elephants and tiger-hunters, but no gold. On Feb. 20, 1850, he left his new home with his wife and nearly 300 armed men, crossed the river Kokema, arrived in 7 days at the Quanca, ascertained the source of that river, then advanced into the interior, crossed 4 great rivers, explored the forests of Kibokue (Quiboque), and after leaving Kariongo, a village of Bunda, found himself in an elevated tract, which he estimates to be 5,200 feet above the level of the sea, and which he calls the highest land of middle Africa, and the mother of the waters, from the great number and extent of rivers rising there. Crossing the Lumegi, he thence proceeded to the country of the Alunda, or the kingdom of Kalunda; and reaching in 1851 the Cazembe river, he pursued his course with comparative safety, explored the country from E. to W. as far as the Liba river, and thence northward to the city of Matiamvo, testing his observations by travelling over the same region in different directions. In 1851 Magyar suggested that his countrymen might assist him in the enterprise, and through the interference of the Portuguese government, which has promoted him to a high civil office at Loando with the rank of major, the narrative of his travels from 1849 to 1857 was sent to Pesth, and the 1st volume published in 1859 at the expense of the Hungarian academy, and a German translation by Hunfalvy has since appeared. Among the recent communications received from him in Europe is one dated Lueira, Nov. 16, 1858, in which he expresses his gratification at the receipt of some scientific publications, after a residence of 12 years in Africa, and acknowledges the great value of Dr. Livingstone's labors; but having passed over a part of the same ground, he contests the accuracy of some of his statements, and his map (which is also in course of pub lication) illustrates the points upon which the two travellers are at issue.

MAGYARS. See HUNGARY, and HUNGA RIAN LANGUAGE, vol. ix. pp. 356 and 364.

MAHANUDDY, a river of Hindostan, rising in the native state of Nowagudda, on the S. W. frontier of Bengal, in lat. 20° 20′ N., long. 82° E. It flows first E., then N. E., and finally S. E., through the territory of Nagpoor and the small native possessions on the British frontier, and falls into the bay of Bengal through numerous deltoid arms which divide just below the town of Cuttack, where during the rainy season it is 2 m. broad; its principal mouth is in lat. 20° 20', long 86° 50'. It is about 550 m. long, and is navigable by boats 460 m. Bishop Heber observed its waters, which being fresh are specifically lighter than those of the sea, floating on the bay of Bengal 2 or 3 m. out from land, "exactly like a river about half a mile broad, smooth, dimply, and whirling.'

MAHASKA, a S. E. co. of Iowa, intersected by the Des Moines and the N. and S. forks of Skunk river; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 14,515. The surface consists in great part of level or undulating prairies, diversified with

woodlands, and the soil is productive. Coal and limestone abound. The productions in 1859 were 25,441 bushels of wheat, 841,931 of Indian corn, 7,728 of oats, 11,902 tons of hay, 268,431 lbs. of butter, and 18,064 galls. of sorghum molasses. Capital, Oskaloosa.

MAHMOUD I., sultan of Turkey, a son of Mustapha II., born in Constantinople in 1696, died in Dec. 1754. He was raised to the Ottoman throne in 1730, after the deposition of his uncle Ahmed III. The janizaries, who had revolted against the latter and made Mahmoud sultan, exacted from him a promise to continue the war begun against Nadir Shah of Persia. His military operations, however, were disastrous, and he finally concluded a peace in 1736. In 1734 the Russians began hostilities, and in 1737 took Otchakov and Kinburn, while their Austrian allies invaded Wallachia. The latter were however defeated by the Turks at Krotska on the Danube in 1739, upon which the court of Vienna made peace, on disadvantageous terms relinquishing not only what its forces had recently taken, but also Belgrade, captured during a former war. The Russians obtained a more favorable treaty, retaining all their conquests. In 1743 hostilities again broke out between Persia and Turkey, and were closed by a treaty unfavorable to the latter. Notwithstanding the wars in which his army was engaged, Mahmoud was a man of peaceful disposition, and Turkey was comparatively well governed under him.

MAHMOUD II., sultan of Turkey, the younger son of Abdul Hamed, born in Constantinople, Sept. 2, 1789 (or according to some authorities, July 20, 1785), died there, July 1, 1839. During his youth, passed in the seraglio, he became familiar with Persian and Turkish literature, and is said to have manifested at an early age a character of great firmness not unmingled with cruelty. His elder brother Mustapha IV., who ascended the throne in 1807, had ordered him to be put to death as a possible rival, when Ramir Effendi, paymaster of the army, rescued him. Bairaktar, the pasha of Roostchook, raised an insurrection, deposed Mustapha IV., and placed Mahmoud on the throne, July 28, 1808. Bairaktar became grand vizier, and with the sultan boldly attempted to carry out those European military reforms for promoting which Selim III., the predecessor of Mustapha, had been deposed. The janizaries, whose organization was threatened by this, rose in rebellion, and stormed the seraglio. Bairaktar blew himself up with his enemies, and Mahmoud as a desperate measure ordered Mustapha IV. and his infant son to be strangled, and his 4 pregnant sultanas to be sewn in sacks and thrown into the Bosporus. After a long struggle, amid pillage and conflagrations, the rebels gained a victory, and the sultan was obliged to submit to their demands. As he was however the only living descendant of Osman, they recognized him as their ruler, dreading the anarchy which must ensue should the royal family become extinct. He now, un

