240. PAUSES, are indications of silence; Proverbs.. 1. A bird is known by his note they were introduced with the art of printing;-and a man by his talk. 2. There are many, and it is questionable, whether they have aided us much in learning to read or speak: for if there were no pauses, we should be compelled to exercise the mind, so far as necessary to understand the author. Pauses in speech, are analagous to rests in music; and there are seven different kinds in each art; all of which must be thoroughly understood, in their essence, to read, write, or sing correctly. The true principles of notation, or pauses, are found only in the measure of speech, which is based on the philosophy of mind, involving the exercise of thinking and feel ing. The use of pauses is to aid in making the sense clearer, and should be only just long enough to answer their end.

who glory in their shame. 3. A good character-
is a badge of excellence, that cannot long be con-
cealed. 4. Never more, or less, than enough. 5
Some rather imitate greatness, than goodnose.
6. There is misery in want, and danger in excess.
7. Good sayings, belong to all; evil actions only'
to their authors. 8. A knowledge of the way, is a
good part of the journey. 9. If we go wrong, tho
farther we go, the farther we are from home. 10
Reform yourself first, and then, others. 11. The
fool-wanders; the wise-travel.
wind; seeing is believing.

12 Words aro

Inadequacy of Language. Words are poor weapons. The most beautiful verses are those which we cannot express. The diction of every language is insufficient; and every day, the heart of man finds, in the delicacy of his sentiments, and the imagination discovers-in the impressions of visible nature, things, which the mouth cannot embody for want of words. The heart, and the thought of man-are like a musician-driven to play infinitely varied music-on an organ, which has but few notes. It is sometimes more advisable to be silent than to speak. Silence-is felt by the soul, and appreciated by God; and that is enough.

241. There are TWO KINDS of pauses, Grammatical and Rhetorical. Grammatical pauses are distinguished by characters, and are addressed to the eye, as well as to the ear. The shortest pause is called a comma, (») which indicates a silence of one second. The teacher is recommended to count, at every pause, while the pupil reads; the same as is done at the rests in music; this exercise, is the surest to accomplish the object. Ex. 1. Do to others, as you would they should do to Varieties. 1. Is not the doctrine of the you. 2. None can be a disciple of the graces, divinity, and humanity-of the Lord Jesus but in the school of virtue. 3. Be armed Christ, the touch-stone, by which the chriswith courage, against thyself, against thy tian church is to be tried? 2. The life of a passions, and against thy flatterers. 4. Every christian-is his walk; Christ is his way, leaf, every twig, and every drop of water, and heaven-his home. 3. A coward in the teems with life. 5. The colors of the rain-field, is like a wise man's fool; he does not bow are- – violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.

know what he professes; but a coward in the faith, is like a fool, in his wisdom, he does not 242. Examples to Illustrate the Pauses. profess what he knows. 4. Virtue-consists The three grand degrees of all existences are in the faithful performance of our duty, from -what is natural, HUMAN and DIVINE. love to God, and love to man; and vice-ir. The three grand divisions of all natural the neglect of our duty from a love of self things are-earths, waters and atmospheres. and a love of the world. 5. The heart of a The three kingdoms of nature are-the min-worthless man-is as unfixed, and change eral, the vegetable, and the animal. The able, as the fitful wind. 6. The tongue may three divisions of the mineral kingdom are speak the loudest; but the heart-the truest. the soils, the rocks, and the precious stones. 7. Look at the form, consider the desire, and The three divisions of the vegetable kingdom acl, and mark the end; for thereby you may are-grasses, plants and shrubs, and trees. know the nature of all created beings. The three divisions of the animal kingdom are into those that creep and walk on the earth, those that swim, and those that fly. Each of these divisions is divided in trines; according to which, all things exist, and subsist.

