1787; and in that of Virginia which followed, he sustained the new constitution in all its parts, bearing off the palm against the logic of George Mason and the fervid declamation of Mr. Henry. With these consummate powers were united a pure and spotless virtue, which no calumny has ever attempted to sully. Of the powers and polish of his pen, and of the wisdom of his administration in the highest office of the nation, I need, say nothing. They have spoken and will for ever speak for themselves." The warm friendship felt by the writer of the above for Mr. Madison doubtless colored the expressions; but the estimate is in substance wholly just. From his earliest years Mr. Madison was a hard student. His memory was singularly tenacious, and what his penetrating mind once clearly discerned became assimilated, and was ever after retained. He thus laid up that great store of learning which in the conventions of 1787, and 1788 especially, proved so effective in the enforcement of his views, Clearness of vision was one of the marked traits of his intellect, and laborious practice enabled him to convey his thoughts in the fullest manner. The result was that he exhausted the subject upon which he spoke. When he had finished, nothing remained to be said. His manner of speaking was calm and conciliatory. This was an accurate reflex of the character of his moral nature. Averse by temperament to all extreme and violent views, and disposed to occupy middle ground between contending factions, he never became embittered in the struggle, and treated those who were opposed to him with unaffected courtesy and respect. A marked instance of this may be found in the position which he occupied in congress during the administration of Gen. Washington. Forced to separate himself from Hamilton and the federal party, he indulged in no denunciations, but strove to harmonize the conflicting policies, and, though standing on middle ground, was assailed by neither party. It has been seen that upon more than one great measure he changed his views and his position. An impartial critic will not conclude from this that he was weak or vacillating or mercenary. A similar if not equally defined modification of views characterized some of the greatest minds of the age. The republic was an untried experiment, the political philosophy of the system had yet to be framed, and the leaders of the epoch were compelled to steer the bark without a compass or the lessons of experience. The proper subject of inquiry is the result; and tested by this, the political career of Mr. Madison will not need vindication. After Washington, no public man of his time was more widely respected and beloved by the people. It was his rare good for tune to have a whole nation for his friends. The public confidence in and respect for his Well known honesty and singleness of aim toward the good of the country, ripened upon personal acquaintance with them into an affectionate attachment. His bearing and address were characterized by simplicity and modesty. His dress was uniformly black, and he resembled a quiet student, busy with thoughts of his books, rather than the head of a great nation. He was somewhat taciturn in public, but when he conversed, his tone was weighty and impressive. It was often naked, abstract reasoning; mild, simple, and lucid, but summing up long trains of thought. With his intimate friends, however, the courteous reserve of the public man changed to the genial humor of a boy. He had a strong relish for every thing facetious, and told a story admirably. This sunshine of temperament never deserted him. In the weary hours of pain during his old age, his humor flashed up as spontaneously as before. When some friends came to visit him, he sank back upon his couch with the smiling words: "I always talk more easily when I lie;" and during his last illness, while the family and the doctor were at dinner, his voice was heard feebly from the adjoining chamber crying: "Doctor, are you pushing about the bottles? Do your duty, doctor, or I must cashier you." Of Mr. Jefferson he had a long list of stories, which turned the laugh against his friend invariably, to the great enjoyment of the victim himself. In addition to the passage already quoted, Jefferson wrote of Madison: "From three and thirty years' trial I can say conscientiously that I do not know in the world a man of purer integrity, more dispassionate, disinterested, and devoted to pure republicanism; nor could I in the whole scope of America and Europe point out an abler head." Mrs. Madison long survived her husband, and maintained a conspicuous and respected position in society at