualistic services at St. James's Chapel, Brighton. Dr. Gilbert was not the author of any theological works, beyond a few sermons, pamphlets, and Charges.

Dr. Gilbert's fine tall figure and handsome face, white hair and dark eyes, will long be remembered by Oxford men; and his memory will be held in honour and affection in the diocese over which he so long presided. He married, on the 31st of December, 1823, Mary Anne, only child and heiress of the late Rev. R. Wintle, vicar of Culham, near Oxford, by whom he had a numerous family- two sons and nine daughters.

CHARLES DICKENS.

Mr. Charles Dickens died, after a very sudden illness, at his residence, Gad's Hill Place, near Rochester, on the 9th of June.

There is no one of the men of the present day whose name will live longer in the memories of English readers, or will be more thoroughly identified with the English language, than the inimitable author of " Pickwick." But the story of his life is soon told. The son of Mr. John Dickens, who held at one time a position in the Navy Pay Department, Charles Dickens was born at Portsmouth in the month of February, 1812. The duties of his father's office obliged

him frequently to change his residence, and much of the future novelist's infancy was spent at Plymouth, Sheerness, Chatham, and other seaport towns. The European war however came to an end before he had completed his fourth year, and his father, finding his "occupation gone," retired on a pension and came to London, where he obtained employment as a Parliamentary reporter for one of the daily papers. It was at first intended that young Charles should be sent to an attorney's office; but he had literary tastes, and eventually was permitted by his father to exchange the law for a post as one of the reporters on the staff of the True Sun, from which he subsequently transferred his services to the Morning Chronicle, then under the late Mr. John Black, who accepted and inserted in the evening edition of his journal the first fruits of the pen of Charles Dickens - those "Sketches of English Life and Character" which were afterwards reprinted and published, in a collective form, under the title of "Sketches by Boz," in 1836, and the following year.

These "Sketches at once attracted notice, and the public looked with something more than curiosity for the time when the successful author should throw off his mask and proclaim himself to the world.

Almost simultaneously with these "sketches" appeared a comic opera from his pen, entitled "The Village Coquettes."

The graphic power of describing the ordinary scenes of common life, more especially in their more ludicrous aspects, did not escape the notice of Messrs. Chapman and Hall, then of the Strand, but now of Piccadilly, and they accordingly requested "Boz" to write for them a serial story in monthly parts; the result was the publication of the "Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club." It is said that a portion of the rough outline of the work was the result of a suggestion thrown out by Mr. Hall, one of the firm above mentioned; but be that as it may, the subject was treated by "Boz" in a manner at once so easy, so graphic, and so natural, and yet with such a flow of genuine humour, that the author found himself raised almost at a single step to the highest pinnacle of literary fame. Illustrated at first by poor Seymour, and afterwards by Mr. Hablot K. Brown ("Phiz"), the "Pickwick Papers" found an enormous sale from their first appearance, and Mr. Charles Dickens presented himself to the world as their author in 1838.

The great success of "Pickwick" naturally led to offers being made to Mr. Dickens by the London publishers; but the author wisely consulted his own reputation, and confined himself to the production of "Nicholas Nickleby" in a similar style and form. The work was written to expose in detail the cruelties which were practised upon orphans and other neglected children at small and cheap schools, where the sum charged for the board of hungry and growing lads, with every thing included, ranges from £16 to £20 a year. Mr. Dickens tells us, in the preface to this book, as it stands republished in the collective edition of his works, that it was the result of a personal visit of inspection paid by himself to some nameless "Dotheboys Hall" amid the wolds of Yorkshire; and the reader who has carefully studied it will with difficulty be persuaded that Mr. Squeers and Mr. John Browdie are not taken from living examples. The work was published in 1839.

About the same time he commenced in the pages of Bentley's Miscellany, of which he was the first editor, a tale of a very different cast. "Oliver Twist " lets the reader into the secrets of life as it was, and perhaps still is, to be found too often in workhouses and in the "slums" of London. When finished it was republished as a novel in three volumes, and in that shape too enjoyed an extensive sale. The following year Mr. Dickens undertook the production of a collection of stories in weekly numbers. The series was entitled "Master Humphrey's Clock," and it contained, among other tales, those since republished under the names of "The Old Curiosity Shop"- famous for its touching episode of "Little Nell," and of "Barnaby Rudge," which carries the reader back to the days of the Gordon Riots.

The pen of Mr. Charles Dickens was henceforth almost incessantly at work. About the time of the publication of "Master Humphrey's Clock" appeared his "Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi," the celebrated clown, almost his only production which deals with the plain prose of facts, and with everyday life divested of all imagination. Though much interest attaches to the work, we shall not be suspected of any intention of depreciating the author's reputation when we say that his imaginative powers rank far higher than his skill as a biographer. In fact, while "Pickwick " and "Nickleby" live, "Grimaldi" is forgotten. After completing "Master Humphrey's Clock" Mr. Dickens visited

In 1844 he published "Martin Chuzzlewit" in numbers, like "Pickwick and "Nicholas Nickleby," and in the summer of the same year visited Italy and Rome. An account of much that he saw and heard in this tour he gave afterwards to the world in the columns of the Daily News, of which he became the first editor. Its first number appeared on January 1, 1846; but after a few months Mr. Dickens withdrew from the editorship, and returned to his former line of humorous serial publications, varying, however, their monthly appear. ances with occasional stories of a more strictly imaginative cast, called "Christmas Books." Of these the first, "A Christmas Carol," was published so far back as 1843; the second, the "Chimes," appeared at Christmas, 1845; the third, the "Cricket on the Hearth," followed in 1846; the fourth, the "Battle of Life,' in 1847; and the fifth, the "Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain," in 1848.