Wollaston, being employed by him to make some trifling articles from this wood, discovered its rare qualities, and soon brought it into high repute. The imports of mahogany into the United States in the year ending June 30, 1859, chiefly from Hayti, Cuba, and Honduras, were valued at about $264,000, of which $44,000 worth was reexported, chiefly to England, Sicily, and Russia. Manufactured mahogany was imported to the value of $14,000, chiefly from France, England, and Mexico.

MAHOMET. See MOHAMMED.
MAHON. See PORT MAHON.

MAHON, LORD. See STANHOPE, EARL. MAHONING, an E. co. of Ohio, bordering on Penn., drained by the Mahoning and Little Beaver rivers; area, 422 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 23,735. It has an undulating surface and a highly productive soil. Coal and iron ore are found. The productions in 1850 were 151,110 bushels of wheat, 261,019 of Indian corn, 285,143 of oats, and 288,010 lbs. of wool. There were 10 grist mills, 26 saw mills, 5 iron founderies, 2 woollen factories, 13 tanneries, 58 churches, and 6,670 pupils attending schools.

MAHONY, FRANCIS, an English journalist and author, born in Ireland about 1805. He was sent during boyhood to several Jesuit colleges in France and subsequently to Rome, where he remained for some years, and until he had taken orders. He soon abandoned the clerical vocation to devote himself entirely to literature. He wrote for "Fraser's Magazine," at the time when Maginn, Carlyle, and many other distinguished men contributed to it, "Reliques of Father Prout," since collected in a book (2 vols., London, 1835; 2d ed., 1 vol., London, 1859), which ranks among the most genial works of modern humor. Mahony has been an extensive traveller in Europe and the East, and is an able linguist, versifying with elegance in several languages. He has written several books, but is best known to the English public as a journalist. In 1851 he was examined by the parliamentary committee on the mortmain laws, as regarded their effect in the Papal States. Of late years he has resided in Paris, whence he contributes correspondence to English journals.

longed originally to that low rank; but they are not strict in religious observances, and abstain from no kind of food except beef. Perfidy and cruelty are their most characteristic vices. In personal appearance, though hardy, active, and well proportioned, they are very illfavored; their stature is small, their skins are dark, and their features irregular. They are much given to athletic exercises, and are excellent horsemen, but their turbulent and predatory habits unfit them for regular military service. The Mahrattas first appear in history about the middle of the 17th century, when they possessed a narrow tract of territory bordering on the Arabian sea and extending nearly from Goa to Guzerat. Sevajee (born 1626, died 1680), the son of an officer in the service of the last Mohammedan king of Bejapoor, was the founder of the Mahratta empire. Having collected an army among the mountains, he overthrew the kingdom of Bejapoor, and gradually united under his own rule the multitude of petty states among which the Mahrattas were divided. His son Sambajee extended his conquests, but was finally put to death by Aurungzebe. Under Saho, grandson of Sevajee, the prime minister or peishwa and the paymastergeneral divided the empire between them; the former establishing at Poonah an actual supremacy over the confederate Mahratta states, and the latter founding the new kingdom of Nagpoor. Guzerat, where subsequently arose the independent power of the Guicowar, Orissa, and a great part of Malwah, were overrun by the Mahrattas, and in 1758 they made themselves masters of Delhi. Defeated however by Ahmed Shah Dooranee in the great battle of Paniput (1761), their downfall began; and though they again obtained a footing in Delhi (1771), they lost valuable possessions to the armies of Tippoo Sahib, and were driven from the Mohammedan metropolis by the British in 1803. A few years later two other Mahratta chiefs, Holkar and Sindia, who had founded independent states at Indore and Gwalior, entered into a confederacy with the peishwa and the Berar rajah against the British. After a protracted war the Mahratta power was finally overthrown (1819), the peishwa became a prisoner, and his title and authority were abolished.

Sept. 8, 1854. At the age of 17 he entered the novitiate of the society of Jesus. In 1813 he was named an associate of the Ambrosian college, and soon after one of the sixteen attached to the Ambrosian library. When the society of Jesus was formally revived by Pope Pius VII. in 1814, Mai, who had never taken the solemn vows of the order, was induced to remain a member of the secular clergy. 1819 he became chief keeper of the Vatican library at Rome, soon after librarian, in 1825 supernumerary prothonotary apostolic, and in 1838 prefect of the congregation of the Index

