181, 127. 182, 128. 183, 129.

184, 130. 185, 131.

186, 132.

What are the rules for steam vessels meeting end on?
What are the rules for steam vessels crossing?
What are the rules for steam and sail vessels mecting
or crossing?

What are the rules for a vessel overtaking another?
What are the whistle signals for steamers in sight of
each other?

What is the rule for steam vessels in narrow chan

nels?

187, 133. When one vessel must keep out of the way, what must the other one do?

188, 134.

When you see a vessel forward of your beam and coming toward you, how would you know which vessel can safely cross the other or if danger of collision exists?

189, 135. When is a steam vessel a sail vessel within the meaning of the "rules of the road"?

191, 137.

192, 138.

193, 139.

194, 140.

195, 141.

196, 142. 197, 143.

198, 144.

What is the light for a vessel being overtaken?
What are the rules for sailing vessels?

When must a sailing vessel keep out of the way of a
steamer?

What are the signals for vessels not under command? What are the fog-signals for a steamer underway, but stopped?

What are the signals for a vessel ashore in a fairway? What are the signals for a steamer under sail only with her funnel up?

What are the signals for a vessel laying or picking up a telegraph cable?

199, 145. When can vessels not under command or vessels laying or picking up telegraph cables carry sidelights?

200, 146. If you were running before the wind and saw the red and green sidelights of a vessel right ahead, what

would you do?

201, 147. Is there any reason why a steamer should not carry sail in foggy weather?

202, 148. Is there any reason why a sail vessel should not carry full sail in foggy weather?

203, 149.

204.

What are the distress signals?

You being in charge of a ship about ready to sail, what would be your duty?

ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS

on the examination paper for master, which must be written where the examination takes place. Where questions have, two numbers, the second one refers to the mate's examination paper, and the absence of such number indicates that the question does not apply to mates. Q. means question, Ans. means answer.

Q. 1, 1. What is latitude? Ans. The distance any place is north or south of the equator, and is expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds.

Q. 2, 2. Explain method of obtaining latitude by dead-reckoning? Ans. After the courses have been corrected for leeway, deviation, variation, heave of the sea, bad steering, etc., enter them in a traverse table, and opposite each course their respective distances. Then from a table of latitude and departure, take out the difference of latitude corresponding to each course and distance, and place them in their respective columns. To the latitude left apply the difference of the sums of the two.

Q. 3, 3. How do you proceed to find the latitude by a meridian observation of the sun? Ans. Correct the observed meridian altitude for instrumental error, semi-diameter, dip, refraction and parallax. This subtracted from 90° gives the zenith distance which is named contrary to the sun's bearing. To the zenith distance add or subtract the sun's declination corrected for longitude, according if of same or different name. The latitude takes the name of the greater of the two.

sun?

Q. 4. How do you find latitude by ex-meridian altitudes of the Ans. Observe an altitude near noon and apply the usual corrections. To the constant log. 0.29300 add the log. cosine of the latitude by account; log. cosine of the corrected declination, and the log. cosecant of the sum of the latitude by account and the corrected declination when these two quantities are of different name, and their difference when of the same name. The sum will be the log. of the change of altitude in one minute from noon. Multiply this number by the square of the time from noon to get the reduction. The remainder of the calculation is same as meridian altitude.

Q. 5. How do you find latitude by meridian observation of the moon? Ans. The same as meridian altitude of the sun, except that the declination must be corrected to the Greenwich minute of observation, and that a correction for parallax must be applied.

Q. 6, 4. How do you find the latitude by an altitude of the pole-star. Ans. Correct the altitude for instrumental error, dip and refraction. Turn the time of observation into sidereal time, and from it subtract the star's right ascension, and the remainder will be the hour angle. To the log. cosine of the hour angle add the log. of the polar distance in minutes. The logarithm thus found will give the correction in minutes to be subtracted from the altitude, except when the hour angle is more than 6 hours end less than 18 hours, when the correction is additive.

Q. 7, 5. What is longitude? Ans. It is the arc of the equator intercepted between the prime meridian and the meridian of any place.

Ans.

2. 8, 6. How do you find longitude by dead-reckoning? Correct the courses and enter them in traverse table the same as

for finding latitude by dead-reckoning, and from table of latitude and departure take out the corresponding departures and place them in their respective columns and take the difference of the two sums. Then enter table of latitude and departure with the middle latitude as a course, and find the departure made, in the latitude column, and the corresponding number in the distance column will be the difference of longitude which must be applied to the longitude left to get the longitude in.

Q. 9, 7. Explain method of finding longitude by chronometer? Ans. Observe an altitude of the body when on or as near the prime vertical as possible, and note the time by chronometer. Correct the altitude as usual, and apply the rate of the chronometer to the time noted, and correct the declination to the instant (Greenwich) of observation. From half the sum of the true altitude, latitude and polar distance, subtract the true altitude. Then add together the secant of the latitude, cosecant of the polar distance, cosine of the half sum and sine of the remainder. By Bowditch this resulting logarithm is divided by 2 to get the sine of apparent time; but if working by Thom, that operation is not performed. The time corresponding to this sine is the apparent time at ship when the observation was obtained. Correct the equation of time to the instant of observation (Greenwich) and apply it as directed to the local apparent time. The difference between the mean time of observation and that of Greenwich at the same instant is the longitude of the ship in time, and this is turned into degrees, etc.

Q. 10. How do you find longitude by sunrise and sunset sights? Ans. With a good glass observe the sun's limb to touch the horizon and note the time by chronometer. In this observation the altitude is a negative quantity and is found by adding the dip to the refraction for 0° and to the result add the semi-diameter if the upper limb is observed; but subtract if the lower limb is ob