Washington till her death, July 12, 1849, at the age of 82 years. See "Life and Times of James Madison," by William C. Rives (vol. i., 8vo., Boston, 1859). MADISON UNIVERSITY. See HAMILTON, N. Y. MÄDLER, JOHANN HEINRICH, a German astronomer, born in Berlin, May 29, 1794. In the earlier part of his life he gained a high reputation as a teacher in the principal normal schools of Berlin. Associating himself in 1829 with the astronomical labors of Wilhelm Beer, he published in concert with him the great map of the moon (Berlin, 1834-'6), and the work explanatory of it entitled Allgemeine vergleichende Selenographie (2 vols., 1837). In 1833 he was employed on the island of Rügen in chronometrical observations for the Russian government; in 1836 he was appointed director of the Berlin observatory, and in 1840 of that of Dorpat, Russia, an office which he still holds. Of great influence upon the progress of cosmology were his investigations in regard to the stellar system. Rejecting the hypothesis of the exist ence of a central body, preponderating in mass, as the universal centre of gravity, he found it in the Pleiades, in the very centre of the group in or near the bright star 7 Tauri (Alcyone). This hypothesis has been contested by Encke, Peters, and other astronomers. In addition to those on the moon, his observations have been devoted to the physical aspects of Mars and Jupiter, to double stars, the determined periods of variable stars, and the centre of gravity of the solar system. Beside his work entitled CentralSonne (Dorpat, 1846), the result of his investigations is embodied in his Untersuchungen über die Fixsternsysteme (Mittau, 1847-'8), and in various other publications. Among his most excellent works is his Populäre Astronomie (Berlin, 1841; 4th ed. 1849). MADOC, a Welsh prince for whom the Cambrian chroniclers claim the honor of having discovered America. According to these authorities, Madoc, compelled by civil disturbances to leave his native country, sailed westward in 1170 with a small fleet, and after a voyage of some weeks landed on a continent of exuberant fertility, whose inhabitants differed altogether from those of Europe. After some time he returned to Wales, but left behind him 20 of his crew. He fitted out another fleet of 10 sail, departed again with the intention of revisiting the newly discovered land, and was never more heard of. Humboldt says: "The deepest obscurity still shrouds every thing connected with the voyage of the Welsh chief Madoc, son of Owen Guineth, to a great western land in 1170, and the connection of this event with the Great Ireland of the Icelandic saga. In like manner the race of Celto-Americans, whom credulous travellers have professed to discover in many parts of the United States, have also disappeared since the establishment of an earnest and scientific ethnology, based not on accidental similarities of sound, but on grammatical forms and organic structure." Madoc is the subject of one of Southey's principal poems. Barcelona, and military governor of the valley of Aran. His spirited operations against the Carlist invaders of Catalonia secured for him the votes of the province of Lerida for the cortes. In 1842-'3 he took a prominent part in the movement against Espartero, on the success of which he was offered a seat in the cabinet and a supreme judgeship, both which he declined. He was afterward, in consequence of political troubles, imprisoned for a short time. In Aug. 1854, he was appointed governor of Barcelona, and having restored tranquillity in that city he resumed his seat in the cortes, where he was the acknowledged leader of the progresista party. He was also chosen president of that body. In Jan. 1855, he was appointed minister of finance, and proposed the famous law of desamortisacion, decreeing the sale of the property vested in the state, the clergy, and other public bodies, which met with great opposition, particularly on the part of the clergy. He retired from the ministry in June, 1855, and was at the head of the opposition in the cortes until July, 1856, when he was compelled to flee on account of his resistance to the cabinet of O'Donnell. Beside the works named, he edited a Diccionario geografico, estatistico y historico de España (16 vols. 4to., Madrid, 1848-'50). Of this work he was the publisher as well as editor, having established a printing office at his own expense, and at the same time superintended the sale. He also directed for a time the Catalan, an opposition journal. MADRAS, a presidency of British India, comprising the S. part of the peninsula of Hindostan, bounded N. by the presidencies of Bengal