(6) We are not certain that we may not be found to have omitted important classes of the adverbial accessories; but we trust that, by the help of the illustrations about to be given, the cases, which may not come clearly within our classifications, will present no insuperable obstacle to the student. Let him try his own skill in explaining any forms of construction which we may have overlooked, and in devising formula by which they may be readily recognised and subjected to a rational analysis.

(7) There is another thing of which it may be well at this step of our progress to caution the learner. It has reference to our use of the terms principal and accessory applied to propositions. When we speak of a principal and of an accessory proposition, the student will please notice that we use these terms relatively, not absolutely. By a principal proposition we mean one which is principal relatively to a particular accessory by which, at least as regards grammatical form, it is modified. But this principal, in relation to the accessory in question, may itself, perchance, be only an accessory to some other proposition, which it modifies. In other words, we do not restrict the appellation principal proposition to the main proposition in a whole sentence or compound proposition, but of two propositions to that one which is modified or completed in some way by the other. As it is important that we should have a common understanding with our readers in reference to this matter, we illustrate our meaning by examples. And, since what we have now noticed applies to the use of these terms in speaking of the parts of compound propositions with substantive and adjective, as well as adverbial accessories, we shall choose an example in which the accessories are of the form already familiar to the learner. "Do you imagine that all are happy, who have attained to those summits of distinction, towards which your wishes aspire?" Here the main proposition "Do you imagine" is modified by the substantive accessory "that ALL are happy ;" and this in its turn is principal to the accessory "who have attained to those summits," &c., which completes the word all. Again, the accessory proposition "who have attained to those summits of distinction" is principal in reference to the accessory "towards which your wishes aspire," which completes the words "summits of distinction." Here we see that a proposition may serve as accessory to an accessory of an accessory of another proposition; or to view the facts in another point of view, a word in a principal proposition may be modified by a compound proposition.

(6) What is said in reference to classes of these accessories which may be overlooked? (7) State the substance of the caution, and illustrate it by examples.

The verb " imagine" in the main proposition above is modified by the whole doubly compounded proposition which follows to the end of the example; "all," in the first accessory, is modified in like manner by the whole compound proposition which succeeds it. We subjoin another example which the learner may examine, and apply for the purpose o. illustration. "Philosophers teach us, that the mind creates the beauty which it admires in nature."

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBIAL ACCESSORIES.-(8) We shall classify the adverbial accessory propositions in a manner similar to that in which we classified the adverbs. It will conduce to the ease of the learner to adopt this classification already familiar to him, and to pursue, as far as convenient, the same order in explaining adverbial accessories which we have employed in explaining adverbial modifications.

(9) We divide these accessories agreeably to this method into two classes:

I. Adverbial accessories which modify adjectives.

II. Adverbial accessories which modify verbs, or sometimes perhaps the entire principal proposition.

For an account of the distinction between those which, like the adverbial propositions of manner, obviously modify verbs, and those which may, perhaps with greater propriety, be considered as modifying the whole principal assertion, we refer the reader to what we have said on this subject in reference to noun and preposition and adverbial modifications. (See § 83.)

§ 120. 1. ADVERBIAL ACCESSORIES WHICH MODIFY ADJecTIVES. (1) The adverbial accessories which modify adjectives, like the adverbs which modify adjectives, usually express degrees of intensity. They do this generally by the introduction of a comparison.

(2) We express an equal degree of intensity comparatively by a form of accessory connected with the principal proposition by the word As. We use as both before the adjective to be modified and after it to connect the accessory.

(3) The as before the adjective (whatever may be the origin of

(8) Repeat the remark in reference to the classification of adverbial accessories. (9) Mention the classes into which we divide adverbial accessories.

§ 120. (1) What is said generally of the adverbial accessories which modify adjectives? (2) Describe the manner in which we express equality of intensity. (8) What is said of

the word whether pronominal or determinative) is now adverbially used to help in modifying the adjective; the second as may be considered a conjunctive adverb, since it performs the function of conjunction in joining the two propositions, and at the same time the function of adverb in the accessory. (4) Some call the word as a conjunctive pronoun. (5) We admit that it performs nearly the same function as a conjunctive pronoun, but so do many other adverbs (or words universally acknowledged to be adverbs), as we shall see presently. We need not dispute about names, where no gross error lurks under them. We subjoin an example of this construction. (6) That man is as wise as you are= That man is as wise as you are wise. Some call this the comparison of equality. (7) Generally both the verb and the adjective are omitted in the accessory proposition; but in such cases the verb, at least (if not both verb and adjective), is clearly implied, and should always be supplied in a formal analysis. On this account we do not class this form of expression with the abbreviations used for accessory propositions. (See § 140: 3, 4.) These are merely cases of obvious ellipsis or suppression.

(8) In the example which we have presented, the equal intensity of the same (adjective) quality in two different subjects is expressed, but the same form of accessory is also employed to express the same degree of intensity of different qualities in the same subject. For example, That man is as good as he is great.