In

and cardinal. His literary reputation was established by his careful exploration of the Ambrosian library, and by several important discoveries in the then almost unknown department of palimpsests, or rewritten manuscripts. Among his discoveries in Milan were fragments of the orations of Cicero pro Scauro, Tullio, Flacco, and in Clodium (Milan, 1814); several orations of Cornelius Fronto, and several letters of the emperor Marcus Aurelius and of Lucius Verus (Milan, 1815; new ed., Rome, 1846); a fragment of 8 orations of Q. Aurelius Symmachus (Milan, 1815; new ed., Rome, 1846); the complete oration of Isæus on the inheritance of Cleonymus (Milan, 1815); an oration of Themistius (1816); several books of the "Roman Antiquities" of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1816); an Itinerarium Alexandri, and a work of Julius Valerius, Res gesta Alexandri (1817); fragments of Eusebius and Philo, and of Eusebius's Chronicorum Canonum Libri duo (1818), which he restored in conjunction with Dr. Zohrab from an Armenian manuscript; and fragments of the Iliad from the oldest known manuscripts (Milan, 1819). He also discovered at Rome the long-sought work of Cicero, De Republica (Rome, 1822). As keeper of the Vatican library, Mai resolved to publish collections of the unpublished sacred as well as profane authors from the Vatican mannscripts, similar to those of Muratori, Mabillon, and Montfaucon, leaving to future scholars the task of critically editing, commenting, and translating. On this plan he commenced in 1825 the magnificent Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio e Vaticanis Codicibus edita (10 vols. 4to., Rome, 1825-38), which was followed by Auctores Classici e Vaticanis Codicibus editi (10 vols. 8vo., 1828-38), and the Spicilegium Romanum (10 vols., 1839-'44). His last publiention, Nora Bibliotheca Patrum (6 vols., 1845– 53, forms an indispensable supplement to almost all collective editions of the church fathers. He had also prepared an edition of the celebrated biblical Coder Vaticanus, but died before the completion of the work, which was published by Vercellane (Rome, 1857).

MAIDSTONE, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market town of Kent, England, sitnated on the right bank of the Medway, 27 m. W. by S. from Canterbury, and 56 m. S. E. from London by the south-eastern railway; pop. in 1851, 20,801. The principal manufacture is of paper. The great parish church of All Saints, erected in the 14th century, and now splendidly restored, is one of the largest edifices of the kind in England. There are many good schools, one of which, All Saints college, founded in 1846, is kept in the building of the old college of All Saints, suppressed by Edward VI. The navigation of the Medway has been of late improved, so that vessels of above 70 tons can now reach Maidstone, and its traffic has been thereby greatly increased.

MAIL, and MAIL COACHES. See POST.
MAIL, COAT OF. See ARMOR.

MAILATH, JÁNOS NEPOMUK, Count, a Hungarian author, born in Pesth, Oct. 5, 1786, died by his own hands, Jan. 3, 1855. He was employed in the public service of Hungary until a disease. of the eyes compelled him to relinquish his position; and resuming it at a subsequent period, he was finally thrown out of office by the revolution of 1848. Poverty induced him to emigrate with his daughter Henrietta to Munich; and to escape becoming a burden to their friends, father and daughter drowned themselves in the lake of Starnberg, an event which created great sensation in the Austrian empire. He was much respected for his generous qualities, and published a "History of the Austrian Empire," a "History of the Magyars," and other works, all in German, including original poems and numerous translations from the Hungarian, among others the masterpiece of Eötvös, the "Village Notary."

MAÏMBOURG, LOUIS, a French historian, born in Nancy in 1610, died in Paris, Aug. 13, 1686. At the age of 16 he entered the society of Jesus, and was sent to Rome to study theology. On returning to France, he became professor of belles-lettres in the college of Rouen, and was afterward appointed to the office of preacher. In 1682 he was expelled from his order for defending the tenets of the Gallican party; but Louis XIV. settled a pension on him. He spent his latter days in the abbey of St. Victor in Paris, engaged in literary pursuits, and at the time of his death was writing a his tory of the English reformation. The most important of his works are histories of Arianism, of the iconoclasts, of the schism of the Greeks, of the great schism of the West, of Lutheranism, of Calvinism, and of the league. A uniform edition of Maimbourg's histories was published in 1686-27 (14 vols. 8vo., Paris).

MAIMONIDES, MOSES (Heb. Rabbi Mosheh ben Maimon, commonly abridged into the initial name RaMBaM; Arab. Abu Amran Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Maimon Al-kortobi), a Jewish theologian and philosopher, born in Cordova, Spain, March 30, 1135, died in Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 13, 1204. He was the descendant of a family distinguished in the annals of the Jewish community of his native city, at that period a principal seat of Arabic learning, and received from his father Maimon, who made himself known as a theological and astronomical writer in Arabic, a superior education. His energetic, inquiring, and logical spirit early embraced the whole range of the scientific studies of his time, and he had hardly reached the age of manhood when he was distinguished by a rare proficiency in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, and theology, as well as by a surpassing ability as a writer in Arabic and Hebrew. Few particulars, however, are known of his earlier life. Of his teachers, the celebrated Averroes became his friend. In consequence of the great persecution of Jews, Christians, and sectarian Mohammedans by the dynasty of the Almohades in Cordova, he re