accessories already given, and this will correspond nearly with the order observed in treating the complements of simple propositions.

(6) 1st. We shall notice the accessory propositions of which the functions bear an analogy to the functions of nouns employed in modification.

2d. Those which bear an analogy to the adjective modifications.

3d. Those which bear an analogy to adverbial or noun with preposition modifications.

4th. And lastly, we shall consider certain accessory propositions which perform peculiar functions which cannot be performed by single words or phrases.

(7) This order of arrangement, and constant reference to the complements already treated, which each accessory most resembles in function, and with which it in some cases interchanges place, will much assist the learner in following our observations on modifying accessory propositions.

SUBSTANTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITIONS EMPLOYED FOR THE

PURPOSE OF MODIFICATION.

§ 105. (1) Here we shall mention first the substantive accessory proposition employed in apposition with a noun for the same purpose as the noun in apposition complement. We have already noticed this kind of modifying accessory in treating of the noun in apposition, § 69, and have given an example. (2) We subjoin additional examples. "For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham." "And they made proclamation throughout Judah and Jerusalem unto all the children of the captivity, that they should gather themselves together unto Jerusalem." In the first example, the accessory proposition "That he should be the heir of the world" stands in apposition with the noun "promise," serving to explain or expand the conception which it expresses; and, in like manner in the second example, the accessory "That they should gather themselves together," &c. stands in apposition with the noun "proclamation."

(6) State at length the order to be pursued.

(7) What will assist the learner in following our observations on these accessories? § 105. (1) Describe the modifying accessory first considered. (2) Illustrate the use of this accessory by examples.

(3) Nouns, which imply what may be expressed more specially in the form of a proposition, generally admit of this proposition in apposition to explain or expand them. (4) Such nouns are, apology, bargain, belief, conclusion, commandment, contract, conviction, decision, declaration, design, doctrine, injunction, judgment, opinion, precept, proclamation, promise, proposition, purpose, resolution, sentence, threat, truth, &c. For example, The opinion, belief, conviction, &c., that THE SOUL IS IMMORTAL, has been almost universally entertained. The command, precept, &c. of Christ addressed to his immediate disciples, THAT THEY SHOULD LOVE ONE ANOTHER, is binding on all his professed followers. This form of modification, we think, is not very often employed.

(5) PUNCTUATION.-This accessory, like the noun in apposition, is separated from the rest of the compound proposition by commas.

EXERCISE I., II., &c.-Form compound propositions similar to those now given, using the words above enumerated for subject nouns.

§ 106. ACCESSORY PROPOSITION COMPLEMENTARY OF THE VERB TO BE. (1) An accessory proposition is often used like a noun complementary of a verb. In this way it is used, we believe, exclusively with the verb to be. (2) Example, " Another cause is, that the grave is more immediately in sight of the survivors." Here, "That the grave is more immediately in sight of the survivors," serves to complete the verb Is. Compare with the example the following form of expression: Another cause is the frequent visitation of the grave by the survivors. It is plain that the function performed in the example by the accessory proposition is the same as that here performed by the noun visitation, and its accompanying modifications.

(3) We may readily form principal propositions having the nouns enumerated in the preceding section for their subjects, which principal propositions will take accessories of this description to modify the verb Is. We subjoin examples which may be used as an exercise in analysis. "My sentence is, that we trouble not them," &c. The proclamation is,

(8) State the description of nouns which take such modifying propositions. (4) Enumerate some of these nouns.

§ 106. (1) Name the accessory next mentioned, and tell with what verb it is used. (2) Illustrate by an example, and mention the form of expression with which the example is compared.

(8) Describe the mode of forming propositions to illustrate the use of this accessory.

that they should gather themselves together. Our opinion, belief, conclusion, judgment, &c. is, that different forms of government suit different stages of civilization. His sentence, decision, command, threat, injunction, &c. was, that the culprit should be punished. Your contract, bargain, &c. was, that you would supply us with materials. Our intention, design, purpose, resolution, &c. is, that the work shall be soon accomplished. The precept of Christ is, that his followers should love one another. The truth is, that different forms of polity suit nations in different stages of civilization. (4) In many of these examples, the more usual construction would, no doubt, be to employ, instead of an accessory proposition, the infinitive verbal noun. (5) The infinitive with its accompaniments may be considered in such cases an abbreviated method of expressing an accessory proposition. (See § 142.) Thus, His sentence, decision, design, command, &c. is to punish the culprits. Our intention, design, purpose, &c. is to finish the work. The precept of Christ is to love one another.

(6) REMARK.-These compound propositions may all, without much change of sense, be converted into the form (considered above § 103) which has the accessory for subject of the principal proposition. Thus, It is my sentence, that we trouble not them among the Gentiles, &c. It is our opinion, belief, &c. that different forms of government, &c. It was his sentence, that the culprit should be punished. It is our intention, design, &c. that the work should be finished speedily.*

(7) PUNCTUATION.-This accessory proposition is separated by a comma from the principal.