and Bombay, E. by the bay of Bengal, and S. and W. by the Indian ocean. It lies between lat. 8° and 20° N., and long. 74° 30′ and 85° 30′' E., and is divided into the following 22 districts: Rajahmundry Masulipatam.. Districts. Guntoor (including Palnaud) Arcot, N. division (including Con sooddy)... Arcot, S. division (including Cuddalore) Bellary... MADONNA (It.), a word originally equivalent in Italy to the French madame, and as such used as a title of deference and honor; but now applied almost exclusively to the Virgin Mary, as she is called in other languages Our Lady. The title has also given the name to a great number of pictures in which the Virgin forms the sole or prominent object, such as the Madonna di San Sisto or the Madonna della Seggiola of Raphael. The "Legends of the Madonna" (8vo., London, 1852), by Mrs. Jameson, describes the manner in which the subject has been illustrated by different painters. MADOZ, PASCUALE, a Spanish author and statesman, born at Pampeluna, May 17, 1806. His studies at Saragossa were interrupted in 1823 by his part in the defence of the castle of Monzon against the French invading army, and by his imprisonment during 17 months, after which he returned to the university, where he was graduated as doctor of laws; but, expelled on a charge of teaching Jansenist doctrines, he lived for some time at Tours in France. On his Coorg return to Spain he became editor of the “Universal Geographical Dictionary," commenced by Bergnes (10 vols. 8vo., Barcelona, 1829-'34), and published a "Collection of Celebrated Trials." In 1835 he was appointed judge at Cuddapah (including Poonganoon). Salem (including Vomundoor and Mullapandy)... Coimbatore. Trichinopoly Tanjore (including Nagore).. Canara Kurnool. Total... Within the boundaries of the presidency are also the following states and settlements not subject to Great Britain: Possessions. FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. Por -herry متدلا NATIVE STATES. Cochin. Mrre Poodoocottah Travancore Jeypoor and hill zemindarries.. Total Area in 63 107 18 2 185 1,988 80,886 1,163 13,041 49,807 6,881 2,616 178,559 51,802 5,218,671 51,987 5,392,230 erated by the regular alternation of the N. E Population. and S. W. monsoons. The fall of rain in the western Ghauts is enormous, the rainy season in certain localities lasting 9 months.-The most 119,755 important vegetable product of Madras is ship timber, of excellent quality and abundant. More than 100 kinds of trees, including the teak, peon, sandal wood, and cocoa palm, are found in the forests. Rice, maize, millet, ragi (Eleusine 288,176 coracana), oil seeds, pulse, yams, plantains, 3,460,696 61.745 sugar, tobacco, pepper, and cardamoms are ex4,722 1,011,824 tensively cultivated. The efforts of the British 391,230 government to introduce the culture of cotton have been attended with success, but the state of agriculture in general is much in need of improvement. The most valuable minerals are iron (in the mining of which a company is largely engaged in Malabar and S. Arcot), copper, manganese, antimony, silver, emery, and lead. Both anthracite and bituminous coal are found on the banks of the Godavery, and gems are collected in various districts.-In a commercial point of view, Madras is the least important of the 3 presidencies. Up to the present time it has had few good avenues of land communication to compensate for its want of harbors; but the Madras railway company has several lines in progress, which will connect the city of Madras with Bombay, Calicut, Beypoor, Bangalore, &c. Portions of these routes have been open since 1856. The foreign trade is chiefly with Ceylon, Great Britain, the Arabian and Persian gulfs, Mauritius and Bourbon islands, New South Wales, France, Penang, Singapore, and Malacca. The imports, arranged according to values, are cotton manufactures, military stores, iron, wearing apparel, wines, fruits, horses, malt liquors, books and stationery, and manufactured metals; and the exports, grain, indigo, cotton goods, raw cotton, sugar, oil seeds, skins and hides, coffee, and spices. The following table shows the movements of shipping in 1855; The total area of the Madras presidency is thus 184,096 sq. m., and its population 27,753,927. The principal cities and towns are Madras, the capital, Ganjam, Bellary, Bangalore, Calicut, Cannanore, Mysore, Mangalore, Seringapatam, Vellore, Pondicherry, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Cochin.