Besides these Mr. Dickens published "Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son," the "History of David Cop. perfield," "Bleak House," "Little Dorrit," "A Tale of Two Cities," "Our Mutual Friend," the "Uncommercial Traveller," "Great Expectations," and last of all the 66 'Mystery of Edwin Drood," of which only three numbers appeared before his death. In 1850 Mr. Dickens projected a cheap weekly periodical which he called Household Words, and which was published by Messrs. Bradbury and Evans; but difficulties having arisen between author and publisher, it was discontinued in 1859, and Mr. Dickens commenced in its stead its successor, All the Year Round, which he continued to conduct to the last.

He retired from this work only in March last, when his reputation stood at its highest. His renderings of his best creations, both humorous and pathetic, of his most stirring scenes and warmest pictures of life, will not readily be forgotten. Men and women, persons and places, we knew all before in the brilliant pages of his novels; but the characters lived with a new life, and the scenes took the shape of reality in the readings of the master. America had an opportunity of appreciating his powers in this direction on the second visit he paid to that country in 1868.

While "Pickwick" charms us with its broad humour, it is in "Nicholas Nickleby" and "Oliver Twist" that the power of Charles Dickens's pathos shows itself. In those two works he evinced a sympathy for the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed which took all hearts by storm. This power of sympathy it was, no doubt, which has made his name a household word in English homes. How many a phase of cruelty and wrong his pen exposed, and how often he stirred others to try at least to lessen the amount of evil and of suffering which must be ever abroad in the world, will never be fully known. There was always a lesson beneath his mirth.

It only remains for us to add that he married, in 1838, a daughter of the late Mr. George Hogarth, a musical writer of some eminence in his day, and a man of high literary attainments, who was formerly the friend and law agent of Sir Walter Scott, and well known in private life to Jeffery, Cockburn, and the other literary celebrities who adorned the society of Edinburgh some forty or fifty years ago.

ALEXANDRE DUMAS.

M. Alexandre Dumas, the most popu lar and most prolific of French novelists and dramatic writers, died, in the beginning of December, of a paralytic seizure.

His father, M. Alexandre Davy Dumas, was a French general officer, who distinguished himself in the wars of the First Napoleon, and who, according to the received account, was the natural son of the Marquis de Pailleterie by a negress from the island of St. Domingo. Born on the 24th of June, 1803, at Vil. liers Cotterets, he was brought up, if not in the school of poverty, at all events in narrow circumstances, for his mother applied, though in vain, for a military pension. The son's education, therefore, was rather of a haphazard kind; on applying for employment

through the interest of his father's friends, he found but little chance of aid; and he might have starved or died of hunger if it had not been for the kindness of General Foy, who resolved to befriend him. Finding that young Dumas wrote a neat hand, the General recommended him to the post of supernumerary clerk in the office of the secretary of the Duke of Orleans (afterwards King of the French). His scanty income of £50 was then a fortune to him who afterwards conceived that dream of exhaustless wealth, "Monte Christo." For three years he lived the life of an office; the whole of his leisure being devoted to supplying the defects in the education of his early years, and by this means he soon acquired a taste for literature and a desire to excel as an author. Having witnessed Charles Kemble's representation of Hamlet, in Paris, his ambition was stimulated to produce a tragedy after the model of the English dramatist, and on the 1st of February, 1829, his first drama, "Henri III. et sa Cour," was played, and met with unbounded applause, spreading the fame of the author far and wide. After this came, in rapid succession, a whole series of plays" Charles VII.," Christine," Anthony," "Richard Arlington, "Therese," 66 'Angela"-all of which were equally successful. Out of his own country the name of M. Dumas was probably better known as a novelist than a dramatist, and more especially by his "Monte Christo" and "Les Trois Mousquetaires," the former of which has been reproduced in England in a variety of forms. As a dramatic author he was a bold innovator upon the old-established manner of the French stage, and his writings have been of considerable service to French literature in assisting to free his countrymen from subjection to arbitrary rules of composition. His claim to the authorship of the "Tour de Nesle" is disputed; but it is conceded that he furnished a great part of it. The controversy regarding this work, it may be remembered, lead to a duel between Dumas and Gaillardet, the two claimants. His first romances were "Isabeau de Bavière," "Les Souvenirs d'Antony," and "Gaule et France;" then came his "Impressions de Voyage"

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-very amusing reading, but, as travels, monstrous fictions. In 1857 M. Dumas visited England during the General Election, and in 1869 he was with Garibaldi in Italy, and wrote that great soldier's memoirs, and for a brief period held the office of Conservator of the Naples Museum. In 1852 Dumas began