Anecdote. An agent, soliciting subscribers for a book, showed the prospectus to a man, who, after reading-"one dollar in boards, and one dollar and twenty-five cents in sheep,"-declined subscribing, as he might not have boards or sheep on hand, when called upon for payment,

The humble man, when he receives a wrong,
Refers revenge-to whom it doth belong.

This world's not "all a fleeting show,
For man's illusion given;"—
He that hath sooth'd a widow's wo,
Or wip'd an orphan's tear, doth know
There's something here of Heaven.
And he, that walks life's thorny way,
With feelings calm and ever,
Whose path is lit, from day to day,
By virtue's bright and steady ray,

Hath something felt of Heaven.
He, that the christian's course hath run,
And all his foes forgiven,
Who measures out life's little span
In love to God-and love to man,
On earth, hath tasted Heaven.

H

243. The Semicolon-is an indication that we should pause long enough to count two, deliberately; and while we are thus resting, from physical effort, we can carry on our mental effort, for the purpose of producing the desired effect: for it is of the first importance, in reading and speaking, to keep the mind employed with the thoughts and feelings; even when there is no external act; except it may be the play of the facial muscles. 1. Envy not the appearance of happiness in any one; for you know not his secret grief. 2. The sign without the substance, is nothing; the substance without the sign, is all things. 3. None are so innocent, as not to be evil spoken of; none so wicked, as to want all commendation. 4. We may knw what we will not utter; but we should never utter, what we do not know.

244. The following lines afford a good ex ercise, in the placing and use of the grammatical pause.

I saw a peacock with a fiery tail

I saw a blazing star that dropt down hail I saw a cloud begirt with ivy round I saw a sturdy oak creep on the ground I saw a pismire swallow up a whale I saw the brackish sea brim full of ale I saw a phial glass sixteen yards deep I saw a well full of men's tears to weep I saw man's eyes all on a flame of fire I saw a house high as the moon or higher I saw the radiant sun at deep midnight I saw the man who saw this dreadful sight. 243. Natural History-involves the study of all the productions of nature, animal, vegetable and mineral; their qualities, relations and origin. It is divided into three kingdoms, giving rise to the corresponding sciences of Zoology, Botany and Mineralogy; which are divided into classes, orders, genera, and species, founded on prominent distinctions; in which, what most resembles the earth, are placed nearest in relation to it.

Anecdote. "How do you know," (said a traveler to a poor wandering Arab of the desert,) "That there is a God ?" "In the same manner," (he replied,) "that I trace the footsteps of an animal,-by the prints it leaves upon the sand."

Nor let soft slumber-close your eyes,
Before you've recollected thrice
The train of actions-through the day;
Where have my feet-chose out the way?
What have I learn'd, where'er I've been,
From all I've heard, from all I've seen?
What know I more, that's worth the knowing
What have I done, that's worth the doing?
What have I sought, that I should shun?
What duty-have I left undone?
Or into what new follies run?

These self inquiries-are the road,

That leads to virtue-and to God

Proverbs. 1. Posperity-engenders short, 2. Laziness-grows on people; it begins in cobwebs, and ends in chains. 3. Many have done a wise thing; more a cunning thing; but very few— a generous thing. 4. What cannot be told, had better not be done. 5. No patience, no true wasdom. 6. Those that are careless of themselves, can hardly be mindful of others. 7. Contentment giver a crown, where fortune hath denied it. 8. He, who lives disorderly one year, does not enjoy hum minds: or private ends will be served, at the pubself for five. 9. Public men, should have public

11. While there is life, there is hope. 12. Good lic cost. 10. Mildness-governs better than ange.

men-are a public good.

ternal world is designed, by its Creator, to aid essentially in developing the human mind. Ten thousand objects appeal to our observation; and each one is a book-of the most interesting character, which can be had without money, and without price. But we must attend to the animate, as well as to the in-animate world,-to men, as well as to things. We should not be ashamed to ask for information, when we do not understand the whys and wherefores; nor fail of conversing with every one, who can impart to us useful knowledge.