-The coast line comprises 540 m. on the Indian ocean and Arabian sea, and 1,187 on the bay of Bengal, but it is almost destitute of good harbors. The estuaries of many of the rivers, however, afford anchorage for small vessels. The N. part of the W. coast is bold and rocky for a distance of about 150 m. What is known as the Malabar coast, stretching S. from Mt. Dilly to Cape Comorin, is generally low and sandy or muddy, and in some parts thickly wooded. To the E. of Cape Comorin, between the mainland and Ceylon, is the shallow and difficult gulf of Manaar, whose shores are low, rocky, and beset with reefs. The Coromandel and Golconda coasts, which lie to the N., present no bold features, and have but 2 or 3 ports, vessels being obliged to anchor in the open sea at some distance from land. The N. E part of the presidency is occupied by the coast of Orissa, with high rocky headlands and rugged hills. The principal rivers of Madras are the Godavery, Kistnah, Pennar, Palair, Punnair, and Cavery, all of which fall into the bay of Bengal. Those on the W. coast are very numerous, but small. Near their mouths they expand into broad shallow estuaries, or wide lagoons, called backwaters, one of which at Cochin reaches N. and S. a distance of 120 m. -The surface of the interior is diversified, the eastern and western Ghauts running nearly The imports and exports for the 3 years 1855-'7 parallel with the seaboard, while the S. part of the presidency is traversed by the ridges which connect these two great ranges at their S. extremities. The central and northern parts belong to the great table-land of the Deccan. The soil along the coasts is light and sandy, and inland it is impregnated with salt, which in dry Weather appears upon the surface in the form of efflorescence. The climate is generally considered the hottest in India, but it varies greatly with differences of elevation. The table-land, being 6,000 or 7,000 feet above the sea, enjoys a cool and delightful temperature, and even in some parts of the low country the heat is mod The revenue of the presidency during the year ending April 30,1858, was £4,580,978, and the expenditures were £5,388,458.-MADRAS, the capital of the above presidency, is situated on the bay of Bengal (Coromandel coast), in lat. 13° 5' N., long. 80° 21′ E., 640 m. S. E. from Bombay, and 885 m. S. W. from Calcutta; pop. estimated officially at 720,000, the great majority of whom are Hindoos. There are very few Christians, and most of them are descendants of Portuguese or of the converts made by Portuguese missionaries. The city extends about 9 m. along the shore, and has an average breadth of 33 m. reaching down to the beach. It is bounded on the S. by the small river Adyar, which is not navigable; and another rivulet called the Kuam, and a canal which is now navigated by steam, flow through it. The European residents occupy light two-story dwellings in the outskirts or suburbs, with compounds or enclosures around them thickly planted with shade trees. The principal shops are in the quarter called the Black town, which is crossed N. and S. by 3 good avenues. The minor streets, inhabited by the natives, are narrow and dirty. The custom house, some of the courts and other government buildings, and the warehouses and offices of the principal European merchants, are built along the beach; and here too are the principal drive and promenade, and the strong and handsome fortress called Fort St. George, with barracks for troops and a double line of bombproof defences on the land side. It has accommodations for 1,000 men. Adjoining it is a fine esplanade, protected from the encroachments of the sea by a stone wall. The principal public buildings of Madras are the government house, mint, exchange, bank of Madras, government savings bank, general and naval hospitals, male and female orphan asylums, post office, the pantheon (comprising a theatre, ball rooms, &c.), St. George's cathedral, St. Andrew's (Scotch) church, the Roman Catholic cathedral, about 20 other places of worship, 7 or 8 of which belong to the established church, one to the American mission, and one to the Armenians, a mosque, and several unpretending Hindoo and Mohammedan temples. The chief establishments for education are a university, comprising primary and high schools, and a college (which is now however virtually extinct), a successful medical school for the natives, a polytechnic institute, and a literary institute. There are agricultural and horticultural societies, a botanical garden, a good museum, and a government observatory. The periodical press comprises 9 or 10 weekly, semi-weekly, and tri-weekly, 2 semi-monthly, 7 monthly, and 2 quarterly publications. Madras is supplied with excellent water from wells in the Black town; it is conveyed in pipes to two reservoirs, and thence distributed through the city. The streets have been lighted with gas since Nov. 1859.