* Those who consider the verb to be as performing solely the function of copula-the assertive function, without expressing any part of the predicate-would say, in consistency with their views, that what we call the complementary accessory proposition, is the predicate of the compound proposition. For example, in the compound proposition, The decision of the besieging general was, that the citizens must surrender at discretion; if was is regarded as simply and solely copula, the accessory That the citizens must surrender at discretion is manifestly the predicate, or that which is asserted. But we, on the contrary, holding that was itself predicates Being (in a past time), consider that the complete predicate here is Being (in a past time) that the citizens must surrender at discretion, making That the citizens must

(4) Mention a form of construction more usual in some cases than that in the examples. (5) How may the infinitive here be regarded? Repeat examples.

(6) Give the substance of the remark; and illustrate it by examples.

(7) What is said of the punctuation of this construction?

EXERCISES, I., II., &c.-Construct compound propositions withcomplementary accessories; exhibiting at the same time the variations of form of which they may be susceptible without material change of meaning-infinitives instead of accessory propositions, and compound propositions with an accessory for subject. The construction of assertions in the three forms, when all are accordant with propriety of expression, will improve the pupil's facilities in composition, by making him better acquainted with the resources which such variations of construction afford us, for the purpose of selecting appropriate and harmonious expression.

§ 107. SUBSTANTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITION USED AS OBJECTIVE MODIFICATION.-(1) Perhaps the most common use of what we call substantive accessory propositions is to serve as objective modification, or complement direct of active verbs. (2) The accessory used in this way is sometimes preceded by the conjunctive determinative that, but it often stands without any conjunctive word.

(3) This construction occurs so frequently in our language (and indeed in all languages), that we might multiply examples at pleasure. (4) But as the use of this kind of accessory is so like the use of the objective modification, and so easily understood, a few examples will be sufficient for our purpose. (5) I told him that a courier had arrived; or I told him a courier had arrived. The learner will observe that "him" is here the dative modification (see §79), and "A courier had arrived," either with or without the determinative that, is the objective modification. Put the question, what did I tell? The answer given will be the objective modification-" A courier had arrived." (See § 76: 5.) He said John was wise, or he said THAT John was wise. I know he has sent, or that he has sent it.

(6) Sometimes instead of an accessory proposition we substitute the infinitive as an abbreviation. (7) This infinitive takes before it

surrender at discretion a complement of being. To this view we make our analysis conform. (See §§ 13 and 46.)

§107. (1) Which is perhaps the most common use of the substantive accessory? (2) By what conjunctive word is this accessory sometimes preceded?

(3) Repeat remark about the frequent recurrence of this construction. (4) What reasons are assigned for exhibiting few examples? (5) Illustrate by examples. (6) What is sometimes substituted for this form of accessory? (7) What do such infinitives take before

the accusative of the noun or pronoun which is the subject in the equivalent accessory proposition. (8) For example, instead of I know that he is wise, we can say I know him to be wise; instead of I believe that he is learned, we may say I believe him to be learned. (9) A small number of verbs in our language admits this infinitive preceded by an accusative instead of an objective accessory. This is a favorite construction in Latin, and the infinitives with accusatives before them of that language can most generally be expressed in our language only by accessory propositions.

(10) Sometimes the accessory in this kind of compound proposi tion is interrogative and commences with an interrogative word. Example, I do not know whether it is true. Many persons say, but with less propriety, I do not know if it is true. Do you know whether it is true? (11) In this example, the whole compound proposition is of the interrogative form. In the preceding examples the accessory alone is interrogative, and the principal proposition, and, therefore, the compound proposition as a whole is assertive. I do not know who it is. I cannot tell what you mean. Can you tell what he means? I cannot tell who it is. * I have ascertained where he is. Have they ascertained where I am? John knows well how many there

are.

* Instances of the false construction of such compound interrogative propositions occur frequently, even among learned authors; especially in translations from Latin and Greek. We may illustrate this and thus guard the learner against such mistakes by the following example from the translation of the New Testament. "But whom say ye that I am?" Matt, 16: 15; Mark 8:29; Luke 9:20. An adherence to the universally acknowledged principles of construction demands instead of this, But WHO say ye that I am? Who belongs strictly in the construction to the accessory proposition, and should be the nominative after the verb, the same case as the subject noun I, since it serves as a noun complementary to the verb. In the usual language of the grammarians the verb to be has the same case after it which goes before it. This rule is violated in the example above, in all the three gospels, by our translators. Tyndale and Cranmer have given the correct grammatical construction in Luke, but the false English occurs in their translations of Matthew and Mark. The versions of Geneva and Rheims, like the authorized, employ the false construction in all the gospels. All these learned men were misled, no doubt, by the use of the infinitive and accusative in the original Greek, not adverting to the fact that they had, very

them? (8) Illustrate by examples. (9) Is this a common construction in our language? And what remark is made in reference to the Latin language?

(10) Repeat what is said of interrogative accessories, and illustrate by examples (11)