Importance of Observation. The ex

Varieties. 1. Are christians prohibited the proper use of any natural good? 2. When the honor and interest of TRUTH are concerned, it is our duty to use all lawful means-for its support and defence. 3. Tol eration-is odious to the intolerant; freedom-to oppressors; property to robbers; and all kinds of prosperity to the envious. 4. General Washington was born, Feb. 22nd, (O. S.) 1732; and died, Dec. 14th, 1797, aged 67; 21 years after the Declaration of Independence. 5. What is the most perfect Government? that, where an injury done the meanest citizen, is considered an insult upon the constitution. 6. Grammar-speaks; Dialectics teach truth; Rhetoric-gives coloring to our speech; Music-sings; Arithme tic-numbers: Geometry-weighs; and Agtronomy-teaches us to know the stars. 7. As the Apostle saith, so it is, viz: The invisible things of God, and Divine Order, may be seen, and understood by those things which are made, in outward creation; even his eternal power and God-head.

Words are like leaves; and where they most abound,
Much fruit of sense beneath-is rarely found.
False eloquence, like the prismatic glase,
Its gaudy colors spreads-on ev'ry place;
The face of Nature-we no more survey;
All glares alike, without distinction-gay:
But true expression, like th' unchanging sun,
Clears, and improves, whate'er it shines upon :
It gilds-all objects, but it alters—nons.
Expression-is the dress of thought, and still
Appears more decent-as more suitable

at home, that you would among strangers. 3. At the close of each day, carefully review your conduct. 4. Avoid unpleasant looks. 5. Be not over anxious for money. 6. Acquire the useful—first : the brilliant-afterwards. 7. A virtuous youth, spoils many good precepts. 9. It costs more to rewill make a happy old age. 8 One ill examplevenge injuries, than to bear them. 10. For the evidence of truth, look at the truth itself. 11. A friend is known, when needed. 12. Who robe scholar, robs the public.

246. A Colon, (:) marks a pause of thre Proverbs. 1. Eigion says-love all; and eeconds; or while one can count three, delib-hate none. 2. Observe all those rules of politeness erately. Principles are tested by their application; but even then, we must think, as well as feel, and ascertain the whys and wherefores. 1. Read the sacred Scriptures: they are the dictates of divine wisdom. 2. Harbor no malice in thy heart: it will be a viper in thy bosom. 3. Do not insult a poor man his situation entitles him to our pity. He, that studies only man, will get the body without the soul: he that studies only books, will get the soul, without the body: wisdom says, study both. 5. Partially deaf persons, more easily hear a moderately loud voice with a clear articulation, than a very loud one, that is rapid and indistinct: so it is with a weak voice, in addressing a large assembly.

Experience. In early youth, while yet we live among those we love, we love without restraint, and our hearts overflow in every look, word and action. But when we enter and forgotten by friends, we grow more and the world, and are repulsed by strangers, more timid in our approaches, even to those we love best. How delightful to us, then, are the caresses of children! All sincerity, then only, we feel the renewal of our first all affection, they fly into our arms; and confidence, and first pleasure.

247. COINCIDENCE. Washington-was born, Feb. 22d, 1732, was inaugurated, 1789 and his term of service expired in the 66th year of his age: John Adams was born, Oct. 19, 1735; inaugurated, 1797; term expired in the 66th year of his age: Thomas Jefferson was born, April 2d, 1743; inaugurated, 1801; term expired in the 66th year of his age: Madison was born, March 5th, 1751; inaugurated, 1809; term expired in the 66th year of his age: Monroe was born, April 2d, 1759; inaugurated, 1817; term expired in the 66th year of his age: all these five presi-juices; but, by the serpent, they are converdents were men of the Revolution, and ended their term of service in the 66th year of their

age.