-Madras is totally destitute of a harbor. Large ships are obliged to anchor about 2 m. from the beach in 9 fathoms of water, and landing is effected by boats called masulahs, built of thin planks, flat-bottomed, without ribs or keel, and so flexible as to yield to the impulse of the breakers. The greatest skill is required to conduct them through the tremendous surf, in which no boat of ordinary construction could live a moment. Throughout the S. W. monsoon the anchorage is extremely hazardous, and ships are often obliged to cut loose their anchors and put out to sea. The building of a pier was The settlement of Madras dates from 1639, when Mr. Francis Day, chief of the British factory at Armegon, the first English settlement on the Coromandel coast, removed his establishment to this spot, and built Fort St. George on a small tract of territory granted by a native prince. The presidency was created in 1653. The settlement was known at first as Chenappatam, but in official documents the city still retains the name of Fort George. In 1702 it was blockaded by Daoud Khan, a general of Aurungzebe; in Sept. 1744, after 3 days' bombardment, it surrendered to the French under La Bourdonnais; and in 1758-'9, having reverted to Great Britain by the peace of Aix la Chapelle (1748), it underwent a siege of two months by a large French and native force under Lally. The assailants were finally driven off, leaving all their sick, 52 pieces of cannon, and most of their stores. MADRAZO, JOSÉ Y AGUDA, a Spanish painter, born at Santander, April 22, 1781, died in Madrid, May 8, 1859. He pursued his studies at the academy of Madrid, in Paris under David, and in Rome, where he spent several years, having been sent there by the king of Spain. In 1818, on his return to Madrid, he became director of the academy, and afterward of the museum. His principal works are: "Jesus in the House of Ananias," the "Sacred Heart of Jesus," the "Battle of Cerignola," the "Seizure of Breda," the." Storming of Montefrio," and an admirable portrait of the present empress of France. His sons, Federico and Luis are among the most distinguished living artists of Spain, particularly the former, who was born in Rome in 1815, and excels as portrait painter. MADREPORE. See CORAL. MADRID, the metropolis of Spain, situated in the centre of the peninsula, about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the left bank of the Manzanares, crossed here by magnificent bridges, in lat. 40° 25' N., long. 3° 42′ W.; area nearly 5 sq. m.; pop. in 1857, 281,170, including upward of 25,000 foreigners, chiefly French. It is connected with the Mediterranean by the recently opened railway to Alicante via Aranjuez and Almansa; distance from the former city 282 m. The projected railway to Bayonne (240 m.) will establish a direct communication between Madrid and Paris. A railway to Valencia is in course of construction, and one to Lisbon (320 m.) is also contemplated. Madrid is placed in the midst of a desert-like region, and even within a short distance from the gates there is hardly any sign of the vicinity of a great capital excepting the fantastic spires of the churches. The barrenness of the environs, the prevailing sharp E. and N. E. winds, and the excessive cold in winter and heat in summer, render the climate dangerous to persons of delicate constitution, especially to those suffering from pulmonary complaints. A great improvement, however, as far as the supply of water is concerned, is insured by the new reservoir, which is to bring the waters of the Lozoya into the city by an aqueduct 40 m. long, at a cost of about $5.000.000. Madrid is surrounded by a wall 20 feet high. The 5 principal gates are those of Alcala, Bilbao, Segovia, Toledo, and Atocha. The best approach to the city is by the Saragossa road, and the puerta of Alcala, which is the handsomest gate of Madrid. The city contains upward of 8,000 houses, arranged like those of Paris for several families on different floors, 500 streets, over 70 squares and places, and numerous fountains and public wells. The streets in the old quarters, built before Madrid was the metropolis, are narrow and crooked, especially in the S. W. part of the city. In the E. and more modern part they are well paved, spacious, and lighted with gas. Nearly in the midst of the capital is the Puerta del Sol, said to have once been the eastern gate, but now an open square, from which the principal streets radiate, that of Alcala running E. N. E., the Calle Mayor W., that of Montera N., and that of Las Carretas S. The