(9) These adverbial accessories may readily be resolved into adjective accessories. By doing this we may more clearly comprehend their structure and their use. Thus, That man is wise in the same degree in which you are wise, or simply, wise in the degree that you are wise. And that man is good in the (same) degree in which he is great. (10) Here we may discover that the first as is an abbreviation, like all other adverbs, for a noun and preposition modification, and the latter as, in like manner, an abbreviation for a conjunctive pronoun and preposition.

(11) In analysis the learner may call the proposition commencing

the double use of the word as in this kind of modification? (4) What have some called as when employed to connect an accessory? (5) What remark is made in reference to the name given to this word? (6) Repeat the example. (7) What generally happens in acces

Bories of this kind?

(8) Mention another purpose for which this form of accessory is employed.

(9) Mention another form into which this kind of accessory may be resolved. Illustrate by examples. (10) What may be discovered after this resolution is effected?

(11) Tell the name given to distinguish these accessories, and describe the method of treating them in analysis.

with the second as The adverbial accessory expressive of equal intensity, telling the adjective which it modifies. Then as may be treated as an adverb in both the principal and the accessory proposition. (a)

Before we dismiss this subject, we may remark that adverbs, as might be expected, are susceptible of modification from the same kind of accessories attached to the principal proposition, in which the adverb occurs, and in exactly the same manner. Thus, That man labors as diligently as his neighbor. This man acts as wisely as his father acted. (b)

(12) PUNCTUATION.-This accessory is not usually separated by interpunction; though in this, as in other cases, usage is perhaps not altogether settled.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.-Form compound propositions with accessories expressing equality of intensity for the purpose of limiting an adjective in the principal proposition.

NOTE-(a) This kind of accessory may be regarded as expressing the identity of the degree of intensity, either of the same quality in different subjects, or of two distinct qualities in the same subject, in the same way as some accessories of time, place, manner, express identity of time, place, manner. As, for example, He came wHEN I came; He was arriving WHILE his brother was departing; You think As I think. The only difference is that the connecting words when, while, as, are not twice used as in the former case, though they really perform a function in the principal as well as in the accessory proposition. This is seen when we complete these compound propositions; thus, He came AT THE TIME WHEN I came, or He came st THE TIME AT WHICH I came. Here it is manifest that when performs the function both of a complement in the principal and in the accessory; because in the case under consideration the adverbial word as is repeated in both propositions, and because this does not happen in other cases the construction is regarded as singular, and as occasioning difficulty in the analysis of such compound propositions. But, in truth, the construction before us is more simple, less artifical, less elliptical than the accessories of time, place, and manner introduced above. There is in the one case a suppression which does not exist in the other. The suppression takes place perhaps for two reasons, namely, that such words as when (if not interrogative) and while have always a conjunctive force, and cannot therefore stand in a principal proposition; and that if used in such principal propositions as they succeed, they would naturally come last, and coming last in the principal and first in the accessory a disagreeable repetition of the same word would occur. Neither reason applies to as. It is not always used conjunctively, but often as a simple adverb; and its natural place is not last in a principal proposition

(12) Punctuation?

followed by an accessory expression of equal intensity, but before the adjective which it modifies. Had it come after the adjective it would, no doubt, have been suppressed, as other words are in similar circumstances; or as happens with as itself when used to express manner, as in the example, You think as I think you think IN THE MANNER IN WHICH I think.

NOTE.-(6) Some accessories of this kind have been gradually, by insensible extension, diverted from their original purpose; as, for example, the phrase as well as. In the compound proposition, This musician sings as well as he plays; "as he plays" is manifestly an ordinary example of the adverbial accessory of equal intensity applied to the adverb well, and the assertion is equivalent to He sings in a manner equally good with the manner in which he plays. But when we say This musician sings as well as plays, the meaning is altogether different, though the difference in form consists merely in the suppression of the subject pronoun he before plays. This last propo sition only expresses that the musician, besides being able to play (which both parties to the discourse are supposed to know already), can also sing. It is equivalent to saying You know that the musician plays, in addition to this I inform you that he also sings. The two propositions thus stand to each other nearly in the relation of co-ordinate propositions. As well as plays may be considered rather as an addition to the preceding assertion, than as a modification of it. It stands in no closer relation to the other than co-ordinate propositions often stand to one another. If it is to be regarded as an accessory, and as modifying any thing in the preceding proposition, it cannot be well, nor even sings well (for the manner of singing is not in this case indicated), but it is simply the verb sings which it affects. At all events, the words as well as plays have here a very different effect from the words as well as he plays in the first example, and a very different effect from the ordinary adverbial accessory of equal intensity.

§ 121. ACCESSORY OF GREATER OR LESSER INTENSITY.—(1) The adjectives of the comparative degree, whether of superiority or inferiority (that is, adjectives modified by the termination er, or the adverbs more or less, and thus indicating greater or lesser intensity), are generally completed or limited by an adverbial accessory proposition connected with the principal proposition by the conjunction than. (2) Examples: He is taller than his brother is. He was more prudent than the preceding sovereign was. That boy is less stu dious than his cousin is. (3) Here the adjective is never repeated in the accessory proposition. The verb too, as in the comparison of equality,

§ 121. (1) What form of adjectives is modified or restricted by the accessory of greater or lesser intensity? (2) Illustrate by examples. (3) Mention the parts usually suppressed in accessories of this kind.