248. BREATHING. When we sit at our ease, and are not exercising the voice, our breathing is slow and regular; and the more we speak, work, or sing, the more frequently must we inhale fresh air; because the expenditure is greater at such times: many persons fall victims to this neglect; and little is our primary instruction in reading calculated to aid us in appropriate breathing; the results of which are, exceedingly bad habits, inducing impediments in vocal efforts, disease and death. Oh, when shall we be wise, and understand these things? How hard to learn, even by experience!

Anecdote. A Mutual Mistake. Two gentlemen were riding in a stage-coach; when one of them, missing his handkerchief, rashly accused the other of having stolen it; but soon finding it, had the good manners to beg pardon for the affront; saying it was a mistuke: to which the other replied, with great readiness, and kind feeling, “ Don't be uneasy; it was a mutual mistake: you took me for a thief; and I took you, for a gentle

man."

It is a vain attempt
To bind the amitious and unjust, by treaties;
These they fluxe-a thousand specious ways.

Varieties. 1. What is more revolting— than the idea of a plurality of Gods? 2. An evil habit, in the beginning, is easily subdued; but being often repeated, it acquires strength, and becomes inveterate. 3. The bee and the serpent-often extract the same

ted into poison; while by the bec, they are
converted into honey. 4. He, that aims at the
sun, will not hit it, but his arrow will fly
higher, than if he aimed at an object on a le-
vel with himself. 5. Is there not a place and
state, for every one, and should not every one
be in his proper state and place? 6. Those
little words, "try," and "begin," have been
great in their results: "I can't”—never did
anything, and never will: "Ill try” — has
done wonders. The ministry of angels—
is that of supplying us with spiritual reasons,
truths, and love-principles, whensoever we
stand in need of them.

Gold-many hunted, sweat—and bled for gold;
Waked all the night, and labored all the day:
And what was this allurement, dost thou ask?
A dust, dug from the bowels of the earth,
Which, being cast into the fire, came out
A shining thing, that fools admired, and called- --
A god; and, in devout and humble plight,
Before it kneeled, the greater-to the less.
And on its altar-sacrificed ease, peace,
Love, charity, benevolence, and all
Truth, faith, integrity; good conscience, friends,
The sweet and tender sympathies of life;
And to complete the horrid-murderous rite,
And signalize their folly, offered up
Their souls, and an eternity of bliss,
To gain them-what? an hour of dreaming jog!
A feverish hour-that hasted to be done,
And ended-in the bitterness of wo.

240. A Period, (-) shows that we should Proverbs. 1. Put not off repentance-til an other day. 2. Rashness-is the fruitful parent of misfortune. 3. Self-exaltation-is the fool's paradise. 4. Sweet is the memory-of departed worth

pause four seconds; or while we can count four, deliberately. 1. Envy no man. 2. Know thyself. 3. Guard against idleness. 4. Vilify no person's reputation. 5. Abhor a falsehood. 6. Blessed are the poor in spirit. 7. Jesus wept. 8. Hurt not thyself. 9. Cherish the spirit of benevolence. 10. Perform your duty faithfully. 11. Make a proper use of time. 12. Cultivate the affections. 13. Do good to all. 14. Be punctual in your engagements. 15. Love humanity. 6. Obey the commandments. 17. Live the Lord's Prayer. 18. Be holy and just. 19. Be perfect. 20. Live for immortality.

250. Pythagorus, about five hundred years before the Christian era, called the visible universe-by the very expressive Greek name, ho kosmos—THE ORDER, which we translate the world. The Platonic school, afterwards, withdrawing attention from general nature, and fixing it on the epitomeMAN-began to call him—ho mikros kosmos, the miniature world; or, order in miniature. How much useful and instructive history there is in the origin of words! and it is gratifying to know, that these same subjects employed such minds as Plato's, more than two thousand years ago.

251. The intellectual physiognomy of Chatham-was of a severe, and commanding order; his genius-was eminently practical: and while no person-ever surpassed him, in the lofty aspiration and generous enthusiasm of patriotism, few have equalled him, in their calm and christian application. His private character,-shone with a lustre, very different from the unhealthy glare of political fame. His correspondence-presents him under an engaging aspect, and enables the reader to admire the husband and father, not less than the statesman and the orator.