Puerta del Sol, close to the bolsa or exchange, is the daily resort of a vast number of people, uniting the social features of a club with the advantages of a public lounging place. For the want of activity and enterprise of the metropolis, a compensation is afforded here in the discussion of the topics of the day, particularly those of a political and scandalous nature. While the ladies of Madrid see each other in the churches, the gentlemen meet in the Puerta del Sol. It is at the same time the resort of adventurers, beggars, newspaper vendors, and of other persons, among whom the pretendientes and cesantes, or office-hunters, and the empleomanicos, or corrupt office-holders, are more or less conspicuous. For the purpose of operating against this central hotbed of agitation in case of emergency, a military post is maintained in the casa de correos (post of fice) on the S. side of the Puerta del Sol. The most fashionable shops are in the streets clustering round this neighborhood. The various mail offices and electric telegraphs are also there, and the custom house is in the vicinity. The Calle de Alcala, m. in length, is the finest street in Spain, and one of the finest in Europe. Among the other most fashionable streets are those of Montera and Las Carretas, abounding with elegant shops. The largest square, with the exception of the space fronting the palace, is the Plaza Mayor, 430 feet long and 330 broad. The chief streets running into it are those of Atocha and Toledo, the latter passing through the Plaza de Cebada and through the gate to the bridge of Atocha. To the left and outside of the gate of Alcala is the Plaza de Toros, where the famous bull fights are held, a large circular structure, about 1,100 feet in circumference, and accommodating from 12,000 to 15,000 spectators. It belongs to the government, and the profits are used for public charities. Here from April to November bull fights take place every Monday afternoon, and sometimes on Sundays. The bulls generally come from the pastures of the Jarama. Beyond the pavements, and yet within the gates of the capital, is the Prado, the Hyde park of Madrid, nearly 2 m. long, and comprising extensive pleasure grounds. Mr. Bryant, who visited the Prado in Nov. 1857, says: "Every afternoon in fine weather at this season, a dense throng of the well dressed people of the capital walk up and down the Prado till the twilight warns them home. They move with a leisurely pace between the colossal lions of white marble which form the fountain of Cybele on the north, to those of the sea monsters of the fountain of Neptune on the south; and then turning, measure the ground over again and again, till the proper number of hours is consumed. The men are unexceptionably dressed, with nicely brushed hats, glittering boots, and fresh gloves; the favorite color of their kids is yellow; the ladies are mostly in black, with the black veil of the country resting on their shoulders; they wear the broadest possible hoops, and skirts that trail in the dust, and they move with a certain easy dignity which is thought to be peculiar to the nation. On these occasions a dress of a light color is a singularity, and a bonnet attracts observation. Close to the walk is the promenade for carriages, which pass slowly over the ground, up one side and down the other, till those who sit in them are tired. Here are to be seen the showy liveries of the grandees and opulent hidalgos of Spain and of the foreign ambassadors." The most frequented portion of the Prado, el salon, extends from the Calle de Alcala to the Calle de San Jeronimo. Other public but less frequented walks are the gardens of the Buen Retiro, the Florida, the Delicias, and Chamberi, the last outside the gate of Bilbao, and a resort of the humbler classes of citizens.-The churches of Madrid are unworthy of notice, except those of San Isidro and of the convent of La Encarnacion. The iglesia mayor and the most ancient church, originally a Moorish mosque, is that of Maria de la Almudena. The city formerly abounded with chapels and convents, and still contains over 60; but many have been pulled down or converted to other purposes. Near the Pelota gate are the remains of the convent of San Jeronimo, which was once the Westminster abbey of Spain, but the sepulchres collected there were destroyed during the French invasion. The most conspicuous public building is the royal palace, with two open plazas, that to the E. being called the Plaza del Oriente, occupying with its pleasure grounds nearly 80 acres on the E. bank of the river. The magnificence of the interior is perhaps not surpassed in any palace |