1 Westlake's Private International Law, § 295; Story, Confl. of L., § 520 ; Currie v. Bircham, 1 Dowling & Ryland's Rep., 35.

Owen . Moody, 29 Mississippi (7 Cushman) Rep., 79. This exception has been recognized in respect to property which never became assets within the local jurisdiction but was removed into that jurisdiction from the place of principal jurisdiction.

Local nature of power of administration.

689. A personal representative cannot act beyond the limits of the nation appointing him, in relation to property of the decedent, except as provided in the next article.

This provision departs somewhat from the rule recognized by the New York Court of Appeals. Peterson r. Chemical Bank, 32 New York Rep., 21.

The rule laid down in Marcy v. Marcy, 32 Connecticut Rep.,308, as being supported by the current of American decisions at the present day, is that, in the absence of an ancillary administration, a principal administrator, and a fortiori, an executor, can collect and remove debts or property due or situated in another State, if voluntarily paid or given up.

Actions by foreign personal representative.

690. A foreign personal representative may sue, without any other appointment, to enforce his title to the movables and debts mentioned in article 688, or to recover debts due by persons who at the time of the creditor's death had their domicil within the jurisdiction of the nation appointing him.

Principal and ancillary administrations.

691. The place of domicil of the decedent is the place of principal administration; every other administration is ancillary.

Cummings v. Banks, 2 Barbour (New York) Rep., 602; Ordronaux r. Helie, 3 Sandford's Chancery Rep., 512; Juarez r. Mayor, &c. of New York, 2 Id., 173; Churchill v. Prescott, 3 Bradford's Surrogate (New York) Rep., 233.

Title to morables.

692. Title to movables duly vested in a foreign personal representative, or duly acquired through a foreign administration and executed by possession, is valid everywhere.

Story, Confl. of L., $258, 259; Peterson v. Chemical Bank, 32 New York Rep., 21.

The principle here applied is not to recognize the power conferred by the courts as having any extra-territorial effect; but to recognize the title acquired under the power, executed by possession, as valid every

where.

Ancillary representative.

693. An ancillary representative represents the estate only so far as concerns the assets coming under his control.

Course of administration.

694. Every ancillary personal representative is bound to transmit to his principal the assets remaining in his hands after satisfying the claims of creditors, who are subject to the jurisdiction of the nation appointing him, to be administered by the principal either extrajudicially, or if needful, under the direction of the tribunals of the domicil.

Enohin . Wylie, 31 Law Journ. Chancery, 404; per Lord Westbury; to the contrary, Lords Cranworth and Chelmsford.

It was held, however, in Irwin's Appeal from Probate, 33 Connecticut Rep., 128; and in Dawes v. Head, 3 Pickering (Massachusetts) Rep., 147, that if there is a deficiency of assets in either jurisdiction, all the property must be divided among the creditors in both jurisdictions equally, and if there is a surplus in the foreign jurisdiction, it must be remitted to the domestic administrator or distributed there in recognition of, and in subordination to the title and rights conferred by the will or the law of the domicil.

Application of property to payment of decedent's

debts.

695. The nation having jurisdiction to grant authority to administer, has also exclusive jurisdiction to apply the movables and debts to which such authority extends, to the payment of debts due to persons subject to its jurisdiction, except debts due by persons having at the death a different domicil from that of the decedent, payment whereof has been obtained within the jurisdiction of the nation of the creditor's domicil' by a personal representative duly appointed there.

1 Payment to the administrator of the creditor's domicil by a debtor domiciled elsewhere at the death, made at his own domicil, is no bar to an action for the same debt brought by an ancillary administrator, appointed in the debtor's domicil, even subsequently to the payment. Young v. O'Neal, 3 Sneed's (Tennessee) Rep., 55; Anonymous, 2 Amer. Law Review, 398.

Actions against foreign personal representative. 696. A personal representative who after having lawfully obtained possession of assets, becomes domiciled in the territory of any other nation may be sued as such in its courts by persons entitled to such assets.

This rule was applied in favor of a creditor in Baker v. Smith, 3 Metcalfe (Kentucky) Rep., 264: and of the next of kin in Marrion v. Titsworth, 18 B Monroe (Kentucky) Rep., 597.