5. The covetous man-is his own tormentor. 6 Avail yourself of the wisdom and experience of

others. 7. Be ambitious of excelling, that you may do and get the greater good. 8. The first step to greatness is to be honest. 9. Truth—is the bo sis of all excellence. 10. Unlawful love-generally ends in bitterness. 11. They that hide, can find. 12. A penny spared, is twice gol

The Gentleman and his Tenant.

A coUNTRY gentleman-had an estate of two hundred pounds a year, which he kept in his own hands, till he found himself so much in debt, that he was obliged to sell one half to satisfy his creditors, and let the remainder to a farmer for one and twenty years. Before the expiration of his lease, the farmer asked the gentleman, when he came one day to pay his rent, whether he would sell the land he occupied. "Why, will you purchase it?" said the gentleman. “If you will part with it, and we can agree," replied the farmer. "That is exceeding strange,” said the gentleman. "Pray, tell me how it happens, that I could not live upon twice as much land, for which I paid no rent, and that you, after regularly paying me a hundred a year for the half, are able, so soon, to pur chase it." "The reason is plain," answered the farmer. "You sat still, and said, Go. 1 stood up, and said, Come. You lay in bed and enjoyed your ease. I rose in the morn ing, and minded my business."

Varieties. 1. Who should be more vir tuous and intelligent, than the Teacher, who is to educate, and form characters-for time and eternity? 2. The happiness of every one-depends more on the state of his own mind, than any external circumstance: nay more than all external things put together. Anecdote. The Far West. "Pray sir, 8. Borrowed money-makes time short. 4. said one gentleman to another, "Is not In- The lowest condition of life, with prudence, diana-the Far West ?" "Oh no sir," was is better than the most exalted station, withthe reply. "Well, is not Illinois ?" "Very out it. 5. How absurd, to be complaining far from it." "Surely then, when we cross and tormenting ourselves, for what it is imthe Mississippi, you are in the Far West!" possible to avoid, or attain. 6. Pause, awhile, "No. not exactly." "Where, then, is the Far ye travelers on earth, and candidates for eter West!" "Why sir, it is about a half a milenity, and contemplate the universe, and the this side of sunset."

Beware, proud man, the first approach to crime.
Indulgence-is most dangerous-nay, fatal,-
Resist, or soon resistance is in vain.

The first-leads to the second, then to the third
The fourth succeeds, until, familiar grown
With vice, we start not-at our own misdeeds.
Temptation comes, so clothed in speciousness,
So full of seeming, we behold her not
With apprehension, till her baneful pow'r
Hus wrestled with our virtue: dreadful state!
When vice steals in, and, like a lurking thief,
Baps-the foundation of integrity.

Wisdom and Love of Him who made it. 7
Where there is no unison with God, the only
source of order, love and light, there is ner
ther order, or love, or light, but their oppo
sites. S. Art-is long, life—is short.
How terrible-is passion! how our reason
Falls down before it; while the tortured frame,
Like a ship-dashed by fierce encountering tides.
And of her pa spoil'd, drives round and round.
The sport of wind-and wave.

Our passions—always fatal counsel give;
Through a fallacious glass--our wrongs-appear
Still greater-than they are

252. The Interrogation, (3) indicates a pause, equal to the Colon, or Period, according to circumstances. It is generally used as a sign of asking questions: though sometimes, it is one of the strongest modes of affirmation. 1. Can you see? 2. Can you hear? 3. Can you taste? 4. Can you smell? 5. Can you feel? 6. Who are you? 7. What are you doing? 8. Where are you going? 9. What is your destiny? 10. Who made you? 11.wins the soul. 9. Persons are to be estimated, acOf what are you thinking? 12. Whom do