In Evans v. Tatem, 9 Sergeant & Rawle's (Pennsylvania) Rep., 259, it was held, however, that mere presence in the foreign State without the acquisition of a domicil there, would be sufficient to found the jurisdiction.

When judgment of probate court, as to right of succession, is conclusive.

697. The determination of a court of probate in respect to the right of succession to movables is conclusive in the tribunals of other nations in proceedings for the settlement of the same estate,' only' when the deceased was domiciled within the jurisdiction at the time of his death.

1 Doglioni v. Crissini, Law Rep., 1 House of Lords, 301.

2 The parties in interest in the place of principal administration are not bound by a judgment given in the place of ancillary administration. Low v. Bartlett, 90 Massachusetts Rep., 259; Ela v. Edwards, 85 Id., 48.

Consuls have power to administer on the estates of foreigners or decedents domiciled abroad, in the cases provided in Articles 338 and 340. The treaty between the United States and Honduras, July 4, 1864, (13 U. S. Stat. at L., 704.) authorizes the consular officer of the nation of a foreigner dying in the country to which the consular officer is accredited to appoint curators to take possession of his estate, so far as the local laws will permit, for the benefit of the heirs and creditors, giving notice to the local authorities.

The treaty between the United States and Paraguay, Feb. 4, 1859, (12 U. S. Stat. at L., 1096, Art. X.,) allows the consular officer to take charge of the property.

Probate of will of property in foreign country.

698. A will of a domiciled resident disposing only of property in a foreign country is entitled to probate in the country of residence, for the purpose of clothing the executor with power to take proceedings in the foreign country.

To the contrary see, Matter of Coode, Law Rep., 1 Probate & Divorce,

ARTICLE 699. Extent of admiralty jurisdiction of a nation.
700. "Seas" defined.

701. Rules of decision in extra-territorial torts.
702. Uniform procedure in admiralty.

The provisions of the Code in relation to jurisdiction over property, and the effect of judgments in rem, are supposed to be adequate for the purpose of fixing the proper limits of the judicial power in cases of admiralty jurisdiction in its international aspects. The distinction between the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and those of admiralty, is mainly important as a question of municipal law, and even there is rapidly disappearing under recent legislation, the tendency of which is towards uniformity of remedies.

The admiralty jurisdiction in criminal cases is regulated by Chapter XLIX., on JUDICIAL POWER IN CRIMINAL CASES.

Extent of admiralty jurisdiction of a nation. 699. Th admiralty jurisdiction of a nation in civil cases extends,

1. To all acts done upon the seas;

1

2. To all property constructed for or employed in navigating the seas; and,

3. To all contracts relating to such property or for services on the seas, and to their incidents, when the persons or property are subject to the jurisdiction as defined by articles 309 and 312.

700. The "seas" mentioned in the last article include:

1. Waters beyond the limits of any nation; and, 2. Navigable waters, whether tidal or not, in any place within the limits of the nation.

The jurisdiction is not limited to tidal waters. Genessee Chief v. Fitzhugh, 12 Howard U. S. Supr. Ct. Rep., 443; Fretz v. Bull, 12 Id., 466; 2 Parsons on Shipping, Bk. 3, ch. I.; The Eagle, 7 Wallace's U. S. Supr. Ct. Rep., 15.

Rules of decision in extra-territorial torts.

701. In cases of collision between ships of different nations or other acts of damage to person or property, occurring beyond the jurisdiction of any nation, and in respect to which Chapter XXXIII., on COLLISION, does not afford a rule of decision, the extent of the remedy in damages to which the injured party is entitled is determined by the law of the forum.

By the other provisions of this Code, (Articles 316 and 328,) the same rule must be applied to foreigners as to members.

Uniform procedure in admiralty.

702. All civil suits in the exercise of admiralty jurisdiction shall be commenced by summons. The cause of action shall be stated in a complaint, and the defense in an answer.

The determination of the controversy shall be by a judgment.

The provisional remedies, the modes of trial and of executing the judgment shall be settled by a conference of judges in admiralty one appointed by each nation, who shall agree upon uniform rules of procedure.

See Report of British Judicature Commission, 1869.

For a memorandum upon the recent increased jurisdiction and changes in the practice of English admiralty, see Accounts and Papers, 1867, vol. LVII., (19.)